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Abad ke-19 dapat dikatakan sebagai era peralihan sastra klasik ke sastra modern di kawasan Nusantara. Salah satu karya yang masih disalin pada masa ini adalah naskah-naskah yang berisi cerita MahabharataNaskah-naskah tersebut disalin untuk beberapa kepentingan, di antaranya untuk tujuan pendidikan dan penyewaan. Penelitian ini menguraikan sistem penyewaan naskah Melayu yang berisi cerita Mahabharata pada masa tersebut. Selanjutnya, analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif menggunakan pendekatan sejarah sastra. Kajian dilakukan dengan menganalisis kolofon naskah yang berisi cerita Mahabharata yang ada di koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional RI. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran sistem penyewaan naskah cerita Mahabharata di Melayu pada abad ke-19. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa sistem penyewaan naskah cerita Mahabharata di Melayu memperlihatkan fungsi nilai ekonomi sastra pada masa tersebut. Selain itu, proses penyalinannya berfungsi sebagai usaha mempopulerkan cerita Mahabharata dan pemertahanan budaya tulis Arab-Melayu.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis literatur yang terkait dengan kemampuan berpikir kritis dalam kurikulum pembelajaran melalui tinjauan literatur yang sistematis. Artikel ini menganalisis literatur melalui database elektronik yang diperoleh dari Scopus. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan pada  tinjauan literatur sistematis adalah Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, dan Harzing's Publish or Perish. Berdasarkan dari hasil pencarian artikel dengan menggunakan Harzing's Publish or Perish diperoleh 759 publikasi yang diterbitkan tahun 1944 hingga 2021 untuk analisis lebih lanjut. Hasil penelitian ini disajikan dengan menggunakan indikator bibliometrik umum seperti produktivitas penelitian dalam hal tahun publikasi, jenis dokumen, bidang subjek, analisis kata kunci, kepengarangan, dan analisis kutipan. Secara keseluruhan, jumlah peningkatan tulisan kemampuan berpikir kritis dalam pembelajaran menunjukkan bahwa sangat penting dalam pembelajaran abad ke-21. Guru dapat menggunakan pendekatan dan strategi pembelajran untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa.

Water management is very influenced by economy or tourism and determined by profit gain. Drought, pollution, and poaching conflict occur which show how people today do not know how to maintain water wisely. On the other hand, people in indigenous villages have ways to maintain quality water. One of it is explored by Ghorbani et al. He explores how indigenous science is applied to create a better water distribution and drought postponement in Jiroft County, Iran. This qualitative paper aims to explain the hydro-social relation of another indigenous religion, it is known as Bali Aga. Supported by literature study, this paper argues that Bali Aga’s religion-based hydro-social relation is effective in water management. This paper contributes to and has implication for water management in other places around the planet.

This study aims to describe, build, and maintain an attitude of tolerance in the era of society 5.0. The character of tolerance is a fundamental need of a pluralistic society. Tolerance creates a sense of serenity, peace, harmony and prosperity in social life. Willingness to side by side keeps people away from conflict, social tension, hostility, and division. Adolescents need direction, stimulus, and an environment to grow and implement a tolerant character. This study used a quantitative experimental research method. The research population was class X SMA PL Don Bosko Semarang. The aims of the study were: 1) to measure the effectiveness of the TGT method in increasing students' tolerance, 2) to improve student learning achievement using the module-assisted TGT method, 3) to strengthen tolerance so that student learning outcomes increase. The results showed that: 1) the module-assisted TGT method was considered effective in increasing students' tolerance, 2) TGT treatment improved student achievement, 3) tolerance had a significant influence on student learning outcomes.

Performance is something that is very important and must be considered by all management, both at the level of small and large agencies. The performance of health workers is the result or level of success of a person as a whole in carrying out tasks compared to various possibilities, such as work standards, services to patients and targets or criteria that are in accordance with professional responsibilities. The purpose of this theoretical review is to find out how the factors that influence the performance of health workers in hospitals. The method used is a theoretical review by analyzing and comparing existing theories. The results of this theoretical review are factors that influence work performance or achievement, namely individual factors consisting of individual factors of effort (effort), abilities, and role/task perception. While environmental factors include physical condition, equipment, time, education and training. It can be concluded that the result or level of one's overall performance during a certain period is influenced by individual and environmental factors. Health workers also in carrying out their functions are not independent, but are related to job satisfaction and levels of pay, health workers also improve the quality of human resources need to continue to learn and hone skills and abilities as well as the need for Hospitals to evaluate the performance of health workers.

