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This community service activity aims to enhance students’ literacy through the application of ecoprint as an environmentally based creative learning medium at MAT Daarut Tahfidz Al-Ikhlas Banda Aceh. This program was motivated by the limited utilization of practice-based art activities as a means of strengthening students’ literacy. The implementation method employed a participatory-educative approach consisting of material socialization, ecoprint technique demonstrations, group-based hands-on practice, reflective discussions, and activity evaluation. The results indicate that students were able to understand the concepts and stages of ecoprint, produce works with various natural motifs, and demonstrate improvements in visual literacy and creativity. In addition, the activity increased students’ awareness of the use of natural materials and the importance of environmental friendly practices. Group-based activities also encouraged the development of social literacy through collaboration and communication among participants. Therefore, ecoprint can be considered an effective and contextual alternative learning medium to support the enhancement of students’ literacy in the school environment and has the potential to be sustainably developed.

This community service activity was conducted at SMK Ganesha Tama Boyolali with the main objective of disseminating knowledge and practical tips on entrepreneurship and starting a business among vocational high school students. The activity aimed to provide students with an understanding of basic entrepreneurial concepts, initial steps in establishing a small business, and key factors that influence entrepreneurial success. This program was based on the importance of preparing vocational students not only to become skilled workers but also to develop the readiness to act as independent entrepreneurs. Several problems were identified prior to the activity, including students’ limited knowledge about how to start a business, fear of taking entrepreneurial risks, and low motivation to pursue entrepreneurship at an early stage. The method used in this program was mentoring through a socialization approach, supported by interactive discussions and question-and-answer sessions. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ understanding of entrepreneurship concepts and their ability to develop feasible business ideas. Most students successfully created simple business plans aligned with community needs, such as technical services, design and drawing services, planning consultancy, and mock-up services. In addition, the activity positively influenced students’ attitudes and mindset by increasing their self-confidence in presenting business ideas before their peers. Overall, this outreach program effectively fostered entrepreneurial spirit, motivation, and readiness among students at SMK Ganesha Tama Boyolali to pursue independent business opportunities after graduation.

This study investigates how character education is embedded into the school culture of an Indonesian Islamic junior high school (madrasah), focusing on four core values: religiosity, honesty, tolerance, and discipline. Using a qualitative naturalistic approach, the research was conducted at MTsN 3 Halmahera Utara through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis involving school leaders, teachers, and students. The findings reveal that character education at the madrasah is not a standalone program but is institutionalized through consistent routines, religious practices, and role modeling. Religiosity is fostered through structured worship, integration of Islamic values into lessons, and spiritual habits. Honesty is promoted via trust-based learning environments, teacher exemplarity, and reinforcement of moral norms. Tolerance is cultivated through inclusive social interactions and respect for religious and cultural differences, while discipline is internalized through habitual rule-following, punctuality, and self-regulation. These findings align with existing theories and regional character education frameworks, confirming that character is best formed through embedded cultural processes and consistent adult exemplarity. The study contributes to the understanding of how Islamic schools can function as moral communities and highlights the importance of alignment between school culture, family support, and wider social contexts in achieving sustainable moral development.

The goal of Christian education is not only to increase students' knowledge but also to shape character that reflects the values ​​of faith in Christ. In the context of a diverse society, an inclusive and tolerant attitude towards differences is crucial for students. This paper aims to illustrate how students can be shaped to develop an inclusive and tolerant attitude based on the values ​​of the Christian faith. Through Christian Religious Education (PAK) learning that emphasizes love, respect for one another, justice, and peace, students are encouraged to recognize that every human being is created in the image and likeness of God. An inclusive and tolerant attitude can develop when students understand that differences are part of God's plan and implement this in their interactions with others. Therefore, Christian education plays a crucial role in instilling the value of Christ's love so that students can live peacefully together, appreciate differences, and become role models in a diverse society.

