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This study examines the effectiveness of Project Based Learning (PBL) in enhancing cross-cultural communication skills within international language education programs. As globalization increases, effective communication across cultures is essential, and language programs must equip students with these skills. PBL, a learner-centered instructional strategy, integrates real-world problems into the learning process, promoting student participation, collaboration, and critical thinking. The research found that students engaged in PBL showed significant improvements in communication competence, collaboration, and intercultural understanding compared to those in traditional lecture-based instruction. The study suggests that PBL not only enhances language proficiency but also fosters cultural awareness and empathy through projects involving cross-cultural collaboration and problem-solving. Furthermore, PBL offers a more effective platform for practicing language skills in real-world scenarios, as opposed to traditional methods focused on theoretical aspects. The findings demonstrate that PBL is particularly effective in international programs, where students from diverse cultural backgrounds work together to solve global issues, thus improving their ability to communicate and collaborate across cultures. The research concludes that integrating PBL into international language education programs significantly enhances students' cross-cultural communication skills. The study encourages educational institutions to adopt PBL and suggests further research on complementary strategies, including technology, virtual exchanges, and intercultural simulations.

Background: The rapid advancement of Industry 4.0 has accelerated the integration of digital technologies such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), edge computing, and Digital Twin systems in smart manufacturing environments. However, many existing implementations remain fragmented and heavily dependent on centralized cloud infrastructures, resulting in latency constraints, limited scalability, and suboptimal real-time decision making. Objective: This study aims to develop and validate an integrated edge based Digital Twin optimization framework that combines IIoT sensing, hybrid edge cloud architecture, and reinforcement learning based adaptive control. Methods: The research adopts a multi phase design consisting of framework development, simulation based validation, and industrial pilot implementation. The proposed system integrates real time data acquisition, localized edge processing, Digital Twin synchronization, and intelligent optimization mechanisms to enhance operational efficiency. Results: The findings demonstrate significant performance improvements compared to conventional cloud based systems, including substantial latency reduction, increased production throughput, reduced downtime, and improved energy efficiency. Scalability and robustness testing further confirm that distributed edge intelligence enhances system resilience under increased workloads and network disruptions. These results indicate that integrating edge computing with Digital Twin modeling and reinforcement learning provides a scalable, responsive, and energy efficient solution for next-generation smart factories.

This research analyzes the problems of Islamic educational institutions in facing the challenges of digitization and transformation of education in the era of Society 5.0. Using the library research method, this study examines literature related to the digitization of education, technology in Islamic education, and the application of Society 5.0 in learning. The focus of the research is to identify challenges, barriers, and opportunities for technology integration, as well as to provide strategic recommendations for improving teacher competence, curriculum adaptation, and technology utilization. The results show that Islamic education institutions face obstacles such as gaps in technology access, limited infrastructure, and lack of digital skills of teachers. However, digital transformation opens up opportunities to enrich learning methods through digital applications and the integration of religious values in technology platforms. Recommendations include digital training for teachers, infrastructure improvement and curriculum revision to be relevant to the digital era.

Learning strategies are a series of instructional actions that teachers must carry out in order for learning objectives to be achieved efficiently. The learning strategies used in the choir extracurricular activities at SMP Negeri 4 Sewon include direct learning strategies, indirect learning strategies, and inquiry-based learning strategies, utilizing demonstration, imitation, and drill methods.This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The object of the research is the learning strategies employed in choir extracurricular activities, with the research subjects being the extracurricular teacher and students. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, documentation, and literature study. Data validation is carried out using source triangulation and technique triangulation. Data analysis is conducted through data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results of the study show that the implementation of learning strategies in the choir extracurricular activities at SMP Negeri 4 Sewon uses demonstration, imitation, and drill methods in a structured and effective manner. These methods are combined with direct, indirect, and inquiry-based learning strategies to enhance students' vocal skills and creativity. The impact of implementing these strategies is an improvement in singing ability, the development of self-confidence, creativity, and independence, as well as increased student motivation to actively participate in choir activities. The teacher acts as a facilitator who creates a space for independent and collaborative learning, making the learning process more enjoyable. This activity not only develops musical skills but also builds students' confidence and professionalism in various performance opportunities. With regular practice schedules and relevant song material, this extracurricular activity makes a positive contribution to the development of students' talents and character at school.