Coffee is a popular drink enjoyed by all ages. Coffee plantations in Indonesia have contributed to the country's long coffee production and economic growth history. According to the ICO, Indonesia ranks sixth globally for coffee consumption, with a total consumption of 4.6 million 60 kg/lb in the 2016-2017 range. This study aims to see the effect of Customer Experience, which consists of sense, feel, thinking, act, and relation, in influencing the repurchase intention behavior of coffee shop consumers in Mataram City. This study uses a quantitative approach with the type of associative research because it examines the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The sampling technique uses non-probability and purposive sampling to obtain the characteristics of the respondents to be studied. The number of respondents reviewed amounted to 180 people. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire with a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The instrument test uses validity and reliability tests. The model feasibility test uses the classic assumption test, consisting of the normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity tests. The analysis tool uses multiple linear regression analysis. Hypothesis testing using the t-test for partial test and F test for simultaneous test. The results obtained are that there is an influence between the independent variables consisting of sense, feel, think, act, and relate to the dependent variable repurchase intention either partially or simultaneously so that all research hypotheses are accepted.

Sacrificial offerings are something that cannot be separated from the beliefs of every believer. Christ willingly died on the cross to redeem His people. Therefore, how important the sacrifice of Jesus Christ is for humanity. For that, it is very important to understand the meaning of the sacrifice of penance. The meaning of the sin offering is an admission of guilt before God. the meaning of the sin offering must be known from the old and new testaments, namely the sin offering. The sin offering in the Old Testament was the sacrifice of a lamb to take away the sins of God's people. In the new covenant, the sin offering is Jesus Christ, who died on the cross as a sin offering in Ephesians 2:5-9. Therefore, it is very important for believers today to know and understand the true sacrifice and sin offering.

This study aims to determine the information system service certificate for Jalatrang Village, Ciamis Regency using data collection techniques through field research, namely observation and in-depth interviews with 8 informants who were selectedqualitatively descriptively. The results show that the service information system for village certificates in ciamis district provides positive things to the village. This research was contuted by a library study, namely the collection of data and information through books and other reading sources that are relevant to the problem to be studied. Field research is data obtained by observation. The purpose of this final project is a web-Based Village Certificate Service Information System in Jalatrang Village” aims to design a database that accommodates all information about Jalatrang Village so that this information can be provided and presented more effective in terms of time and energy utilization.

In business, companies compete with each other in their own way to get big profits. Companies in the tourism, restaurant and recreation sector are companies that have an impact on the company's financial performance and profitability. The variables used in this study are profitability ratios in the form of Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) as well as financial performance. This research uses quantitative methods. The sample used is 10 tourism, hotel and restaurant sector companies. The results of this study show that the ROA and ROE variables have a partial and significant effect on financial performance variables. The R-Square result is 0.3048 so that it can be interpreted that 30.48% of the ROA and ROE variables can explain the Financial Performance variable and the remaining 69.52% can be explained by other variables outside the research.

The general research objective is to obtain an overview of social problems in a film and their implications for learning in high school. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, in which the researcher records carefully and accurately the data in the form of words, sentences, pictures, and videos contained in the film. The use of a descriptive qualitative approach in this study aims to describe social problems such as social problems of biological factors, economic factors, psychological factors, and cultural factors in The Flu film. Researchers found 51 social problems in the film The Flu and have described their implications for drama learning in high school. The most common social problems found are social problems of biological factors consisting of 21 data, social problems of psychological factors consisting of 20 data, social problems of economic factors consisting of 5 data and social problems of cultural factors consisting of 5 data. The Flu film provides many descriptions of social problems that can be used as knowledge for students at school. Therefore, in learning drama, this film can be used as an alternative teaching material, especially in discussions about examining storylines, act by act, and conflicts in drama texts in the form of scripts or stages and presenting plays in the form of stages or scripts.

The art of speaking characters in Wanita Idaman novels (Translated by Meggy P. Soedjatmiko) by Robert Goolrick: Rhetorical Study this study aims to describe the art of speaking characters based on the study of rhetorical types of dialogue (The art of speaking in discussion, debriefing, negotiation, conversation, and debate) and depiction of the character’s based on the dialogue of the characters in Wanita Idaman novels by Robert Goolrick. This study uses a literary work approach based on the art of speaking figures using the study of dialogic rhetoric. The study of dialogic rhetoric consists of five types of speaking arts, debriefing, negotiation, conversation, and debate. The project of research are the characters Catherine Land, Ralp Truitt, and Mrs. Larsen in the novel Wanita Idaman which was published on July 29 2010 with 406 pages thick. The data techniques. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative analysis techniques. The research rsult obtained in this study are in the form of studie on characters or characters Catherine Land, Ralp Truitt, and Mrs. Larsen based on the art of speaking the study of dialogic rhetoric which consists of the art of speaking discussion, question and answer, negotiation, conversation, ad debate in the novel Wanita Idaman by Robert Goolrick.

