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The diversity of Indonesian society, which consists of various ethnic groups, religions, cultures, and races, represents a great potential for the creation of a harmonious social life. However, the reality shows that intolerance and narrow fanaticism still often arise and even begin to influence students in the educational environment. This has the potential to create social conflicts and damage the nation's character in the future. This study aims to examine the role of education in shaping students to avoid fanatic behavior and social conflicts. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through relevant literature studies. The results of the study show that schools have a strategic role in instilling values of tolerance, inclusive attitudes, and religious moderation through learning, teacher role models, and a school culture that respects diversity. In addition, synergy between schools, families, and communities is needed to create an educational environment that is conducive to the development of students' character. Through the implementation of multicultural education and the strengthening of national values on a sustainable basis, students are expected to become a generation with strong character, tolerant, and able to live peacefully alongside others in a pluralistic society.

This study examines how equity-driven curriculum design can catalyze transformative leadership within multicultural school systems. As global classrooms become increasingly diverse, traditional curricula often fail to address disparities experienced by marginalized learners. Through qualitative library research and content analysis, this study synthesizes theoretical, empirical, and policy-oriented perspectives to explore how culturally responsive curricula promote inclusive learning ecosystems. The findings highlight that equity-driven curriculum design requires not only the integration of diverse cultural perspectives but also the dismantling of hidden power structures embedded in instructional practices. Transformative leadership emerges as a crucial driver, demanding cultural competence, collaborative decision-making, and critical pedagogical reflection from school leaders. The study emphasizes that effective equity implementation depends on teacher empowerment, distributed leadership models, and coherent policy frameworks that align curriculum, assessment, and institutional values. Moreover, technology-enhanced learning, accessibility principles, and Universal Design for Learning strengthen equity outcomes in increasingly digital environments. Overall, this research underscores the interconnectedness of curriculum, leadership, and policy in fostering democratic, socially just educational systems that affirm students’ cultural identities, reduce achievement gaps, and empower communities. The study concludes that achieving equity requires systemic transformation grounded in cultural responsiveness, shared accountability, and continuous professional development.

The quality of education is a crucial issue that continues to receive attention in facing the challenges of globalization, digitalization, and the demands of 21st century competencies. Quality improvement efforts are not only related to the quality of students' learning outcomes, but also concern the role of leadership, management effectiveness, and the implementation of a quality assurance system. This study aims to identify strategies to improve the quality of education that have been studied in the literature for the last five years (2020-2025) and answer two research questions, namely: (1) what quality strategies are predominantly discussed in the literature, and (2) how the role of leadership, strategy management, and quality assurance in supporting the quality of education. The method used is literature review with a qualitative approach. Data was obtained from Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) databases using the keyword "quality strategy" with a publication year limit of 2020–2025. The search yielded 30 articles, which then through a screening and selection process obtained 5 relevant articles for analysis. The results of the analysis show three main trends: (1) the strategic role of school principals in building a quality culture, (2) the importance of evaluation and implementation of quality management in a sustainable manner, and (3) the synergy of visionary leadership with the quality assurance system  as the basis for sustainable quality. This study concludes that the education quality strategy requires the integration of these three aspects. Going forward, further research is needed to develop integrative models across approaches and broader educational contexts.

Character formation is a fundamental component of Islamic education, particularly in responding to the growing challenges of moral decline and the weakening of students’ manners in contemporary learning environments. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the classical text Risalat Adab Suluk al-Murid in shaping student character through the integration of seven good habits at SMPIQu Al-Bahjah Cianjur. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation to explore how the values of adab are internalized and reflected in students’ daily behavior. The findings indicate that the learning of this classical text strengthens students’ discipline, respect toward teachers, sense of responsibility, and enthusiasm for learning. The internalization process occurs not only during classroom activities but also through daily routines such as morning habits, worship practices, time management, and social interactions within the school environment. The seven good habits function as a practical framework that reinforces the application of sufistic values taught in the text, allowing students to translate moral teachings into consistent actions. Teachers play a crucial role as role models who guide, demonstrate, and cultivate these values through continuous supervision and exemplary conduct. The study concludes that classical Islamic text-based learning offers an effective strategy for enhancing student character within modern Islamic educational settings. The implications highlight the need for schools to strengthen adab-centered curricula, cultivate ethical school culture, and promote collaboration among teachers, institutions, and families to ensure sustainable character development.

