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The post-factual era has shifted the position of legal facts from objective entities to part of narrative contestations shaped by digital disinformation, algorithmic media, and unverified public perception. Unfortunately, this has given rise to epistemic dislocation in the judicial process, where evidence loses its objective quality, legal decisions are distorted by collective emotional pressure and erode the credibility of the law as a guarantor of substantive and procedural justice. This research is a normative research using a conceptual approach. The data collection method was collected using library research, then analyzed using qualitative methods and presented descriptively. The results of the study show that the development of disinformation, emotional narratives, and manipulative digital evidence have shown a structural inconsistency between conventional evidentiary standards and the complexity of 21st-century legal realities, threatening the validity of evidence, the autonomy of judicial institutions, and the principle of due process in the criminal system. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct the evidentiary system through the integration of verification technology, cross-disciplinary collaborative approaches, and investment in digital literacy, to ensure that the law continues to function as a rational and fair instrument in an increasingly unstable information landscape.

The rapid digital transformation has introduced new challenges in education, particularly in making mathematics learning engaging and contextual at the elementary level. A crucial issue lies in the low interest and engagement of students due to conventional teaching approaches that are often perceived as boring and abstract. This study aims to analyze the use of Minecraft: Education Edition as an innovative digital learning medium to enhance the effectiveness of mathematics instruction in the fifth grade of MIN 02 Batang. A case study approach was employed, utilizing observation, interviews, and documentation during the learning process. The findings indicate that Minecraft significantly increases student engagement and facilitates the understanding of concepts such as geometry, measurement, and scale through visual and contextual exploration. Supporting factors include student enthusiasm and available digital infrastructure, while obstacles include time limitations and teacher readiness in using technology. In conclusion, Minecraft: Education Edition holds significant potential as a 21st-century learning tool that is adaptive and enjoyable, with recommendations for teacher training and more effective time planning in classroom implementation.

Mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and stress continue to increase globally and are recognized as critical factors that influence social functioning, productivity, and overall quality of life. Conventional mental health services are often limited by barriers including high cost, geographical distance, and persistent stigma that discourage individuals from seeking timely help. The digital era provides an alternative through the integration of technology into mental health counseling, offering greater accessibility, flexibility, and anonymity. Nevertheless, a key limitation of many digital counseling platforms lies in their inability to fully capture and respond to the emotional nuances of users during interactions. This study aims to address that gap by developing a speech-based emotion detection framework designed to be integrated into digital counseling environments. The proposed methodology includes the collection and preprocessing of speech samples, feature extraction using acoustic parameters, and training machine learning models to classify emotions in real time. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach significantly improves the accuracy of emotion detection, enabling digital counseling systems to provide more adaptive and personalized support. Beyond counseling, the research highlights the broader applicability of speech emotion recognition in education, telemedicine, and interactive digital assistants, all of which benefit from improved sensitivity to human emotions. These findings underscore the potential of artificial intelligence to strengthen digital mental health interventions, ensuring services that are not only more efficient and inclusive but also capable of fostering long-term emotional well-being in diverse populations.

The digital era requires the world of education to adapt to learning innovations that can increase student participation and enthusiasm, especially at the elementary school level. This research was motivated by students' low interest in learning which was influenced by conventional learning methods that were less interactive. The aim of this research is to examine the effectiveness of creative learning strategies through collaboration between gamification and inquiry methods in increasing student enthusiasm for learning. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method carried out in one elementary school in Indonesia. Data was collected through observation, interviews and documentation, then analyzed descriptively. The research results show that the integration of gamification with inquiry methods can significantly increase students' active involvement, curiosity and enthusiasm for learning in the learning process. The use of game elements combined with independent exploration is proven to create a fun and challenging learning atmosphere. The implications of these findings show the importance of implementing innovative and contextual learning strategies to support student learning processes in the digital era. This strategy is recommended as an alternative learning method that is relevant to be widely implemented in elementary schools.

