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Mei Habibah Dalimunthe; Maryam Batubara; Wahyu Syarvina

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of ujrah and tabarru' funds on investment income in Islamic life insurance companies in Indonesia for the 2016-2021 period, the effect of Ujrah on investment income in Islamic life insurance companies in Indonesia for the 2016-2021 period, the effect of Tabarru' funds on investment income in Islamic life insurance companies in Indonesia for the 2016-2021 period, do Ujrah and Tabarru' Funds affect investment income in Islamic life insurance companies in Indonesia for the 2016-2021 period, and how much influence do Ujrah and Tabarru' Funds have on investment income in life insurance companies sharia in Indonesia for the 2016-2021 period. The method used in this study is quantitative, by taking financial data samples from 6 companies in the 2016-2021 period, namely PT Asuransi Jiwa Manulife Indonesia, PT Prudential Life Assurance, PT Asuransi Takaful Keluarga, PT Asuransi Jiwa Sinarmas MSIG, PT Asuransi Jiwa Central Asia Raya. , PT. BNI Life Insurance Syariah. Based on the results of the calculation of the simultaneous regression coefficient test (Test f) it can be concluded that the variable Ujrah (X1) and Tabarru' Funds (X2) have an effect on investment income (Y), namely Fcount 159.129 > Ftable 3.28, with a significance value of 0.000 <0 ,05. And test the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.900. This shows that the Ujrah and Tabarru Fund variables have an effect on investment income, namely 90.0%, while the remaining 10.0% is influenced by other variables that are not included and not examined in this study.    

Febby Rahmawati; Rosita Rosita

Transformasi: Journal of Economics and Business Management 2023 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

This study aims to test whether social media, motivation, knowledge and benefits influence the investment interest of the Z generation of STIE Surakarta students in the capital market. This research uses a quantitative method, the population in this study is 287, the sampling technique of this study is using purosive sampling. with the criteria of 7th Semester STIE Surakarta Accounting Study Program students. The data was distributed through questionnaires distributed via whatsapp grub class or personal WhatsApp to 7 semester 7 accounting students STIE Surakarta Study Program and obtained 125 respondents. The data analysis technique used in this study used regression multiple linear through the SPSS 25 program. The results of this study indicate that social media and knowledge do not affect the investment interest of the STIE Surakarta generation of students in the capital market, while the motivational and benefit variables affect the investment interest of the next generation. z STIE Surakarta students in the fashion market. Therefore, the z generation must be interested in investing in the capital market in order to provide long-term support. This research can help the whole community, especially young people, to better understand and be interested in investing in the capital market.

Rista Matdiasih; Esti Dwi Rahmawati; Indra Hastuti

Transformasi: Journal of Economics and Business Management 2023 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of compensation, motivation, communication and workload on employee morale. This type of research is a quantitative approach using survey methods. Sources of data used are primary data and secondary data. The population in this study are employees of PT XYZ. The number of samples used were 103 employees. The sampling technique uses probability sampling with simple random sampling or simple random sampling. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. Data analysis in this study used descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression test, t test, f test and coefficient of determination test. The results showed that compensation has a significant effect on morale, motivation has a significant influence on morale, communication has a significant influence on morale and workload has a significant influence on employee morale at PT XYZ. Simultaneously compensation, motivation, communication and workload have a significant influence on employee morale.

Resti Anggraini; Wahyu Indah Mursalini; Esi Sriyanti

Transformasi: Journal of Economics and Business Management 2023 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

This research aims to analyze the effect of Business Risk and Asset Structure on the Capital Structure of Manufacturing Companies in the Basic and Chemical Industry Sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample in this study were 35 basic and chemical industry sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange using the Purposive Sampling method for the 2018-2020 period. Based on multiple linear regression analysis, the variables of Business Risk and Asset Structure have an effect on Capital Structure with the equation Y = 2,968 – 7,865X1 – 2,355X2 + e. From the t-test, it was found that the variable X1 Business Risk had a significant effect on the Capital Structure with t count value is [-7,171] > t table [1,983] and sig 0,000 < 0,05. Then H1 is accepted. Variable X2 Asset Structure had a significant effect on Capital Structure with t count value is [-4,988] > t table [1,983] and sig 0.000 <0.05. Then H2 is accepted. From the F test, it was found that Business Risk and Asset Structure have a simultaneous effect on Capital Structure with f count [32,694] > f table 3,090 and a significance 0,000 < 0,05. Then H3 is accepted. From the coefficient of determination test the value of R square is 0.391. This means that the independent variables of Business Risk and Asset Structure affect the Capital Structure by 39.1% while the remaining 60.9% is influenced by other variables.