The persistent issue of high youth unemployment among Senior High School (SHS) graduates necessitates cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset through formal education, making Entrepreneurship Education (EE) a national strategic imperative. This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) critically analyzed 15 empirical articles, selected via the strict PRISMA protocol, to evaluate the effectiveness of diverse EE curriculum models in enhancing students' Entrepreneurial Interest (Intention) and Attitude. The key finding is that EE implementation is substantially effective only when executed through active, experience-based pedagogical models such as Experiential Learning, Project-Based Learning (PjBL), and the Teaching Factory which are superior in fostering practical competency and significantly boosting Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and positive Attitude, consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior. Successful implementation also critically depends on robust operational factors, including structured curriculum management (e.g., PDCA cycle) and the availability of competent teachers. In conclusion, the findings provide a strong evidence-based framework, recommending that policymakers prioritize experiential models and integrate modern elements like Digital Literacy and Non-cognitive Skills to produce SHS graduates with genuine entrepreneurial readiness.

The advancement of knowledge and technology in the 21st century has changed human life patterns and demands a transformation in the world of education to be able to prepare students to face global challenges. 21st-century education emphasizes the mastery of critical, creative, communicative, collaborative skills, and technological literacy needed in the digital era.The purpose of this study is to investigate the idea of 21st-century learning, relevant learning models, and the role of teachers as facilitators, innovators, and agents of change in the modern learning process. This study uses a library research strategy by reviewing numerous scientific materials linked to 21st-century competencies, Learning methods including cooperative Learning, Project Based Learning, Problem Based Learning, and Discovery Learning, as well as the TPACK framework as a basis for technology integration. The study’s findings show that 21st-century learning requires the implementation of a learner-centered approach and the planned use of technology to raise the standard of learning procedures and results. In addition, teachers have a strategic role in guiding to enable pupils to acquire higher order thinking abilities and adapt to changing times. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of strengthening teacher competencies and implementing innovative learning models is an attempt to raise educational standards in the global era.

This study aims to comprehensively identify and map various models, strategies, and approaches to Christian Religious Education (CRE) learning that integrate digital technology with Christian values and their relevance to the formation of moral character in Generation Z, and to analyze Christian principles that need to be maintained along with innovative learning strategies to overcome the moral challenges of Generation Z in the digital era. This research uses a literature review method by analyzing 25 scientific journal articles published in 2023-2025 through thematic analysis techniques. The results show that there are five models of digital technology integration in CRE learning: platform-based digital learning, contextual-digital learning, collaborative-participatory learning, artificial intelligence-based learning, and hybrid learning. Implementation strategies include the use of interactive multimedia content, social media ministry, online learning communities, digital project-based learning, and immersive technology. Christian principles that need to be maintained include the supremacy of God's Word, learning centered on relationship with God, the importance of faith community, digital integrity, and balance between digital and direct spiritual experiences. This research provides theoretical contributions in the form of comprehensive mapping of technology integration in CRE and practical contributions in the form of recommended learning strategies that can be implemented to shape the moral character of Generation Z in the digital era.  

Social Studies (IPS) learning in elementary schools has tended to be theoretical and memorization-oriented, resulting in students being less able to connect the material with social and environmental realities. This study aims to examine the implementation of field projects as a contextual learning strategy in understanding the dynamics of humans, places, and the environment at the elementary school level. The research method used is a qualitative approach with literature studies, with data sources in the form of SINTA-indexed national journal articles, reputable international journals, and scientific books published in the last five to ten years. Analysis was carried out through literature selection, content analysis, and synthesis of findings. The results of the study indicate that field projects contribute to improving students' critical thinking skills, spatial understanding, social empathy, and ecological awareness. In addition, direct involvement in observation, interviews, and thematic project creation encourages students to see the relationship between humans, space, and the environment more holistically. The novelty of this study lies in the emphasis on the integration of field projects as an approach to elementary school social studies learning that unites social, geographical, and ecological aspects within the framework of the Independent Curriculum. These findings contribute to the development of project-based social studies learning models as well as practical recommendations for PGSD teachers in integrating field experiences into daily learning.

