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This paper explores how climate change has contributed to the armed conflict in Darfur, Sudan, by emphasizing the human security perspective. Prolonged drought, desertification, and resource scarcity have intensified tensions between farming and pastoralist communities. Using a case study method and the Human Security framework, this study finds that ecological stress acts as a threat multiplier in conflict-prone areas. Data from IPCC, SIPRI, and UNHCR reports highlight how environmental degradation worsens structural vulnerabilities and fuels horizontal violence. The analysis shows that climate change is not only an environmental issue but also a serious security concern in fragile states. The failure of state institutions to equitably manage natural resources exacerbates the crisis. Therefore, a long-term, multi-sectoral policy response is urgently needed. Integrating climate resilience into international security strategies is essential to protect basic human rights.

This article explores the dimensions of spiritualism and existential feminism in the short story Umi Kalsum by Djamil Suherman using a qualitative descriptive approach combined. The study focuses on interpreting symbolic and ideological elements within the text that reflect the search for life’s meaning, spiritual awareness, and the position of women within a patriarchal social structure. Data were obtained through literature review and analyzed in depth through the processes of data reduction, presentation, and interpretive reflection, with validity ensured through source triangulation and repeated readings. The findings reveal that the character Umi Kalsum represents a devout woman who lives under strict social norms, yet possesses strong spiritual and inner resilience. Spiritual values are reflected in her submissive and sincere acceptance of suffering, while existential feminism is expressed through her inner conflict and struggle for personal freedom. The protagonist’s tragic end serves as a symbolic protest against the restrictive social order imposed on women. This short story illustrates how spiritual experience and existential awareness can act as liberating forces in the face of gender-based injustice.

Psychological assessment is an important component of guidance and counseling services as it supports counselors' understanding of learners' psychological conditions, potentials, and problems. This article aims to explain the role of assessment in understanding clients, identify the types of assessments commonly used, and emphasize the importance of understanding assessment as a counselor's professional competence. This study uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies from relevant journals. The results of the discussion show that assessments, both test and non-test, can provide comprehensive information that assists counselors in designing effective interventions. Understanding assessment also encourages counselors to act professionally and ethically in the service process. Thus, assessment is not just a measuring tool, but an important foundation in holistic and strategic counseling practice.

Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing and multifaceted threats to national security across the globe, including in Indonesia. The consequences of climate change extend far beyond environmental degradation, posing significant risks to critical sectors such as food security, water resources, social cohesion, and the overall stability of national defense systems. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events-such as floods, droughts, and storms-have direct and indirect impacts that undermine the resilience of communities and the functionality of state institutions. In Indonesia, a country characterized by its vast archipelago and diverse ecosystems, the climate crisis presents unique challenges. The vulnerability of coastal regions to sea-level rise threatens the livelihoods of millions, while disruptions in agricultural productivity jeopardize food availability and economic stability. Moreover, these environmental stresses exacerbate social inequalities and can trigger internal displacement, heightening the risk of social unrest and conflict. Such dynamics underscore the critical intersection between environmental changes and national security concerns.

This study aims to analyze the marketing strategies, operational mechanisms, and key challenges faced by the Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU) BONA MANDIRI JAYA. A qualitative research approach was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews, direct observation, and document analysis as data collection methods. The results show that the cooperative adopts a direct marketing strategy targeting underserved and remote areas, combined with a personalized approach in monitoring its clients. Despite its growth, the cooperative encounters several challenges, including limited capital, low member financial literacy, non-performing loans, and the need to adapt to digital transformation. To overcome these obstacles, the cooperative implements credit restructuring policies and intensive field monitoring. The study recommends strengthening institutional capacity and adopting digital systems to enhance the sustainability and efficiency of cooperative operations.

This study explores the strategies and effectiveness of the recovery of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Medan City following the COVID-19 pandemic. By reviewing recent scholarly articles, it examines the roles of government policies, digital transformation, product diversification, and multi-stakeholder collaboration in supporting MSME sustainability. The review findings show that economic stimulus policies such as cash assistance, credit relaxation, and digital training significantly impact the resilience and growth of MSMEs. Moreover, MSMEs' adaptation to technology and the role of communities further strengthen local economic resilience. This study contributes to the literature on regional economic recovery and serves as a foundation for data-driven policy-making.

This article aims to explore ways to optimize counseling services through the utilization of psychological assessments. Psychological assessments are essential tools that can assist counselors in understanding the characteristics, needs, and issues faced by clients. By employing various valid and reliable assessment instruments, counselors can more accurately identify problems and design more effective interventions. Research indicates that appropriate assessments not only enhance the effectiveness of therapy but also expedite the recovery process for clients. Additionally, this article discusses the challenges faced in the implementation of psychological assessments in Indonesia, such as the lack of training for counselors and limited access to quality assessment tools. Recommendations for improving psychological assessment practices in counseling services are also presented, including the need for ongoing training for counselors and the development of assessment tools that are culturally relevant to the Indonesian context. Thus, the optimal utilization of psychological assessments is expected to improve the quality of counseling services and support the psychological well-being of individuals.