So far the education system in Indonesia has not optimally implemented: classroom learning so it does not accommodate the needs of each student. It is proven that remedial learning is still in demand to increase skills outside of class hours. This condition is a serious enough problem that parents are looking for options to increase their children's abilities through tutoring. Schools in all educational units should be able to apply the concept of differential learning, namely learning that prioritizes the learning needs of age to face challenges. However, this does not mean that differentiation learning provides different treatment. In fact, every child is unique, has different styles, interests and abilities. The results of  the counseling at Kumon prove the speed of students in answering 100 questions in 5 minutes. On average, students complete their assignments. Then the child learns to the next level. If they cannot reach the time limit, students will be motivated to repeat it until they meet the minimum time limit. The mind mapping and Kumon methods have similarities

This study aims to determine and describe the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in Class VIII Dance subjects of SMPN 5 Padang. This type of research is qualitative, with a descriptive approach. The researcher's own research instruments and assisted by supporting instruments such as stationery, cameres, and mobile phones. Data collection techniques are carried out through literature studies, observations, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques are collecting data, classifying data, analyzing data, describing data and inferring data. The results showed that the implementation of dance learning at SMPN 5 Padang was carried out well, but there were several things in the implementation of learning where the implementation did not use teaching modules. During learning, the teacher also does not motivate students and does not conclude the learning that has been carried out every day. Teachers have used methods that are in accordance with the learning material, although many students have not maximized in practicing dance creations on the material in semester 2.

This study explores the influence of teachers' pedagogical beliefs on the integration of technology in language education. Teachers' beliefs significantly impact their technology adoption and how it is utilized in the classroom, shaping the learning experiences of students. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with classroom observations to examine the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and their use of technology in language education settings. The findings reveal that teachers with constructivist beliefs, which emphasize active, student-centered learning, are more likely to integrate technology in ways that support engagement, collaboration, and critical thinking. In contrast, teachers with traditional, teacher-centered beliefs are more likely to use technology primarily for content delivery and repetition, limiting its potential to foster interactive and student-driven learning environments. The study also highlights the gap between teachers' positive beliefs about technology and their actual practices, which are often hindered by external barriers such as lack of training, resources, and institutional support. The research suggests that professional development programs should address both pedagogical beliefs and technological competencies to facilitate successful technology integration. Furthermore, the study calls for future research to explore how specific pedagogical models, like constructivism, can be further aligned with technology integration to improve learning outcomes. The research also emphasizes the need for longitudinal studies to understand the evolution of teachers' beliefs and their impact on technology use in language education.

This study examines the integration of Global Citizenship Education (GCE) into language learning and its effects on secondary school students' intercultural sensitivity, global perspectives, and critical thinking. As globalization expands, education systems must not only develop linguistic skills but also prepare students to engage with global challenges and diverse cultures. A mixed methods approach was used, incorporating surveys, reflective journals, and classroom observations to assess how GCE influences students' understanding of global issues and cultural diversity. Results show that GCE integration significantly enhances students' intercultural sensitivity and global awareness, equipping them to navigate cross-cultural interactions. Students also demonstrated improved critical thinking skills, especially in analyzing global issues and engaging with intercultural viewpoints. The study emphasizes the importance of collaborative learning, such as Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL), in fostering intercultural empathy and global citizenship skills. It suggests that language educators should integrate GCE themes to develop globally conscious and interculturally aware students. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of GCE on language learners and its application in various educational settings. By providing students with the tools to tackle global challenges, GCE can play a crucial role in shaping responsible, globally aware citizens.

Contextual approach is a learning approach that correlates material with real life. There are many ways that are applied in contextual learning, one of them with learning activities outside or tourism works. This study aims to integrate the activities of pilgrimage to the grave of Gus Dur in learning mathematics can help students in grade 5 elementary school understand the concept of scale and distance more effectively. This case study is expected to provide insight into the benefits of combining local wisdom in the mathematics curriculum, as well as enriching teaching methods in elementary schools. This research is a qualitative study through a survey approach and literature study. The sample in this study was 30 students at the 5th grade level at SD Negeri 6 Kedungwuni Pekalongan Regency. Data collection techniques used by researchers are, using interviews with students and teachers. The results showed that tourism work activities can increase students' understanding and enthusiasm in understanding mathematical concepts.  

This study examines the influence of innovation in early childhood education on improving the professionalism of educators, because early childhood education is a critical stage in child development where educators have an important role in providing quality educational experiences, innovation in the context of early childhood education using technology, new learning methods and teaching strategies provided by educators creatively and also improvements to  The curriculum used because this study involves field research that collects data through interviews, surveys and data analysis through documents because the results of the study show that educational innovations in early childhood education can improve the professionalism of education personnel by using technology and more modern learning methods, education personnel can be more effective in managing the learning environment that occurs in children Early and also look at the cognitive and social development of children and also education staff in collaboration with the parents of each student. And educational innovation also has a good impact on the motivation of education personnel to improve the quality possessed by each education staff through training and also development that can be done by education personnel with the results of this study showing that the rocks given in educational innovation can be carried out. Being an effective way to improve the professionalism of early childhood education personnel which will ultimately contribute to improving the quality of early childhood education as a whole in an era that continues to change and also develop, so we can see that innovation is the first key to improving early childhood education and the professionalism of education personnel involved in early childhood education institutions.  