Nadia Roudhotul Hilliyah; Lilis Sugi Rahayu Ningsih; Winaika Irawati

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Abstract. In an effort to create customer retention, the company improves product quality, service and purchasing power suitability so that consumers can feel satisfaction in using the product and create barriers to switching to Hanasui products at Beauty Shoppy Jombang. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence in maintaining customer satisfaction and switching barriers to customer retention in customers of Hanasui brand products at Beauty Shoppy Jombang by using quantitative methods. The total population in this study is 150 customers. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis techniques and hypothesis testing. The results of this study indicate that customer satisfaction and switching barriers have a significant effect on customer retention of Hanasui products at Beauty Shoppy Jombang.    

Della Nur Aulya; Udik Jatmiko; Dadang Afrianto

Transformasi: Journal of Economics and Business Management 2023 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of non-physical work environment, reward and punishment on the work productivity of employees of the Jombang Investment and PTSP Office. This study uses a quantitative approach, with a sample size of 35 respondents. The sampling method uses saturated sampling. Data collection was done through distributing questionnaires. Data analysis techniques in this study used validity test, reliability test, normality test, linearity test, heteroscedasticity test, multicollinearity test, multiple linear regression analysis, t test, F test, and coefficient of determination (R^2). The results showed that the non-physical work environment, reward and punishment partially had a significant effect on work productivity and the non-physical work environment, reward and punishment simultaneously had a significant effect on work productivity.

Lara Setiawati; Dodi Pasila Putra; Alfi Rahmi; Hidayani Syam

Tabsyir: Jurnal Dakwah dan Sosial Humaniora 2023 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

The purpose of this study was to determine the Great Appreciation of the Influence of Mental Health on Learning Outcomes of Islamic Religious Education Subjects at SMK Negeri 1 Bukittinggi. The type of research that researchers conducted was correlation research with a quantitative approach, using a computer package (SPSS). The data used is in the form of numbers distributed to 65 respondents. The data analysis technique used is to do a Validity Test, Reliability Test, Normality Test, Linearity, Simple Linear Regression Test, F Test, and Determinant Correlation Test (R2). Based on the results of data processing, a simple linear regression calculation is obtained with the equation, namely Y = 12.584 + 0.188 X. Based on the equation above, it can be concluded that if mental health increases by one unit, it will affect the learning outcomes of Islamic religious education by 0.188. But if there are no these variables, the value of Islamic religious education learning outcomes is 12.584. The results of the F test obtained for Ftable were 3.99, because Fcount > Ftable (4.355 > 3.99) and a significant value < 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05), so it can be interpreted that mental health has a significant effect on learning outcomes in Islamic religious education. Then Ha is rejected Ho is rejected. The test results above show that mental health has a significant effect on the learning outcomes of Islamic religious education.

Tan Evan Tandiyono

Transformasi: Journal of Economics and Business Management 2023 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

The research objectives to be achieved in accordance with the formulation of the problem described above are to find out, analyze and answer the role of Employee Work Ethics on Subjective Well-Being in Family Companies in Indonesia. This study took respondents from all existing employees at PT Surya Polyplas Utama, with a total of 109 people. In carrying out the field, this study took primary data by using a questionnaire. This type of research that will be used is to use quantitative research methods with explanatory methods. The end result of this research is a picture of a causal relationship, so this method uses samples and hypotheses. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis and path analysis to test the hypothesis. While the classic assumption test used includes Multicollinearity Test, Heteroscedasticity Test, Autocorrelation Test, and Data Normality Test. Overall, the indicators used in this study are valid (because the correlation coefficient is > 0.200 with a significance level of <0.05) and reliable (because the coefficient value of Cronbach's Alpha is > 0.60). The results of the classical assumption test also show that this research has fulfilled, among others 1.) Both regression models are free from multicollinearity; 2.) There is no heteroscedasticity; 3.) There is no autocorrelation in both regression models; and 4.) The residuals of the two regression models are normally distributed. The findings of the analysis using path analysis while answering the hypothesis concluded that the influence of employee work ethics on subjective well-being is significant, with a value of Standardized coefficients Beta 0.746 with a significance level of 0.000.