The objective of this study is to comprehensively examine and analyze the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties of metallic materials. Microstructure is known to play a crucial role in determining the mechanical behavior of metals; therefore, a thorough understanding of this relationship is essential for the development of engineering materials. This study adopts a systematic literature review approach, employing descriptive analysis and meta-analysis of recent scientific publications obtained from various reputable academic databases. The analysis results indicate that microstructure is a significant determinant of the mechanical characteristics of metallic materials, including strength, ductility, and resistance to deformation. The most influential microstructural parameters include grain size, phase distribution, crystallographic orientation, dislocation density, and the presence and characteristics of precipitates. Among these parameters, grain size has been shown to be the most dominant factor. The Hall–Petch strengthening mechanism demonstrates that grain refinement can increase the tensile strength of materials by approximately 200 to 300 percent. In addition, materials with multi-phase microstructures, such as dual-phase steels and TRIP steels, exhibit an excellent combination of strength and ductility compared to single-phase materials. Based on the meta-analysis results, each metallic material system exhibits a trade-off between strength and ductility, whereby an increase in strength is generally accompanied by a reduction in ductility. These findings indicate that achieving an optimal combination of mechanical properties for specific application requirements necessitates a comprehensive and integrated microstructural engineering approach.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem characterized by increased blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes cases and is characterized by insulin resistance. Persistent hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM increases the risk of various complications, including renal dysfunction. Therefore, monitoring HbA1c levels is important for assessing long-term glycemic control and preventing complications, one of which is impaired kidney function that can be detected through increased blood creatinine levels. To analyze the relationship between HbA1c levels and blood creatinine levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at RSUD ODSK North Sulawesi Province. This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. This study was retrospective using secondary data in the form of medical record data for the period February 2024-August 2025. This study used a total sampling method with 71 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The findings showed that the majority of patients had HbA1c levels >6,5%, while most blood creatinine levels were within the normal range. Based on the results of the Spearman-Rank correlation test, a significance value of 0.040 (p-value <0.05) was obtained. There is a significant relationship between HbA1c levels and blood creatinine levels, with a negative correlation strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at RSUD ODSK North Sulawesi Province.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem with continuously increasing prevalence and mortality. This condition is characterized by a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function, which is clinically assessed using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as one of the main parameters for staging and monitoring disease progression. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a hematological parameter that reflects the degree of variation in erythrocyte size. In patients with CKD, elevated RDW levels are often associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which may accelerate kidney damage and increase mortality risk. To analyze the correlation between RDW and eGFR values in patients with chronic kidney disease at ODSK Hospital, North Sulawesi Province. This study used an analytical observational design with a cross‑sectional approach. It was conducted retrospectively using secondary data from the medical records of CKD patients at ODSK Hospital, North Sulawesi Province, from February 2024 to August 2025. This study used a total sampling method with 189 CKD patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.  Based on Spearman-rank correlation analysis, the p‑value obtained was 0.129 (>0.05). There was no significant relationship between RDW and eGFR values in CKD patients at ODSK Hospital, North Sulawesi.Province.

Acne (Acne vulgaris) is one of the most common skin problems, affecting 80–85% of adolescents aged 15–18 years, with some cases persisting into adulthood. One of the associated bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis, a normal skin flora that can become an opportunistic pathogen. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) are known to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils with antibacterial activity. This study aimed to formulate ethanol extract of bay leaves into ointments with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, test their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disc diffusion method, and evaluate their physical quality (organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and spreadability). Results showed that the ethanol extract of bay leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The ointments met topical quality standards with pH 5.8–6.9, adhesion time 36–41 seconds, and spreadability 6.9–8.1 cm. Antibacterial activity increased with higher concentrations: 7.8 mm (10%), 12 mm (20%), and 15 mm (30%), although still lower than the positive control (clindamycin, 34 mm). In conclusion, ethanol extract of bay leaves has potential as an active ingredient in topical anti-acne ointments, but further studies with higher concentrations, in vivo testing, and optimized formulations are needed to achieve efficacy comparable to synthetic antibiotics.  

This study aims to explore and deepen the understanding of the doctrine of the Holy Trinity through the approach of Hindu–Christian meditative dialogue. The doctrine of the Holy Trinity constitutes the central foundation of the Christian faith, understood as the unity and equality of the essence of the one God in three persons, namely the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. However, explanations and interpretations of the Trinitarian doctrine are often regarded as complex and difficult to comprehend, not only by the general public but also by many Christians, particularly lay believers. Therefore, an alternative approach that is more communicative and contextual is needed so that this doctrine can be understood in a simpler and more reflective manner. One approach proposed in this study is the concept of Hindu–Christian meditative dialogue, which emphasizes the contemplative dimension and inner spiritual experience as means of theological understanding. This study employs a qualitative method using a literature-based approach, drawing on theological documents, books, scholarly journals, and other relevant literature as the primary data sources. The collected data and information are then systematically analyzed and elaborated to formulate a more accessible conceptual understanding of the doctrine of the Holy Trinity through Hindu–Christian meditative dialogue. The findings indicate that Hindu–Christian meditative dialogue can serve as an effective medium for explaining and understanding the doctrine of the Holy Trinity in a clearer, deeper, and more contextual manner.