The purpose of this activity is to find out how much knowledge the local community in Patimban Village has regarding the internet to avoid fraud on online shopping sites or E-commerce. This Community Service Activity uses a field observation method (direct observation) by visiting people's homes through the distribution of information paper. The results of the activity concluded: first, online fraud is in principle the same as conventional fraud through the use of electronic systems (computers, internet, telecommunications devices) as a criminal act of fraud based on Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. Law enforcement officers often experience difficulties and obstacles in ensnaring perpetrators of fraud; and second, this criminal act of fraud can be charged with Article 378 of the Criminal Code as a criminal act of fraud or Article 28 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law concerning the regulation of the spread of false and misleading news that is detrimental to consumers. Or it can be charged based on both articles at once, namely, 378 of the Criminal Code in conjunction with Article 28 paragraph (1) in conjunction with Article 45 paragraph (1) of Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning fraud and/or ITE crimes.

The threat of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is increasing develop along with increasing use of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architecture . Although SDN provides convenience in management network , properties its centralized control make it prone to to flooding attacks that can paralyze controller performance . Detection method conventional , such as approach statistics and machine learning, still own limitations in matter accuracy , high false positive rate , and dependence on extracted features manually . To overcome problem said , research This propose a hybrid deep learning based DDoS detection and mitigation model that combines Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extraction feature spatial from RGB and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) images for understand temporal correlation between traffic data network . System tested through network test-bed Mininet based with Ryu/Floodlight controller, using simulation DDoS attacks (Hping3, LOIC) and normal traffic (video streaming, HTTP server). Traffic data cross recorded in PCAP format, processed become RGB image measuring 200×200 pixels, and labeled based on type traffic . Evaluation results with metric accuracy , precision, recall, F1-score, and MCC show that the CNN–GRU model has performance more superior compared to baseline approaches such as CNN-only, GRU-only, as well as classical ML methods such as SVM and Random Forest. In addition , the system capable apply mitigation adaptive through automatic flow rule creation on edge switches. Findings This confirm that effective deep learning- based spatial -temporal hybrid approach in increase detection early and response DDoS attacks on SDN networks adaptive and real-time.  

The purpose of this study is to analyze teachers’ understanding of authentic assessment. The assessment process seeks to evaluate whether educational goals have been met, thus highlighting the important role of evaluation in the education sector. Effective and comprehensive evaluation is conducted on an ongoing basis, providing educators with a comprehensive view of student learning achievement and progress. Each subject emphasizes the importance of ongoing assessment, which is aligned with broader educational goals and outcomes. This article serves as a literature review intended to explore the features of 21st century learning and their implications for assessment, specifically authentic assessment. Given globalization and rapid technological advancements, the educational paradigm has shifted from a teacher-centered approach to a student-centered approach. Learning in the 21st century prioritizes the enhancement of critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication skills (often referred to as the 4Cs). Therefore, conventional assessment is considered inadequate to measure learning outcomes that are complex and contextual. This study explores various relevant scientific sources to formulate a comprehensive understanding of authentic assessment as an approach that is in line with the characteristics of 21st century learning. Authentic assessment emphasizes real, contextual processes and products, and provides meaningful learning experiences. The findings of this study recommend that teachers need to design assessments that are integrated with the learning process, encourage active student involvement, and assess abilities holistically. This study is expected to be a guide for education professionals in creating assessment methods that are in line with 21st century requirements.