This article examines the roles and applications of various types of psychological tests in personality assessment, particularly contrasting projective tests with objective tests. Psychological tests are not intended to determine pass or fail outcomes, but rather to gain a deep understanding of an individual’s psychological aspects. Projective tests, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), are utilized to reveal latent personality traits through ambiguous stimuli. In contrast, objective tests like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) are designed to produce consistent and quantifiable data. This study employed a library research method, reviewing both primary and secondary sources to provide a comprehensive overview. In counseling practice, the choice of psychological test depends on the assessment goals and the client's conditions. The article emphasizes the necessity for professional competence and ethical considerations, including cultural sensitivity and the ability to accurately interpret test results.

Psychological assessment is an important part of guidance and counseling services because it helps counselors understand the conditions and needs of their clients more accurately. However, its implementation must adhere to ethical principles, such as maintaining confidentiality and being objective in assessment. This article aims to discuss the importance of ethics in the psychological assessment process, particularly in the context of guidance and counseling services in schools. Using a literature review method, this article examines various literature related to ethical codes, assessment principles, and challenges frequently faced by counselors. The findings indicate that counselors must understand the boundaries of their authority in using assessment tools, maintain the confidentiality of clients' data, and continuously develop their professional competencies. By applying appropriate ethics, assessments can be conducted fairly, accurately, and maintain clients' trust in counseling services.

Generation Z is a group that grew up amidst rapid technological advances and social change. The challenges they face are not only physical, but also mental and spiritual, so they need the ability to survive, adapt, and recover from failure or pressure. This ability is known as Adversity Quotient (AQ), which is intelligence in facing difficulties. This study aims to examine the concept of AQ from the perspective of the Qur'an, focusing on Surah Al-Ankabut verse 69. The verse emphasizes the importance of sincerity and struggle in obtaining guidance and help from Allah. Using qualitative methods through literature studies and thematic interpretation approaches, this study found that values ​​such as sincerity, perseverance, courage, and belief in Allah's grace are important foundations in forming AQ. These values ​​are very relevant for the development of the character of generation Z so that they have high fighting spirit, do not give up easily, and are able to face the pressures and challenges of life positively. In conclusion, Surah Al-Ankabut verse 69 provides a strong spiritual and moral contribution in building personal resilience and fighting spirit needed by today's young generation.

As a community of believers, the church plays an important role in shaping the faith and character of Christians. A healthy church is marked by the growth of its congregation and the spiritual vitality of its members. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of a healthy church and evaluate how these traits impact the strengthening of believers' faith. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach and theological literature research, it was found that a healthy church possesses characteristics such as sound biblical teaching, genuine love for the congregation, servant leadership, active involvement of members according to the gifts of the Holy Spirit, and a strong commitment to prayer and fellowship. For believers, a healthy church fosters dynamic spiritual growth, harmonious community life, and active participation in ministry and evangelism. Such churches are not merely places of worship; they also act as agents of real social transformation. Therefore, a well-functioning church will produce resilient, loving Christians who serve as a light to others.

This study examines the influence of emotional happiness culture on workplace happiness, with resilience as a mediating factor, among Generation Z employees in the private sector. As Generation Z enters the workforce, their unique emotional needs and challenges necessitate a deeper understanding of psychological factors that contribute to workplace well-being. Using a quantitative survey approach, data from 110 private sector Generation Z workers were analyzed to test the direct effects of emotional happiness culture on workplace happiness and resilience, as well as the mediating role of resilience between these variables. Results indicate that a positive emotional culture significantly enhances both resilience and workplace happiness. Moreover, resilience partially mediates the relationship, suggesting that resilience strengthens the impact of emotional culture on employees’ happiness. These findings highlight the importance of fostering an emotional culture that promotes positive emotions such as joy, empathy, and optimism to build resilient and satisfied young employees. This research contributes practical insights for organizations aiming to design psychologically supportive workplaces tailored to Generation Z, ultimately improving employee well-being and organizational sustainability.