This research aims to determine the effect of learning using the Problem Based Learning model assisted by the Powtoon application on the learning outcomes of Class XI Madrasah Aliyah at the Islamic Education Park (TPI) Sawit Seberang. This research is a type of quantitative research with a Quasy Experimental Design. The research population was 36 students in class XI MIA A and 36 students in class XI MIA B, 36 students in class XI MIA C and 36 students in class, and X MIA C totaling 36 people as the control class. The instrument in this research is in the form of a test in the form of 30 multiple choice questions. Data analysis of student learning outcomes using the t-test formula, also with the help of SPSS version 25 data processing. Data analysis of student learning outcomes with the results of calculating the average learning outcomes shows that the experimental class which uses the Problem Based Learning models is higher than the control class. The prerequisite test is proven that the data is normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of the test calculation were obtained under count worth 9.709 and table worth 1.668 so that it shows tcount > table so Ha2 is accepted. The conclusions in this research explain that there are influences and differences before and after the implementation of the Problem Based Learning model on student learning outcomes in class XI Madrasah Aliyah at the Islamic Education Park (TPI) Sawit Seberang.

The development of digital technology has changed the way Islamic Religious Education (IRE) is taught, encouraging the use of digital media as a means to improve interaction, motivation, and understanding among students. This study aims to examine the methodology for developing digital-based IRE learning media, identify the supporting and inhibiting factors for its implementation, and formulate a systematic and contextual methodological framework. The study uses a descriptive qualitative approach through document analysis and systematic literature review of scientific articles, research reports, and methodology books published between 2019 and 2025. The analysis was conducted through reduction, grouping, interpretation, and content analysis to map development models, validation techniques, pedagogical principles, and the suitability of media to student characteristics. The results show that the most commonly used development models include ADDIE, Borg & Gall, 4-D, and iterative approaches such as SAM. The successful implementation of digital media is greatly influenced by teacher readiness, student digital literacy, content suitability with the curriculum, and institutional infrastructure and policy support. These findings emphasize the importance of content validation by experts, the integration of religious moderation values, and continuous training for teachers so that media can be used effectively, relevantly, and ethically. This study is expected to be a reference for PAI developers and educators in creating  

The transformation of history learning in the context of 21st-century education aims to prepare students to face the challenges of an increasingly complex and dynamic world. The concept of 21st-century learning emphasizes the development of critical, collaborative, and creative skills, which are highly relevant to studying history. History learning in the 21st century must include a more interactive approach, utilizing technology as a tool to deliver historical material in a more engaging and relevant manner. Through innovative models such as project-based learning and inquiry learning, students can be more actively involved in the learning process, not only receiving information but also developing the ability to analyze, evaluate, and draw conclusions from various historical sources. Technology supports the creation of more engaging learning experiences, such as the use of multimedia, simulations, and other digital resources. Furthermore, teachers play a role as facilitators, helping students build historical awareness, guiding them in seeking information, and developing critical thinking skills. However, the implementation of this learning model faces various challenges, such as limited technological infrastructure and a lack of teacher training. Therefore, efforts are needed to strengthen teacher competencies and adapt the curriculum to be more adaptive to changing times.

Anesthesiology and emergency care require rapid and accurate clinical decision-making. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers substantial potential to support triage, monitoring, and decision-making in critical and emergency anesthesiology settings. This scoping review maps the use of AI in clinical decision-making and emergency patient management in anesthesiology and identifies existing research gaps. A literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for articles in Indonesian or English published between 2020 and 2025. Study selection followed Tricco’s scoping review framework, and methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools. Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. AI was shown to improve triage accuracy and efficiency (predictive accuracy up to 99.1% and reductions in waiting time of around 30%). Machine learning models effectively predicted critical care needs and emergency risk, while AI-based clinical decision support systems (CDSS) enhanced the speed and quality of clinical decisions. Key challenges include data bias, ethical and privacy issues, clinician readiness, and integration with hospital information systems. AI and CDSS have strong potential to improve patient safety and clinical decision-making in emergency anesthesiology. Strengthening AI literacy, supportive regulation, and transparent, context-appropriate predictive models are needed for safe and sustainable implementation.