Bridge infrastructure is a vital component of transportation systems that is vulnerable to structural damage caused by dynamic loads, environmental factors, and aging. Early crack detection is crucial to prevent structural failures that may lead to catastrophic consequences. This study aims to develop a non-destructive detection method based on acoustic sensors to identify cracks in bridge structures with higher sensitivity and accuracy compared to conventional visual inspections. The research was conducted through laboratory experiments and field tests using acoustic sensors, data acquisition devices, and signal analysis software. The procedure included sensor installation on a bridge model, simulation of artificial cracks with varying sizes and positions, recording of acoustic wave signals, and data analysis using frequency spectrum, amplitude, and waveform pattern approaches. The results show significant differences between normal and cracked conditions in the frequency spectrum, where cracks produced amplitude anomalies at specific frequencies. Amplitude analysis revealed a positive correlation between crack size and acoustic signal intensity, while waveform pattern analysis demonstrated the influence of crack position on distortion levels. Cracks located at the center generated the highest distortion, followed by joints and edges. These findings confirm that acoustic sensors, particularly fiber-optic-based ones, offer advantages such as high sensitivity, reliability under complex environmental conditions, and the ability to detect subsurface cracks. The implications of this research highlight the potential development of an acoustic sensor-based structural health monitoring system integrated with real-time analysis software, thereby supporting preventive maintenance, extending infrastructure lifespan, and enhancing transportation safety.

This research aims to analyze the trade-off between unemployment and inflation, as well as government policies from an Islamic perspective. Inflation and unemployment issues remain primary challenges for governments in maintaining economic stability. Unlike conventional economic perspectives that accept the trade-off between these two variables, Islamic economics offers a more integrative and holistic approach. Using a literature review method, this study analyzes various literature related to the relationship between unemployment and inflation from both conventional and Islamic economic perspectives. Research findings reveal that in conventional economics, the Phillips Curve depicts a trade-off between unemployment and inflation in the short term, though its validity is questioned in the long term. In contrast, from an Islamic economic perspective, there is no dichotomy between reducing unemployment and controlling inflation, as both can be addressed simultaneously through a just economic system aligned with Sharia principles. Islamic economics offers solutions through strengthening the real sector, profit-sharing financial systems, and implementing zakat, infaq, and waqf instruments that can create employment without generating inflationary pressures. This research provides insights into government policies that align with Sharia values in addressing current macroeconomic challenges.

This research investigates the factors contributing to low understanding of environmental degradation among sixth-grade students at SDN 12 Padang Koto Gadang. The study aims to identify internal and external factors affecting students' comprehension of environmental issues within the IPAS (Natural and Social Sciences) curriculum. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with the class teacher, classroom observations, and document analysis of lesson plans and student assessment records. The findings reveal that internal factors include low learning motivation, where students perceive environmental materials as mere memorization tasks, and a significant mismatch between students' kinesthetic-visual learning styles (78%) and the predominantly auditory-lecture teaching methods. External factors encompass conventional teaching approaches dominating 85% of classroom time, limited technological infrastructure, and insufficient interactive learning resources. A paradoxical finding shows that while 70% of students claim environmental concern, only 23% consistently practice eco-friendly behaviors, indicating a substantial gap between cognitive knowledge and behavioral application. The study recommends implementing a hybrid learning model combining Problem-Based Learning with local contexts, utilizing simple nature-based media, and establishing strategic community partnerships. These findings contribute to developing more adaptive and contextual teaching methods aligned with Merdeka Curriculum principles for elementary environmental education.

The development of digital technology has significantly changed various aspects of life, including the religious sphere. Cyber Church has emerged as an innovation that allows churches to reach a broader congregation through digital media without relying on physical gatherings. This study aims to analyze the concept of Cyber Church, the role of technology in transforming church worship and ministry, its impact on congregational spiritual growth, and the integration of digital innovation with traditional church values. The research employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach, drawing from various journal articles and academic books. The findings reveal that Cyber Church provides significant opportunities for churches to engage with the digital generation while posing challenges in maintaining spiritual depth and personal interactions within faith communities. Furthermore, the integration of technology with church traditions is crucial to ensuring that digital innovation does not replace the essence of fellowship, which has long been the foundation of the church. Thus, this study asserts that Cyber Church should be understood as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for conventional church ministry.