This writing discusses Indonesia’s security diplomacy strategy in addressing post-conflict radicalization in Poso, Central Sulawesi. After experiencing prolonged communal conflict, the Poso region has become one of the areas most vulnerable to the spread of violent extremist ideology. To respond to this threat, Indonesia has developed a security diplomacy strategy that includes national, regional, and international cooperation. At the domestic level, through institutions such as BNPT, Indonesia implements deradicalization programs, social reintegration, and strengthening of community resilience. Meanwhile, at the regional and global levels, Indonesia actively participates in various forums and bilateral cooperation such as AMMTC, TCA, ARF, and establishes strategic partnerships with partner countries like the United States, Australia, Japan, and South Korea. The findings of this article show that Indonesia’s security diplomacy is a crucial instrument in creating long-term stability and preventing the resurgence of extremism in post-conflict areas such as Poso.

Psychological assessment in the context of guidance and counseling is a crucial process for understanding the client's condition, potential, and needs comprehensively. However, in its implementation, ethical aspects become the main foundation that cannot be overlooked, particularly confidentiality and objectivity. This article aims to thoroughly examine the ethical principles in the implementation of psychological assessments, focusing on two main aspects: (1) how to maintain the confidentiality of client assessment results to prevent misuse of the obtained information and protect individual privacy, and (2) identifying the challenges faced by counselors in maintaining the objectivity of assessments and formulating practical solutions to address them. This research method employs a literature review approach and focuses on two key roles of the above concepts.

Psychological assessment is a crucial component in the practice of guidance and counseling, because it provides an objective foundation for counselors in understanding psychological, emotional, and behavioral conditions. Through the assessment process, counselors can identify client problems more accurately, and design interventions that are appropriate to the client's needs. the article comprehensively discusses psychological assessments in supporting the counseling process, types of assessments that are often used in counseling practice, such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and psychometric tests, such as personality tests, intelligence tests, and depression scales. the selection of assessment tools that can be adjusted to the goals and characteristics of the client, can accelerate guidance and counseling to be more focused and meaningful.

This article discusses the importance of ethics in psychological assessment, particularly within the context of guidance and counseling, focusing on strategies to maintain confidentiality and objectivity. Confidentiality is a fundamental principle that must be upheld by counselors and psychologists to protect clients’ rights and privacy, as well as to build trust in the professional relationship. Strategies include transparent explanations of confidentiality limits, the use of informed consent, and the implementation of data security technologies such as encryption and role-based access restrictions. Furthermore, objectivity in assessment is maintained through the use of valid and reliable instruments and unbiased approaches to ensure accurate and fair results. By consistently applying ethical principles, the assessment process can provide optimal benefits to clients and uphold the integrity of the guidance and counseling profession.

Psychological assessment is a crucial component in guidance and counseling because it supports counselors to understand the client's condition comprehensively. This article reviews the role of psychological assessment in helping the process of identifying problems, selecting appropriate intervention strategies, and evaluating service progress. It also presents an in-depth discussion of the main theories, types of assessments that are often used, and an analysis of their strengths and limitations. Through a literature review based on the latest academic journals and case studies, this article is expected to provide practical and theoretical guidance for counselors to optimize their services.

This study discusses the effectiveness of digital counseling services as a form of psychological intervention in reducing political anxiety among urban Indonesians in the post-truth era. This era is characterized by the massive spread of information that is often misleading and triggers public uncertainty and unrest, especially before and during political processes such as elections. Using a qualitative approach with case study methods and in-depth interviews, this study explores the experiences of urban individuals who participate in digital counseling services. The results show that digital counseling is able to provide a reflective and supportive space for individuals to understand and manage their emotions and political perceptions in a healthier way. This intervention has been shown to strengthen psychological resilience, reduce levels of political anxiety, and increase media literacy and critical awareness of urban communities towards national political dynamics. These findings recommend the integration of digital mental health services into psycho-political impact mitigation strategies in the digital era.

KSPPS BMT Dana Mentari Purwokerto faces tight competition with other cooperatives such as PNM Mekar Sudagaran Sidareja in supporting MSMEs through sharia financing. This study analyzes the competitive position of BMT Dana Mentari using the Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) and formulates a sharia-based business strategy. A descriptive qualitative approach is applied with data from interviews (May 2025), observations, and documents (OJK, 2025). The CPM results show that BMT Dana Mentari has a score of 3.25, superior to PNM Mekar (3.05), with strengths in sharia compliance and personal service. The main weakness is digital technology. The proposed strategies include digitalization of mobile applications (2026) and development of musyarakah products, in accordance with the itsar principle. This study provides guidance for sharia cooperatives to increase the competitiveness and empowerment of MSMEs.

This systematic literature review aims to identify the key psychosocial and environmental determinants influencing adolescent mental health. Utilizing the PRISMA methodology, ten peer-reviewed articles published between 2019 and 2024 were analyzed. Key factors identified include parenting style, peer relationships, academic stress, bullying, digital media exposure, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings highlight the complexity of adolescent mental well-being and emphasize the necessity of integrated interventions involving families, schools, and communities to foster resilience.