This study aims to describe and analyze (1) the procession of execution in the Lawang Sakepeng tradition, (2) the symbolic meaning contained in the Lawang Sakepeng tradition in Dayak Ngaju traditional weddings, and (3) find out the function of folklore in the Lawang Sakepeng tradition using semiotic studies. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The source of the data in this study was secondary data from a video showing the documentation of the Lawang Sakepeng tradition in a Dayak Ngaju traditional wedding ceremony. The instrument in this study is a documentation guide. Documentation guidelines are carried out by analyzing symbolic forms. The data analysis technique used in this study uses C.S Pierce's semiotic study as a reference. Based on the results of the research obtained: (1) the procession of the Lawang Sakepeng tradition in the Dayak Ngaju traditional wedding ceremony which has been studied has three stages of implementation, namely Panganten Mandai/Haguet, Lawang Sakepeng tradition and Mamapas traditional ceremony. (2) The forms of symbolic meaning in the procession of the Lawang Sakepeng tradition in the Dayak Ngaju traditional wedding ceremony which have been studied have forms of symbolic meaning in the form of: palm fronds, three-tiered threads, flowers, money, bahalai/saput, red and white flags, martial arts fighters/sakepeng performers and dancer. (3) The function of folklore in the Lawang Sakepeng tradition procession is: strengthening the feeling of collective solidarity, as a fun tool and providing entertainment for people who witness it, as a tool for preserving Dayak cultural customs, and as a tool for mutual cooperation in a society.

This research aims to: (1) Describe the value of the character's self-sacrificing struggle in the novel Step by J.S. Khairen. (2) Describe the value of the struggle for unity of the characters in the novel Step  by J.S. Khairen. (3) Describe the value of the struggle for respect for the characters in the novel Step by J.S. Khairen. (4) Describe the value of the character's patient struggle in the novel Step by J.S. Khairen. (5) Describe the value of never giving up struggle of the characters in the novel Step  by J.S. Khairen. (6) Describe the value of the character's cooperative struggle in the novel Step by J.S. Khairen. (7) Describe the implications regarding the value of the character's struggle in the novel Step by J.S. Khairen on literature learning in high school. This research is descriptive research with a qualitative research approach. The data collection techniques used are library techniques, listening techniques and further note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique uses text analysis techniques.The results of this research show that there are values of the characters' struggle in the novel Step by J.S. Khairen which is in accordance with Joyomartono's theory. The author found 25 data which were divided into six, namely 9 data on the value of being willing to sacrifice, 5 data on the value of unity, 2 data on the value of respect, 2 data on the value of patience, 4 data on the value of never giving up, 3 data on the value of cooperation. Apart from that, these values can be implied by studying literature in high school. Based on the 2013 curriculum in KD 3.8 interpret the author’s view of life in the novel read. and KD 4.8 Present the results of the interprestation of the author’s views both orally and in writting. The results of this study can be used as teaching material in studying literature in high school. Teaching materials can be used as a complement to the main textbook source.

The aim of this research is (1) to describe the factors causing code switching in the Drama Series Scandal 2: Sex, Love, and Revenge. (2) describe the function of using code switching in the Drama Series Scandal 2: Sex, Love, and Revenge. This research is qualitative descriptive research. The subject of this research is speech events that occurred in the Drama Series Scandal 2: Sex, Love, and Revenge. The object of this research is data containing code switching in speech events in the Drama Series Scandal 2: Sex, Love, and Revenge. The technique used in collecting data uses non-participating listening and note-taking techniques. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods with data transcription and data classification steps. The validity of the data is obtained through continuous data searching according to the facts, persistent observation techniques, and triangulation. The results of this study show two conclusions. First, there are five factors that cause code switching in Drama Series Scandal 2: Sex, Love, and Revenge, namely the speaker, the interlocutor, the presence of a third speaker, the subject of discussion, and to evoke a sense of humor, and simply to have agency. Second, there are five functions of code switching in Drama Series Scandal 2: Sex, Love, and Revenge, namely explaining, asking, reprimanding. Affirm and remind

In the era of globalization, various kinds of people from various parts of the world can be connected and interconnected in various aspects of life. The emergence of the Virtual Youtuber trend in Indonesia has influenced some people outside Indonesia to recognize and be interested in the Indonesian language. The purpose of this scientific article is to examine the rapidly growing Vtuber (Virtual Youtuber) phenomenon and find out the influence of many international Hololive Indonesia fans on their Indonesian language knowledge. The focus of this research is to discuss the development of the Virtual Youtuber industry, especially the impact of language exchange that occurs due to the establishment of an Indonesian branch by the largest company in the Virtual Youtuber industry, Hololive. This article uses the research methods of literature study and virtual observation. The results of the research show the interest and reasons of the audience and fans of Hololive ID talents to learn Indonesian.