Yuli Setiawani Sipahutar; Risde Anakampun; Ronny Simatupang; Andar G Pasaribu; Megawati Manullang

jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama dan Filsafat 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of the Student Teams-Achiement Division (STAD) type model by Christian Religious Education teachers on the learning motivation of class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta Kab. Samosir TA. 2023/2024. The research method used is a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The population was all 102 class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta and a sample of 41 people was determined using random sampling techniques. Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 41 items, namely 24 items for variable motivating the learning of class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta Kab. Samosir TA. 2023/2024: 1) Test analysis requirements: a) positive relationship test obtained by rxy = 0.459 > ​​rtable(a=0.05,n=41) = 0.308. b) Testing a significant relationship obtained a value of tcount= 3.226 > ttable(a=0.05,dk=n-2=39)= 2.021. 2) Test the effect: a) Test the regression equation, obtained the regression equation Y ̂="34.20"+0.25X. b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 21.1%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(a=0.05, dk numerator k=23, dk denominator=n-2=41-2=39) namely 10.36 > 1.51. Thus Ha is accepted, namely that there is a positive and significant influence of the Student Teams-Achiement Division (STAD) type learning model by Christian Religious Education teachers on the learning motivation of class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta Kab. Samosir TA. 2023/2024 and H0 can be rejected.

Martina Labora Nainggolan; Dorlan Naibaho; Maria Widiastuti

jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama dan Filsafat 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of the Course Review Horray (CRH) learning model on the active learning of Christian Religious Education of class The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The population is all class Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire of 40 items, of which 20 questionnaire items were for variable class X Yapim Balige Private Vocational School, Toba Regency, 2022/2023 Academic Year: 1) Test the analysis requirements: a) positive relationship test obtained by the value rxy = 0.580 > rtable(a=0.05,n=45) = 0.294, thus it is known that there is a positive relationship between variable X and variable Y. b) Test A significant relationship is obtained by the value of tcount= 4.667 > ttable(a=0.05,dk=n-2=43)= 2.021, thus there is a significant relationship between variable X and variable Y. 2) Test the effect: a) Test the regression equation , the regression equation Y ̂="36.86"+0.44X is obtained. b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 33.6%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(a=0.05, dk numerator k=20, dk denominator=n-2=45-2=43) namely 21.69 > 1.51. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Keywords: Learning Model, Course Review Horray (CRH) Model, Learning Activeness, PAK

Nurhidayah Tiasya Sanas; Zulfitrawati Zulfitrawati; A Dhini Alfiani

Jurnal ilmu Kesehatan Umum 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

Background: Overnutrition is common in Indonesia, with 13.5% of adults being overweight and 28.7% being obese. Lack of physical activity, excessive food consumption, and high consumption of risky foods such as sugar, salt, and fat are risk factors for nutritional status Objective: To determine factors related to nutritional status in mini market employees Method: Researchers used a cross-sectional design in this study involving 99 respondents. The research began from September to October 2021. Data analysis used Fisher's test and logistic regression Results: Based on Fisher's test analysis, there was a significant relationship between salt intake (p=0.041), physical activity (p=0.002), and nutritional status. Meanwhile, no significant relationship was found between sugar and fat intake and nutritional status. The results of the logistic regression test show that the factor that has the most influence on nutritional status is excessive salt intake Conclusion: There is a relationship between salt intake, physical activity and nutritional status. Meanwhile, there was no relationship between sugar and fat intake and nutritional status. The factor most related to the nutritional status of employees in Makassar city mini markets is salt intake.

Tio Kartika Sembiring; Eben H. Telaumbanua; Andar Gunawan Pasaribu; Raikhapoor Raikhapoor; Andrianus Nababan

jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama dan Filsafat 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The research aims to determine the positive and significant influence of the talking stick learning model on the active learning of PAK class VIII students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintongnihuta for the 2023/2024 academic year. The research hypothesis is that there is a positive and significant influence between the talking stick learning model on the active learning of PAK students in class VIII of SMP Negeri 3 Lintongnihuta for the 2023/2024 academic year. This research is a regression research using Descriptive Statistics techniques. The population of all class VIII students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintongnihuta for the 2023/2024 academic year who are Protestant Christians is 177 people. Random sampling (random sampling) is 30% of the total population, namely 55 people. The research instrument is a closed questionnaire. The results of the analysis requirements obtained the value rxy=0.554>rtabel=0.226 and tcount=4.845>ttable=2.000 showing that there is a relationship between the talking stick learning model and the learning activeness of PAK class VIII students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintongnihuta for the 2023/2024 academic year and obtained the regression equation. Hypothesis testing obtained Fcount=23.502>Ftable=1.39 so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The research concluded that there was a positive and significant influence of the talking stick learning model on the learning activeness of PAK class VIII students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintongnihuta for the 2023/2024 academic year, amounting to 30.69%.