This study examines the criteria of disgraceful conduct in the dismissal mechanism of regional heads in Indonesia following Constitutional Court Decision No. 2/PUU-XX/2022. The decision underscores the necessity of a constitutional interpretation of the requirement “never having committed disgraceful conduct” in order to prevent abuse of power and political injustice in regional governance. Employing a normative legal research method, this study analyzes primary legal materials, including Constitutional Court decisions and statutory regulations, as well as secondary legal literature. The findings reveal that the notion of disgraceful conduct had previously functioned as a vague norm, enabling subjective and politically motivated interpretations, particularly by regional legislative bodies. The Constitutional Court, through its decision, transformed this open norm into a more limitative and objective standard by specifying concrete forms of conduct, such as gambling, intoxication, drug abuse, adultery, and other serious violations of decency. Furthermore, the Court emphasized that allegations of disgraceful conduct must be supported by clear, lawful, and verifiable evidence, in line with the principles of due process of law. This reformulation strengthens legal certainty, protects the political rights of elected regional heads, and preserves the stability of local governance. The study recommends legislative synchronization through amendments to the Regional Government Law and the issuance of judicial guidelines to ensure uniform standards of proof in dismissal proceedings, thereby reinforcing constitutional justice and the rule of law in Indonesia.

This research examines the disproportionate allocation of legal responsibility between doctors and nurses in Indonesia’s health care system and proposes measures to reorganize accountability in a more fair and proportional way. The issue addressed stems from shortcomings in existing regulations, which have not yet ensured legal certainty or balanced legal protection for both professions in clinical practice. The study uses a normative juridical method, applying both statutory and conceptual approaches. The statutory approach reviews laws and regulations that govern professional authority and legal liability of doctors and nurses, while the conceptual approach analyzes legal principles, doctrines, and concepts related to professional responsibility in health services. Legal materials are collected through library research, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, and are analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. The results show that although statutory provisions formally regulate the distribution of authority and responsibility between doctors and nurses, there are still normative uncertainties, overlapping regulations, and legal gaps. These issues may lead to an unequal burden of legal responsibility, particularly in cases involving medical errors or negligence. Such conditions weaken legal protection for nurses and can negatively affect the quality of health care delivery. The study concludes that regulatory reform is needed to clarify legal responsibility in accordance with professional authority and to implement a more just and proportional system of accountability. The findings are expected to enrich health law studies and provide guidance for policymakers in developing a fairer legal responsibility framework for health professionals.  

Reading ability is a basic skill that plays a crucial role in the success of students' learning process. However, various studies indicate that the reading ability of junior high school students remains low. This study aims to analyze the reading ability of students at the UPT SMP Negeri 2 Mappakasunggu using Alfred Schutz's social phenomenology perspective. The research approach used was qualitative with descriptive methods. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation of students and teachers. The results indicate that students' low reading ability is not solely caused by cognitive factors but is also influenced by subjective meanings formed through students' social experiences. The lack of a literacy culture in the family and school environment results in reading not being perceived as an important or enjoyable activity. Furthermore, the dominant use of gadgets for entertainment creates habits that reduce students' interest and concentration in reading texts. From Alfred Schutz's social phenomenology perspective, these conditions are related to students' lifeworlds and stock of knowledge, which shape their perspectives and actions toward reading. This study concludes that improving students' reading ability requires a comprehensive approach, taking into account experiences, social interactions, and the formation of meaning in reading in students' daily lives.