. Freezing is a widely used preservation method to extend the shelf life of food, yet conventional freezing often produces large ice crystals that damage tissue structures and reduce product quality. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted freezing technology in improving the quality of frozen food. A literature review method was employed, focusing on scientific publications from 2015 to 2025. The results show that ultrasound application, particularly High-Intensity Ultrasound (HIUS), can accelerate the freezing rate by enhancing ice nucleation and improving heat transfer efficiency. The formation of smaller and more uniformly distributed ice crystals helps preserve the structural integrity of food and reduces water loss during thawing. The effectiveness of this technology varies depending on the type of food material, temperature, duration, and ultrasound intensity. In animal-based products, it helps maintain texture and color, while in plant-based materials, it preserves moisture content and firmness. However, excessively high intensity may pose a risk of protein denaturation, especially in sensitive materials such as fish. These findings suggest that ultrasound-assisted freezing is a promising innovative solution to improve both the quality and efficiency of the food freezing process.

This study discusses the phenomenon of increasing consumptive behavior among Muslim communities due to the influence of social media, technology, and e-commerce. This behavior is considered contrary to Islamic teachings that emphasize balance, simplicity, and social responsibility. Therefore, this research aims to formulate the concept of Islamic consumption that not only fulfills physical needs, but also considers spiritual values, ethics, and social justice. Using a qualitative approach through literature study, this research examines consumption principles in Islam such as halal-thayyib, maqāṣid al-syarī'ah, and ethical rationality as an alternative to conventional consumption that is materialistic. The results show that consumption in Islam is part of worship that includes spiritual, social, and environmental dimensions. Islamic consumption encourages frugal, selective, and responsible behavior, and strengthens social solidarity through zakat and alms. This research produces an integrated Islamic consumption framework that can serve as a guideline for Muslim consumers, policy makers, and da'wah institutions in building a more ethical, sustainable, and Islamic-compliant consumption lifestyle in the modern era.

Amin Sungai Besi Indah Guidance Studio is a learning place for children of Indonesian workers (TKI) in Malaysia which aims to provide informal education, but limited resources and conventional learning methods are obstacles in efforts to improve the creative skills of children there. Therefore, innovation in creativity is needed that can attract children's interest and help them develop their creative abilities in a fun and meaningful way. Eid al-Fitr is a holiday for Muslims after fasting for 30 consecutive days. Where the moment of Eid al-Fitr is a very sacred moment for Muslims. In the celebration of the holiday, many families gather to forgive each other and also give greetings. Greeting cards are cards used to give greetings or words that are made in such a way to be creative using handicraft creations. In your speech, you can use cards that have been made, where there are handwritten words and decorated as attractively as possible. For buses we hand over cards to anyone we want to give them.

Political participation is a right and not an obligation for citizens. Political participation is the involvement of citizens in making general policies and determining government leaders. There are many types of political participation, from conventional to non-conventional. However, in developing countries including Indonesia, voting in general elections is the main political participation. After that, there is no more participation. In fact, participation should be carried out as long as politics and government exist. Especially for students who are classified as novice voters as agents of change and future political leaders.

This study aims to examine how John G. Cawelti's classic detective formula is implemented in Holly Jackson's A Good Girl's Guide to Murder. Using a qualitative descriptive method, this research explores the narrative structure of the novel. The research focuses on how the elements of the formula constructively shape the events that are narrated. Data was collected through reading the novel and note-taking. For the findings, the novel follows the six structural stages outlined in John G. Cawelti (1976) theory: (1) introduction of the detective, (2)crime and clues, (3)investigation, (4)announcement of the solution, (5)explanation of the solution, and (6) denouement. The protagonist of the story is Pippa Fitz-Amobi, a high school student who investigates a long-closed murder case for her school project. The novel adapts classic concepts into a contemporary context through its unique role as a teenage detective. In addition, the conventional detective narrative becomes more innovative by incorporating multimedia formats such as interview transcripts, emails, and diaries. This study found that Jackson's novel successfully blends traditional genre standards with modern storytelling methods, providing a fresh detective experience while maintaining the core structure of classic mystery fiction.