Masthuroh Masthuroh; Nurohmayni Putri; Siti Rahmiati

Jurnal Manuhara : Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Manajemen dan Bisnis 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study examines the influence of female directors on agency costs, which is an important issue in corporate governance. And Management Discussion and Analysis as moderator. Female directors on agency costs. Using a sample of manufacturing companies registered in Indonesia in 2019-2021. In this study, it was measured using regression. Our findings provide evidence that the appointment of female directors can improve corporate governance, but does not affect or reduce agency costs. Meanwhile, the Management Discussion and Analysis variable is not able to moderate or strengthen the influence of the female director variable on agency costs, so that in further research we can add other variables related to corporate governance.    

Sinthia Louisa Hutabarat; Eben H. Telaumbanua; Oktober Tua Aritonang; Senida Harefa; Robinhot Sihombing

jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama dan Filsafat 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The aim of this research is to find out how much the Student Facilitator and Explaining learning model has on the learning motivation of class IX students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintong Nihuta, Humbang Hasundutan district, for the 2023/2024 academic year. The method used in this research is a quantitative method. The population is all class IX students of SMP Negeri 3 Lintong Nihuta, Humbang Hasundutan Regency for the 2023/2024 academic year, totaling 191 people and a sample of 32 people was determined using a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 35 items. The results of the data analysis show that there is an influence of the Student Facilitator and Explaining learning model on the learning motivation of class IX students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintong Nihuta, Humbang Hasundutan district for the 2023/2024 academic year: 1) Test the analysis requirements: a) positive relationship test obtained with a value of rxy = 0.586 > rtable(=0.05,n=32) = 0.349, thus it is known that there is a positive relationship between variable dk=n-2=30)= 2.042, thus there is a significant relationship between variable 60X. b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 34.3%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(=0.05, dk numerator k=14, dk denominator=n-2=32-2=30) namely 15.66 > 2.01 Thus Ha accepted and H0 rejected.

Monica Anastasia Magdalena Rajagukguk; Masniar H. Sitorus; Robinhot Sihombing; Goklas J. Manalu; Frainskoy Rio Naibaho

jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama dan Filsafat 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study aims to determine the positive and significant influence of effective communication by Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers on the learning motivation of class VIII students at SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year. The hypothesis of the study is there is a positive and significant influence of effective communication by Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers on the learning motivation of class VIII students at SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year. The method that used in this study is an inferential quantitative method. The population is all 123 students of class VIII of SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year who are Protestant Christians and samples are determined 40% of the total population as many as 50 people by using random sampling techniques. The study instrument is a closed questionnaire with 39 items, namely 22 items for variable X and 17 items for variable Y. The results of data analysis obtained: a) Testing a positive relation (Product Moment Pearson) obtained a value of rcount = 0.413> rtable (a = 0.05, n = 50) = 0.297. b) Testing a significant relation (t-test) obtained a value of tcount= 3.141>ttable (a=0.05, df=n-2=48)= 2.000. c) Obtain the degree of influence with the regression equation Ŷ= 18,33 + 0,46X. d) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount= 9.823>Ftable (a=0.05, df numerator k-1=1, df denominator=n-2=50-2=48) =4.00. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. The study concluded that there was a positive and significant influence of effective communication by Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers on the learning motivation of class VIII students at SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year.  

Basar Sitanggang; Tianggur Medi Napitupulu; Dame Taruli Simamora

jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama dan Filsafat 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The aim of this research is to find out whether there is a positive and significant influence of the articulation learning model on the learning activeness of class The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. The population is all 59 class Data was collected using a closed questionnaire with 30 items and all of them were positive. The results of data analysis show that there is a positive and significant influence of the articulation learning model on the learning activeness of class (=0.05,n=59) = 0.254, thus it is known that there is a positive relationship between variable n-2=57)= 2,000, thus there is a significant relationship between variable b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 25.3%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(=0.05, dk numerator k=21, dk denominator=n-2=59-2=57) namely 19.30 > 1.39. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected.