This study examines the impact of Dutch Military Aggression I (1947) and Dutch Military Aggression II (1948–1949) on the political development of Indonesia during the early years of independence. Employing the historical method (heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography) and a qualitative diachronic-synchronic approach, the research analyses primary and secondary sources concerning internal political dynamics and the Republic of Indonesia’s international relations in the period 1947–1949. The findings reveal that both Dutch military aggressions paradoxically served as crucial catalysts for the acceleration of national political consolidation and maturation in Indonesia. The First Aggression triggered international condemnation, transformed the Republic’s status from “rebels” to a sovereign state defending its independence, strengthened national solidarity, and gave birth to the integration of armed struggle and diplomacy—the precursor to the Total People’s Defense doctrine. Meanwhile, the Second Aggression, marked by the occupation of Yogyakarta and the arrest of republican leaders, led to the establishment of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI), closer civil-military coordination, unification of political parties and societal organizations, and heightened global pressure that ultimately resulted in the recognition of sovereignty in 1949. Overall, Dutch military pressure expedited the transformation of political structures, bolstered the legitimacy of the Republican government, and secured both de facto and de jure recognition of Indonesian independence.

This study was based on the low ability of third-grade students at SD Negeri 2 Wonorejo to understand syntactic material, particularly the use of conjunctions, due to a lack of interactive and contextual learning media. This study aimed to develop EKUJARSI E-Flipbook learning media based on Kudus local wisdom that has been tested for feasibility and practicality to improve student understanding. The research method used was Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) development model. The test subjects included subject matter experts, media experts, classroom teachers, and third-grade students. Data collection instruments used validation sheets and user response questionnaires. The results showed that the EKUJARSI media was highly valid for use, as evidenced by a validation percentage of 89.6% from media experts and 86.15% from subject matter experts. The practicality test also showed positive responses, with teachers giving a score of 80% and students giving a score of 85.9%, which is considered very feasible. Specific findings show that the ease of use aspect received a perfect score of 100% from students, indicating that this media is very user-friendly. It is concluded that the EKUJARSI E-Flipbook is feasible and practical to be implemented as an innovative learning media that effectively integrates local cuisine to facilitate understanding of language concepts.

Oral literature is a form of storytelling from one individual to another in a concise manner as a representation of a society's culture. One type that is interesting to study in this field is legends. This study examines the Keong Mas legend using Burhan Nurgiyantoro's structuralism approach theory, which focuses on analyzing the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic elements in literary works. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method that aims to reveal the narrative structure and social and cultural meanings contained in the legend as a reflection of the moral values and local wisdom of the people of East Java. The information collection method used observation and note-taking. The results of the analysis show that the Keong Mas legend has a cohesive story structure, including theme, characters, plot, setting, and point of view, which simultaneously reflect the values of loyalty, justice, and family conflict in a socio-cultural context. These findings confirm the relevance of oral literature as a medium for the inheritance of living and evolving cultural values, and contribute to the understanding of cultural identity and literary aesthetics in Indonesia, especially in the East Java region.

This study aims to: (1) Describe and analyze the influence of memorization of the Qur'an on the emotional intelligence of students at the Integrated Islamic Private Middle School of Al-Furqan Tebas Islamic Boarding School, Sambas Regency, (2) Describe and analyze the influence of memorization of the Qur'an on the spiritual intelligence of students at the Integrated Islamic Private Middle School of Al-Furqan Tebas Islamic Boarding School, Sambas Regency. This study is a descriptive quantitative study with a causal associative research type (cause and effect). In this study, there are 3 variables, namely the first variable is memorization of the Qur'an, the second variable is emotional intelligence and the third variable is students' spiritual intelligence. The population with research subjects are 40 students of class VIII of the Integrated Islamic Private Middle School of Al-Furqan Tebas Islamic Boarding School. Data collection using the questionnaire method. Instrument validity test using the product moment analysis technique, while reliability test using the alpha coefficient. The data analysis technique used multiple regression analysis. Prior to data analysis, a normality test was conducted. The results of the study indicate that: (1) There is a positive and significant effect of Quran memorization on emotional intelligence, with a magnitude of 0.388 (38.8%), with the remainder influenced by other factors. (2) There is a positive and significant effect of Quran memorization on spiritual intelligence, with a magnitude of 0.376 (37.6%), with the remainder influenced by other factors.