This comparative study analyzes the models of character education by comparing the implementation of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) in Finland and the Akhlak (Moral) Curriculum within Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in Indonesia. Modern education demands not only cognitive intelligence but also emotional and moral maturity, highlighted by rising issues like bullying and mental health problems in adolescents. Finland's success is attributed to the strong integration of SEL, a psychological method focusing on five core competencies (self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making) that fosters a positive school climate. In contrast, Indonesia's PAI Akhlak Curriculum aims to form character rooted in theological-spiritual values (piety and obedience). Using a descriptive qualitative comparative method through literature review and content analysis, the study found that despite sharing the core objective of cultivating moral character , their foundations differ: SEL is secular-humanistic for well-being, while Akhlak is theological-spiritual. Furthermore, Finland's system employs a low-pressure, integrated, formative evaluation, supported by teacher autonomy, while Indonesia's PAI implementation faces challenges from a dominant focus on quantitative cognitive assessment. The study recommends that PAI adopt the structured SEL framework as a methodological bridge to translate Akhlak values into concrete student behavior and promote active, affect-focused learning.

This article discusses the modernity of educational instruments, along with the phenomenon of technological progress, particularly the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), and its implications for educators in the 21st century. Rapid advances in AI have led to fundamental shifts in teaching strategies and resources, shifting from traditional models to personalized and adaptive learning environments. Through automated assessments, curriculum customization, and the implementation of virtual assistants that enhance accessibility, artificial intelligence (AI) in education aims to improve efficiency and effectiveness. However, this modernity requires educators in the 21st century to change. Teachers now play the role of facilitators, designers of learning experiences, and mentors in ethics, in addition to being providers of knowledge. Teachers need to master AI literacy and focus on teaching students the four Cs of the 21st century: communication, creativity, critical thinking, and teamwork. The integration of AI raises ethical issues related to data privacy, the digital divide, and the dangers of plagiarism, but it also offers significant potential. Therefore, the effective integration of AI technology with irreplaceable human qualities is crucial for the success of contemporary educational technology. AI is an important tool for educators in the 21st century to develop a generation of technologically literate and moral individuals.

This study aims to analyze how the implementation of the Kurikulum Merdeka supports the cultivation of Christian moral values among senior high school students in Christian Religious Education (PAK) classes. Using a library research method, the study reviews various written sources including books, scholarly articles, and curriculum documents to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how Christian values are integrated into PAK learning. The findings reveal that the Kurikulum Merdeka provides wide opportunities for student-centered, contextual, and character-oriented learning through the Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5) Project. Christian values such as love, honesty, responsibility, forgiveness, and compassion can be internalized through intracurricular, co-curricular, and experiential project-based activities. The role of teachers as moral exemplars is crucial in guiding students’ character formation. The study also identifies several challenges, including the influence of digital culture, lack of role models within families, and limited instructional time. In conclusion, the implementation of the Kurikulum Merdeka has significant potential to foster Christian character in students, yet requires collaborative support from schools, families, and churches to achieve maksimal outcomes.

The government has implemented various illiteracy eradication programs at both central and local levels. However, illiteracy remains high, with South Sulawesi ranking sixth nationally. This condition is influenced by the imbalance between the number of Non-Formal Education Units and target areas, limited human resources, as well as learner-related factors such as motivation, age, occupation, distance to learning sites, and monotonous teaching methods. Community learning services through literacy clinics using collaborative methods Reading, Writing Beginning, Structure, Analysis, and Synthesis, combined with project-based learning serve as alternative models to increase community participation and improve learning outcomes. The problem of this research is how the description of the implementation of basic literacy programs through the model "Community Learning Services Through Literacy Clinics"?, and how effective the model "Community Learning Services Through Literacy Clinics with the collaborative method approach?. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the implementation model of basic literacy education programs and determine the effectiveness of learning outcomes. The results of the study illustrated that the basic literacy program was carried out in collaboration between the resources of the Non-formal Education Unit and the resources in the village/kelurahan government as the organizer and tutor Learning outcomes show that the Community Learning Service Model through the Literacy Clinic with a collaborative method approach was declared effective in improving student learning outcomes.