The integration of metaverse technology in employee training has the potential to significantly enhance digital skills, collaboration, and overall learning outcomes in virtual workspaces. This study explores the effectiveness of metaverse-based training compared to traditional methods, focusing on participant engagement, learning retention, and practical application in immersive virtual environments. The results indicate that metaverse technology leads to increased participant engagement, offering real-time communication, interactive simulations, and realistic task scenarios that foster deeper involvement and better skill acquisition. Additionally, the immersive nature of metaverse platforms improves learning effectiveness, especially for high-risk tasks such as medical procedures and technical skills that benefit from hands-on experience. However, challenges such as technological barriers, infrastructure limitations, and initial resistance from employees were identified, requiring organizations to provide adequate support and training for smooth adoption. While the upfront costs of developing and maintaining metaverse training platforms are significant, the long-term benefits—such as scalability, reduced need for physical resources, and enhanced training outcomes—outweigh these initial investments. Organizations looking to implement metaverse-based training solutions should carefully consider the required technological infrastructure, support for employees, and privacy concerns. Future research should explore advancements in metaverse technology, including AI integration, and investigate the broader adoption of these technologies across various industries, focusing on overcoming adoption barriers and measuring their long-term impact on workforce development.

Digital literacy is the ability to obtain, understand, and use information based on various digital sources. Information and communication technology development was increasing rapidly, and the Republic of Indonesia Constitution number 14 year 2005 demanded professional teachers be able to utilize digital technology and assess the validity of information from digital sources. Gilster said there are four aspects of digital literacy competence: internet searching, guidance of hypertext, evaluation of information content, and knowledge assembly. The researcher focuses on the problem of the digital literacy ability of Islamic education teachers and civil servants in Islamic education learning. The type of this research is field research with descriptive and qualitative approaches, which did not produce statistical analysis procedures or quantification methods. However, the research was analyzed through illustrations, narrative and interpretive words. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation. The research results showed that: First, based on the internet searching for Islamic Education teachers at MTsN 1 Hulu Sungai Tengah and MTsN 3 Hulu Sungai Tengah can search the information on the internet using search engines. Second, the ability to guide hypertext or hypertextual navigation of Islamic Education teachers at MTsN 1 Hulu Sungai Tengah and MTsN 3 Hulu Sungai Tengah still require a deeper understanding. Third, based on the ability to evaluate the information content of Islamic Education teachers at MTsN 1 Hulu Sungai Tengah and MTsN 3 Hulu Sungai Tengah, Islamic Education teachers still need to be more critical of the information that they find on the internet. Fourth, the ability to have a knowledge assembly for Islamic Education teachers at MTsN 1 Hulu Sungai Tengah and MTsN 3 Hulu Sungai Tengah also still needs deeper knowledge and understanding. Fifth, the ways implementation of digital literacy in the learning process of Islamic Education are using a computer laboratory, a laptop, and LCD to convey the information or material from the internet.

This research aims to describe the role of tutors in increasing the reading interest of residents studying the Package B program at the Class II A Correctional Institution in Samarinda. The subject of this research was obtained from the results of data collection in the form of interviews, observation and documentation. This research uses descriptive research methods with a qualitative approach. Data sources in this research include the PKBM chairman, tutors, and students studying at the Class II A Correctional Institution. The research location is on Jl. General Sudirman No. 15, Pasar Pagi Village, Samarinda Kota District. Meanwhile, data analysis techniques in this research use data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Triangulation was carried out to explain the validity of the data using source interviews and techniques. The results of the research show that: The role of tutors in increasing the reading interest of learning residents in the package B equality education program at the Class II A Correctional Institution for Learning Residents has fulfilled its role as seen from how the role of the teaching staff or tutor carries out its 4 roles, namely as informator, facilitator, motivator , and evaluators.

Special education means learning that is specifically designed to meet the unique needs of children with physical disabilities. Special education is a learning program prepared to meet the unique needs of an individual child. Education is a human effort to develop and guide personality in accordance with the values of society or as an effort to help students to increase knowledge and useful behavior patterns. Children with special needs are children who experience limitations or obstacles, whether physically, mentally, intellectually, socially or emotionally, such as: children with autism, hearing impairment, blindness, mental impairment, hearing impairment, physical impairment, etc. Harsya Ceria is a school with segregation services, where there are several children with different special needs. In making observations, the researcher focused on one child with autism, therefore the researcher tried to research this with the aim of finding out the problems of autistic children. There is a Harya cheerful preschool. The problems of children with special needs are of course different and varied, one of which is autism. They have the right to receive education like children in general. The method used in this research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Researchers collected descriptive data through interviews and observations. The results of this research show that children with autism have a variety of behaviors, therefore autism really needs attention from its caregivers. Harsya Ceria Paud provides good attention and needs to children with autism.