Production planning and inventory control are critical aspects of operations management, as they directly influence cost efficiency, resource utilization, and the continuity of the production process. Ineffective planning and inventory decisions may lead to excessive costs, production delays, or imbalances between supply and demand. The complexity of these problems, which often involve multi-period horizons and multi-stage decision-making processes, has encouraged the application of quantitative optimization methods, one of which is dynamic programming. This study aims to analyze and synthesize the application of dynamic programming in production planning and inventory control through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The SLR process was conducted by systematically identifying, selecting, and analyzing 15 relevant national journal articles published between 2015 and 2024 and obtained from various recognized scientific databases. The reviewed literature indicates that dynamic programming is effective in supporting optimal decision-making by determining appropriate production quantities and inventory levels, minimizing total production and holding costs, and managing fluctuating demand conditions. In addition, this method helps reduce the risks associated with overstock and stockouts by considering sequential decision structures. However, the findings also reveal several limitations of dynamic programming, including high computational complexity, strong dependence on deterministic data assumptions, and limited flexibility in handling high levels of uncertainty. These constraints suggest the need for further methodological development or integration with other approaches to enhance practical applicability.

This study was conducted to examine the level of implementation of Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small, and Medium Entities (SAK EMKM) at Kedai Nduy, a micro-scale culinary business located in Depok. The basis for conducting this research is the low quality of financial records among UMKM players due to a lack of understanding of accounting, limited assistance from competent parties, and the suboptimal implementation of financial reporting standards, which are the main obstacles. This research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method, where data was collected through interviews, direct observation, and document searches related to transaction recording activities, sales, raw material purchases, and daily cash flow. The results of the study show that Kedai Nduy has consistently recorded transactions using a simple financial recording format using Excel tables, but the implementation does not fully comply with SAK EMKM provisions. This business entity has also not prepared the required financial statements, namely the Statement of Financial Position, Income Statement, and Notes to the Financial Statements. The main obstacles faced are limited understanding of accounting, lack of time available to business owners, and the unavailability of technical assistance and accounting training. Nevertheless, simple record keeping still provides benefits, particularly in monitoring sales, purchasing, and daily cash flow activities. Therefore, this study recommends accounting training, the use of SAK EMKM-based applications or templates, and ongoing assistance to improve the quality of financial recording and reporting in accordance with applicable standards.

The Halal Management Sistem (HMS) has often been positioned as an administrative compliance tool that focuses on regulatory and certification requirements. This approach has the potential to simplify the meaning of halal by overlooking the inherent values, especially in the context of Muslim businesses. This study aims to interpret the understanding of the Halal Management Sistem not only as an administrative compliance mechanism, but also as an expression of worship and spiritual commitment in business practices. This study uses a qualitative approach through a literature review of scientific articles, books, and relevant publications discussing halal management, Islamic business ethics, and the perspectives of business actors. The results of the study show that the HMS is understood by business actors as a manifestation of religious obedience integrated into economic activities, where the application of halal principles is seen as part of devotion to God and a form of moral responsibility in running a business. In this understanding, administrative compliance is positioned as an implication of spiritual awareness, not as the main objective of the sistem's implementation. The research findings also indicate that the spiritual meaning of SMH encourages consistency in halal practices and strengthens long-term business orientation. Conceptually, this study has implications for the development of halal management studies by placing the spiritual dimension as the main foundation in the implementation of the Halal Management Sistem, particularly in supporting sustainable and ethical business practices.

This study aims to analyze the contribution of business innovation in increasing repeat orders in micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), with a case study on Nelzz Juice operating in MMTC, Medan City. The research employs a qualitative case study approach, combining in-depth interviews with the owner and staff, direct observation of business operations, and documentation analysis related to business strategies and sales data. The findings indicate that the innovations implemented by Nelzz Juice cover several aspects, namely product innovation, service innovation, and digital marketing strategy innovation. Product innovation is carried out through the selection of fresh and high-quality ingredients, the development of creative menu variations tailored to consumer preferences, and appealing product presentation. Service innovation is reflected in the improvement of service quality, faster order processing, and enhanced friendliness and interaction with customers. Meanwhile, digital marketing innovation has proven effective in expanding consumer reach, increasing engagement, and promoting customer loyalty. The study confirms that the consistent and sustainable application of innovation not only enhances customer satisfaction but also directly contributes to an increase in repeat order frequency. Therefore, business innovation can be considered a key strategy for MSMEs to face market competition, maintain business sustainability, and support sustainable economic growth.