Education is a comprehensive process aimed at developing human quality, in which the success of learning largely depends on the implementation of appropriate instructional strategies. Learning strategies serve as a guide for educators in managing the interaction between teachers, learners, materials, and the learning environment to achieve educational goals effectively and efficiently. This study aims to describe the objectives of learning strategies in improving learning quality and to explain how relevant learning models can be applied based on students’ characteristics and learning contexts. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method by analyzing various theories and previous studies related to learning strategies and educational quality improvement. The findings indicate that learning strategies play a central role in creating active, creative, and meaningful learning processes. The application of several models such as cooperative learning, inquiry learning, contextual teaching and learning, project-based learning, and discovery learning has been proven to enhance students’ motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. Therefore, systematically designed and adaptive learning strategies that focus on students’ potential are the key to improving learning quality and achieving comprehensive educational objectives.

This research compares development administration models between developed and developing countries. Using comparative analysis, this study evaluates policies and best practices from both contexts. Research findings reveal significant differences in development approaches and outcomes, as well as implications for policy development. The analysis demonstrates that developed countries predominantly employ post-bureaucratic, participatory, and innovation-driven models characterized by strong institutional capacity, high levels of digitalization, decentralized decision-making, and robust accountability mechanisms. In contrast, developing countries frequently rely on hybrid models combining traditional bureaucratic structures with nascent reforms, constrained by limited resources, capacity gaps, institutional weaknesses, and political economy challenges. Critical differentiators include governance quality, administrative capacity, technological infrastructure, resource availability, stakeholder participation levels, and policy implementation effectiveness. Despite contextual differences, successful development administration in both settings shares common elements, including political commitment, adaptive capacity, citizen engagement, evidence-based policymaking, and continuous learning mechanisms. The research identifies transferable lessons and contextual adaptation requirements for developing countries seeking to enhance their development administration systems.

This study aims to determine the role of class teachers in the implementation of multicultural values ​​in the learning of faith and morals to fifth grade students at MI Integral Hidayatullah Holtekamp and describe the variety of multicultural values ​​that exist in the MI Integral Hidayatullah environment. This type of research is qualitative. The research subjects were the Principal, Class Teachers, and three fifth grade students. The data collection methods used were observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out by means of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. Data validation used the triangulation method of data sources. The role of class teachers in the implementation of multicultural values ​​in the learning of faith and morals to students at MI Integral Hidayatullah Holtekamp includes: a. Class teacher motivators become encouragement and role models so that students remain diligent and respect differences. b. Class teacher facilitators act as the main intermediaries in the process of changing student behavior, and c. Class teacher evaluators evaluate attitudes by observing student behavior. The variety of multicultural values ​​at MI Integral Hidaytullah: a. Inclusive: Classroom teachers play a role in creating learning that respects diversity. b. Prioritizing Dialogue: Classroom teachers encourage students to discuss. c. Humanistic: Classroom teachers prioritize a humanitarian attitude in educating students.

Islamic education learning models in campus environments often face challenges in integrating critical thinking with religious character building. Dogmatic and lecturer-centered learning makes students less involved in discovering contextual religious meaning. This study aims to explore the development of an Islamic value-based Guided Inquiry learning model in Islamic education courses. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) with an adaptation of the Thiagarajan, Semmel & Semmel model using the 4D approach (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), as well as a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods (mixed methods) through tests, questionnaires, observations, interviews, and reflective journals. Quantitative analysis used a mean difference test. The results showed that the developed model consisted of eight phases, namely Open, Immerse, Explore, Identify, Gather, Create, Share, and Evaluate, which were integrated with Islamic values, such as faith, honesty, responsibility, and tolerance. Expert validation showed high feasibility, namely 93.33%. The implementation in the student classroom showed the feasibility of the model syntax with an average observation score of 87.4%, with the Open and Share phases being the most consistent. Empirically, the developed model was effectively implemented in PAI learning with an increase in the average score in meeting I from 58.24 to 73.23, in meeting II from 66.17 to 84.5, and in meeting III, the average score increased from 55.34 to 81.78. The developed model had a very strong impact on shaping student behavior, as shown by the questionnaire results with a score of 93.48%. Supporting factors included the learning environment (with an influence score of 4.55), lecturers and teaching methods (influence score of 4.78), students (influence score of 4.19), and curriculum and material factors (score of 4.37). This means that these factors were identified as factors influencing the development of the learning model.