Problems are often associated with various problems, but the essence of problematics is to find the best solution with supporting things. Learning the history of literature itself is learning about the origins of or relating to the past about literature. Learning literature from time to time changes and adds to the level of study that is applied, giving rise to various problems in the context of its teaching of both formal and non - formal education. The problems themselves arise from various factors, the quality of learning literature in schools which may be caused by various things such as the curriculum, teachers, students, facilities and infrastructure, and perhaps also from the approach to learning literature itself, and the lack of deepening of the history of literature learning. Thus, to find a solution there is a literature study, including making the school a literary field, innovative learning with changes that are adjusted to the passage of time, as well as various learning approaches in the context of applying the teaching of literary history.

The aim of the researchers to conduct this research is to find out about the history and origins of the Cibuntu Babakan area as a tofu industrial area until now a new destination titled "Cibuntu Babakan Tofu Tourism Village" has been established. It was formed because of an idea or notion from a member of the local POKDARWIS (Tourism Awareness Group) who is also the head of the community association 05 Babakan Village, Babakan Ciparay District. The theory used in this research is participation theory. While the method used in this study is descriptive qualitative method, due to the lack of valid data regarding this tourist destination, the researcher went directly to the field to explore the research object, thus making the research object a data. The results showed that the tourist destination "Cibuntu Babakan Tahu Tourism Village" has an attraction, namely with educational tours and culinary tours that may not be found in other areas, also with the local wisdom of the surrounding community making this "Cibuntu Babakan Tahu Tourism Village" become a tourist destination that must be included (Nurlestari, 2016)in the list of tourist trips.

Mount Rinjani has a crater about 10 km wide and there is a crater lake called Lake Segara Anak with a depth of about 230 m. The charm possessed by Mount Rinjani is perfect, so there is no doubt that Rinjani is an attraction that can attract the interest of foreign and domestic tourists to climb it. And climbing Mount Rinjani will certainly become memories and life experiences that will not be forgotten. The qualitative research method is a research method that produces descriptive data. The researcher aims to describe the phenomenon that occurs regarding Mount Rinjani Tourism Development in Lombok and its Impact on Tourist Interests. The natural phenomenon of Mount Rinjani which later became a tourist attraction was framed in the Rp. 10 denomination. 10.000 issued by Bank Indonesia in 1998. For climbers, Lake Segara Anak is a favorite location to unwind after steep valleys, savanna, entering the wilderness. Mount Rinjani National Park is the second highest volcano in Indonesia, not only that, Guning Rinjani National Park also has very beautiful natural beauty and there is a wealth of flora and fauna which is the intersection of the wallace boundary, namely the flora and fauna typical of Asia and Australia meet. By introducing the flora and fauna that exist on Mount Rinjani, starting from those that are often encountered. The conclusion of this article is that Mount Rinjani National Park is the second highest volcano in Indonesia, not only that Guning Rinjani National Park also has very beautiful natural beauty and there is a wealth of flora and fauna which is the intersection of Wallace's boundary lines, namely flora and fauna typical of Asia and Australia meet.

Administrative financial education is an important component in the field of education to obtain educational facilities, including in Kober TK Islamic Center. Recording of acceptance and management of school financial administration at the Kober TK Islamic Center using handwriting or has not been computerized, which can result in a lot of bookkeeping, writing errors, and delays in financial reporting. In addition to the long recording process, data search also takes a long time, which can make it difficult for administrative staff to process acceptance and manage financial administration. Based on the problems in the Kober TK Islamic Center, it is necessary to build an information system that can assist in recording and managing financial administration. This information system creates using the MySQL database, the PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) programming language, and Sublime Text for the text editor. the test server uses XAMPP, and the data used is obtained from Kober TK Islamic Center. The expected results of this final project are to assist employees in recording acceptance and managing financial administration efficiently. Then, for this project, it is hoped that it can also assist in the acceptance and management of financial administration in the Kober TK Islamic Center.

In Indonesia, the central issue of all elections is the management of election money. This issue creates various consequences for election administrators, voters, and voters, so increasing monetary policy practices also becomes a major issue in every election administration. The amount of money circulating in the 2024 election will likely increase from the 2019 legislative election. This is based on several factors. First, the electoral system and mechanism have not changed since 2019. This means that the personal side of elections, or the orientation of competition, still relies on candidates, not political parties. Second, the direction of the 2024 Pileg contestation is still based on the popularity and personality of the candidates. Third, to be elected, each candidate continues to try to increase his popularity, increase campaign activities, and finance himself.