Learning activities can run smoothly if accompanied by the availability of appropriate learning media. Learning in the Machining Technology course requires direct practical activities, for example in understanding the use of lathes. The limitations of students' mastery of knowledge when facing the teaching and learning process that tends to be lecture-oriented, causing students' lack of understanding during practice. Learning media that is less interesting causes failure in delivering material, thereby reducing students' interest in learning. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Real Time Augmented Reality (RT-AR) Lathe media in the learning process of the Machining Technology course in the D-III Study Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Padang State University (FT-UNP). RT-AR media is designed to present interactive visualizations that describe the lathe work process in real time, so that it is expected to improve students' conceptual understanding and practical skills. The study used a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design in two groups: the experimental group using RT-AR media and the control group using conventional learning methods. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the learning outcomes of students in the experimental group compared to the control group. In addition, RT-AR media is also able to increase students' motivation and active participation during the learning process. These findings indicate that RT-AR Lathe media is an effective and relevant learning innovation to be applied in vocational engineering education, especially in mastering lathing material.

Technological advances have an impact on social change, a shift that was originally done conventionally in the real world but can now be done digitally in cyberspace. The use of the internet is supported by gadgets and applications that make it easier for people in their daily activities to make the statement "world without borders" on digital media true, which will certainly have a positive impact and a negative impact. The young generation based on Law Number 40 of 2009 concerning Youth which is included in the criteria as the young generation refers to those who have an age range of 16 to 30 years old who are the most users in the cyber world. The younger generation as the next generation should get efforts to prevent negative impacts. The provision of education about digital literacy and its wise use must be carried out by education providers by including material in subjects or courses so that all young generations are able to acquire this knowledge. Cyber sovereignty is a concept that refers to the contribution of state control over the internet domain within its borders, including political, economic, cultural, and technological activities. The young generation who have received education is expected to be able to carry out national cyber sovereignty well. This study uses an empirical juridical research method. The purpose of this study is to provide input related to the urgency of digital legal education and an overview of the digital education model.

Critical thinking skills are an important competency in learning biology, especially in biodiversity materials that require analysis, reasoning, and decision-making. This study aims to determine the influence of the Guided Discovery Learning learning model  on the critical thinking ability of grade X students at SMA Negeri 2 Tondano. The method used was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of two classes, namely the control class that was taught using the conventional model and the experimental class that received treatment with the Guided Discovery Learning model. Data were collected through pretest and posttest written tests, and analyzed using normality, homogeneity, and t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the learning outcomes of students in the experimental class and the control class. The average posttest score of the experimental class was 81 higher than the control class of 63.5. In addition, the Tcal value of 4.65 is greater than the Ttable of 2.02 at a significance level of 0.05, which shows that  the Guided Discovery Learning model  has a positive influence on improving students' critical thinking skills. This result is also strengthened by a decrease in standard deviation which shows an equal distribution of understanding between students. This research contributes to the development of active learning strategies in biology education and suggests the application of this model to improve higher-level thinking skills. This model is also relevant applied to other topics in order to strengthen discovery-based learning and collaboration.

Remote islands in Indonesia face significant challenges in achieving sustainable electricity supply. This study analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of implementing a hybrid Solar Power Plant (PLTS) and Wind Power Plant (PLTB) system on Dudepo Island, North Gorontalo Regency. With an average solar radiation of 5.2 kWh/m²/day and wind speed of 4.8 m/s, the hybrid system is designed to supply approximately 97% of local electricity demand with an efficiency of 85%. Simulations using HOMER Pro reveal an optimal configuration of 100 kW PLTS, 60 kW PLTB, and 300 kWh battery storage. Economic analysis indicates a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of IDR 1,450/kWh, more affordable than conventional diesel generators, with an eight-year payback period. The system’s implementation has enhanced community well-being by providing stable electricity access for education, healthcare, and economic activities. Moreover, it contributes to carbon emission reduction by up to 120 tons of CO₂ annually. Technical challenges and local human resource capacity necessitate sustainable management strategies, including technician training and IoT-based monitoring systems. This study offers recommendations for sustainable renewable energy development on remote islands as a model for environmentally friendly energy transitions.