Heri Winarto

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research has an impact on the service sector business which is currently booming. Service businesses must have a certain strategy in order to be able to provide progress towards achievement because of the many service competitors they face. Therefore the quality of service and promotion is very influential in attracting consumer repurchase interest. The rapid development of the business world has had an impact on business progress. Currently, modern marketing strategies use more self-service systems. This research was conducted to determine how much influence service quality and promotion have on consumer repurchase intentions. The research method used is quantitative research. Data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression and classical assumption test. Respondents in this study were consumers, totaling 95 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with the criteria that the respondent had visited at least 1 time and had made a repeat purchase. The results showed that service quality and promotion had a significant effect both partially and simultaneously on consumer repurchase intentions in the service sector. The results of the correlation between the independent variables, namely service quality and promotion, are able to explain the dependent variable repurchase intention of 59.2% and the remaining 40.8% is influenced by other factors or by other variables not examined in this study.    

Eka Putriana; Ali Imron

Jurnal Manuhara : Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Manajemen dan Bisnis 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

the formulation of the problems in this study are (1) How is the Effect of Member Trust on Member Satisfaction at KSPPS BMT Mitra Umat? (2) How is the Effect of Service Quality on Member Satisfaction at KSPPS BMT Mitra Umat? (3) How is the Effect of Product Quality on Member Satisfaction at KSPPS BMT Mitra Umat? (4) How is the Effect of Mobile Banking Use on Member Satisfaction at KSPPS BMT Mitra Umat? (5) How is the Effect of Member Trust, Service Quality, Product Quality, and Use of Mobile Banking on Member Satisfaction at KSPPS BMT Mitra Umat Pekalongan?. This research is quantitative. The object of this research is members of KSPPS BMT Mitra Umat in Pekalongan. This research uses purposive sampling technique, the data collection technique is a questionnaire, and the sample of this research is 100 respondents. After conducting the research, the researcher obtained data calculated using the Slovin formula. SPSS was used to analyze the data. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression equation analysis, T test, F test, and coefficient of determination analysis. The results of this study are Member Trust, Service Quality, Product Quality, and Use of Mobile Banking partially and simultaneously affect Member Satisfaction KSPPS BMT Mitra Umat.

Puspita Romadhona

Jurnal Kendali Akuntansi 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study aims to determine the effect of risk perception, knowledge, and motivation on students' interest in investing in the capital market (a case study on undergraduate students at Bina Sarana Informatics University, Major Accounting). This research method uses a quantitative approach with technical multiple linear regression analysis processed using SPSS. The data collection technique is by distributing questionnaires to 100 students as respondents via the google form. The results of the study show that knowledge and motivation have a significant effect on investment interest, while risk perception has no effect on student investment interest in the capital market. Simultaneously risk perception, knowledge, and motivation have a positive and significant effect on students' interest in investing in the capital market.

Nurbintang, Fitra; Siti Julaeha, Lia

Jurnal Manuhara : Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Manajemen dan Bisnis 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

McDonald's is one of the largest franchises that has rapidly expanded in Indonesia and internationally, becoming one of the fast-food restaurants that is still favored by people both from Indonesia and abroad. Despite the emergence of numerous competitors, McDonald's continues to thrive and excel with various strategies and innovations. One of them is the BTS Meal project, which resulted in a 57% increase in net sales. The research method used is a quantitative type with a descriptive nature, involving the distribution of questionnaires to 96 respondents who have purchased McDonald's products in Jakarta at least once. The sample for this research was determined using the Lemeshow Formula. This study utilizes multiple linear regression analysis and has fulfilled tests for instruments and classical assumptions, processed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 software. The results of the regression analysis show that the variables of product innovation and sales promotion have significance values of <0.001. Product innovation and sales promotion together have a significance value of 0.000, contributing 62.9% to competitive advantage, while the remaining 37.1% is influenced by other factors. The conclusion drawn from the research is that product innovation significantly affects competitive advantage. Meanwhile, sales promotion significantly influences purchasing decisions. Product innovation and sales promotion, when considered together, significantly impact competitive advantage.