This study aims to review various methods and applications of the ethnochemistry approach in chemistry education through a literature review. Ethnochemistry connects chemical concepts with local wisdom and culture, providing deeper contextualization for students. The literature review was conducted by collecting data from various articles relevant to this topic, published between 2018 and 2024. The review results indicate that integrating ethnochemistry into chemistry learning can enhance students' understanding of chemical concepts, scientific skills, creativity, and engagement. This approach also helps preserve traditional chemical knowledge that may otherwise be lost. This study concludes that ethnochemistry is a significant innovation that can improve the quality of chemistry education in a more meaningful and relevant way for students, while also strengthening their cultural identity.

This Community Service aimed to enhance the parents' ability to educate their children to possess self-reliance skills from an early age. The activity considered the importance of self-reliance skills as the foundation for a child's continuous development. A total of 24 parents with early childhood in Rejosari Village, Glagah, Banyuwangi, participated in this program. The method used was education and training conducted interactively, involving active participation from parents and supplemented with direct practice and discussion. The results showed an improvement in parents' knowledge and skills in supporting the development of children's self-reliance skills. Parents became more understanding and skilled in applying self-reliance education methods, as well as identifying and overcoming obstacles that arise in educating their children. This activity also created a learning community among parents, where they could share experiences and strategies for educating children to be more independent. This community service has positively impacted increasing parents' skills and knowledge in supporting the development of self-reliance skills in early childhood.

This research examines the optimization of brain plasticity in Arabic language learning through a neurolinguistic approach, using a literature review method. Brain plasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and change through learning and experiences, plays a crucial role in language acquisition. Neurolinguistic approaches, which integrate techniques such as task-based learning and the use of educational technology, have proven effective in enhancing language learning outcomes. Literature analysis indicates that learning techniques involving various sensory modalities and educational technology can stimulate new neural pathways, strengthening language comprehension and memory. Studies focused on Arabic language learning highlight that traditional approaches are less effective compared to more interactive and communicative methods. The use of technology such as mobile applications and augmented reality provides a dynamic and engaging learning experience for students. Practical recommendations include developing more interactive curricula, utilizing educational technology, and training educators in neurolinguistic techniques. This research emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to enhance the effectiveness of Arabic language learning, providing insights and strategies to optimize language learning through a better understanding of brain plasticity and neurolinguistics.

This research examines the optimization of brain plasticity in Arabic language learning through a neurolinguistic approach, using a literature review method. Brain plasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and change through learning and experiences, plays a crucial role in language acquisition. Neurolinguistic approaches, which integrate techniques such as task-based learning and the use of educational technology, have proven effective in enhancing language learning outcomes. Literature analysis indicates that learning techniques involving various sensory modalities and educational technology can stimulate new neural pathways, strengthening language comprehension and memory. Studies focused on Arabic language learning highlight that traditional approaches are less effective compared to more interactive and communicative methods. The use of technology such as mobile applications and augmented reality provides a dynamic and engaging learning experience for students. Practical recommendations include developing more interactive curricula, utilizing educational technology, and training educators in neurolinguistic techniques. This research emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to enhance the effectiveness of Arabic language learning, providing insights and strategies to optimize language learning through a better understanding of brain plasticity and neurolinguistics.

This study aims to investigate the effect of learning contract implementation on character education and discipline of grade 5 elementary school students. The learning contract method is used to improve students' independence, responsibility and discipline in the learning process. The research was conducted by applying learning contract in learning in grade 5 elementary school and observing the changes in character education and students' discipline level after the implementation of this method. The results of the study are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of the implementation of learning contract learning method on character education and discipline of grade 5 elementary school students. The implication of this study is expected to contribute to the development of more effective learning methods to improve character education and student discipline at the elementary school level.

The importance of computational thinking skills has encouraged educational institutions around the world to integrate these concepts into their curricula. However, the challenge faced is finding the most effective learning methods and models to teach these skills. An appropriate learning model must not only be able to attract students' interest and motivation, but must also be able to increase their understanding and practical abilities in computational thinking. This research adopts a literature review method to explore information about effective learning models in improving students' computational thinking skills. Data was collected from various sources such as national and international journals, reference books, newspapers and magazines. The main aim of this literature review, as explained. The results of research on Problem Based Learning (PBL) and Project Based Learning show very positive results in improving students' computational thinking. These two models not only improve computational thinking skills, but also critical, creative and analytical thinking skills, as well as student participation and involvement in the learning process.