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Philosophy of science needs its presence in the midst of the development of science and technology which is marked by the sharpening of scientific specialization. Philosophy of science as a theoretical framework and research method has a relationship with scientific research.Philosophy of science explains the problem of science or science whichis the basis for logical assumptions (ethical neutralistic doctrine), the empirical results achieved, and the limits of their abilities. Meanwhile, the research methodology describes efforts to develop science based on the scientific method, which consists of two parts, namely both deductive and inductive.The contribution of the philosophy of science in scientific research is: Asabasis for the development of science or theory, the philosophy of science as a means of testing scientific the ory reasoning.Philosophy of science is abletotest,reflect,criticizeas sumptions and scientific methods in a scientific research. As a foundation in science at the university level. Philosophy of science provides a logical basis for research methodology. The contribution of the philosophy of science in research methodology can also be filling and broadening the cognitive horizons (reason) of what is called science, which is expected to create understanding for the discipline in scientific work,aswel lasin crease the motivation of a researcher to carry out tasks seriously. Writing this article uses a qualitative approach by using library research, namely by examining reading sources that have to do with the study being discussed.  

Indonesia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia rich in nickel reserves, so this has become an attraction for foreign investors to compete to invest amid a drastic increase in market demand for lithium batteries for electric vehicles. Tesla, Inc. became one of the investors who showed interest in the potential for establishing a lithium-ion battery factory for electric vehicles. Indonesia is aware of Tesla's enthusiasm in trying to conduct intense negotiations and lobbying because these MNCs have several advantages in terms of advanced features and acceleration, as well as adhering to green principles. The author's aim in raising this issue is to reflect on Indonesia's long process of building government-to-business negotiations and lobbying with Tesla, where Indonesia sees this opportunity as a step to pursue national interests. The method used in this research is based on a literature study through secondary data collection. The findings from this research are that both Indonesia and Tesla use a rational approach and integrative strategy in negotiating investment cooperation. However, Indonesia's optimistic attitude is reflected in experiencing various challenges, including competition from competitors from other countries and unsustainable nickel mining problems.

In the era of rapid digitalization, understanding consumer behavior through data is becoming increasingly important for retail businesses. Shopping trends, such as those contained in this study, provide in-depth insights into various aspects of consumer behavior, from demographics to purchasing preferences and patterns of discount usage. This data is invaluable in formulating effective marketing strategies, improving customer experience, and optimizing business operations. The data used in this study included a variety of relevant variables, such as age, gender, location, product categories purchased, number of purchases, payment methods, and frequency of purchases. This information allows for a comprehensive analysis of how these factors affect consumer spending decisions. For example, analytics can reveal seasonal trends in purchases, product color and size preferences, and the impact of discounts and promo codes on sales volume. In addition, this dataset also reflects the changes in consumer behavior that have occurred over the past few years. Quantitative methodology is a research approach used to collect and analyze numerical data to understand patterns, relationships, and events in a given population. Data is collected from various sources such as online sales transactions, consumer surveys, Naive Bayesian algorithms are applied to the dataset that has been processed. The data was divided into two sets: training (80%) and testing (20%).    

The effectiveness of work relationships is a factor that plays an important role in organizational activities, it needs to be fostered and developed so that organizational goals can be achieved effectively. Organizational goals will be achieved if the organization has reliable, skilled and qualified human resources so that they can provide optimal contributions and improve work performance. Both for organizations, society and employees themselves. The effectiveness of work relations is a person's positive attitude or general condition towards organizational life. The approach in this research is to use an associative approach. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection was carried out using observation and interview techniques. Based on the research results, there are several things that are used to measure a person's work effectiveness, namely (1) steady and smooth movements, (2) rhythmic movements, (3) responding more quickly to signs, (4) being able to predict difficulties that will arise, (5) ) works quietly. Thus, it can be concluded that (1) the effectiveness of employment relations is the level of a person's mastery of knowledge and skills in their work which can be measured from the length of service and the level of knowledge and skills they possess. Various efforts to fulfill teachers' needs to be good have been carried out quite well at SDN 4 Asparaga, Gorontalo Regency, (2) supporting factors for the effectiveness of teacher working relationships at SDN 4 Asparaga, Gorontalo Regency in the form of fulfilling several needs, namely physiological needs, security needs, social needs, Needs that reflect a sense of self, and teacher self-actualization needs.  

Manggang Kemplang Dance is a dance that tells about the manggang kemplang tradition which reflects the local wisdom of the Ogan Ilir people in utilizing natural resources and local wisdom in processing food which is danced by 5 dancers. The problem in the research is the form of presentation of the Manggang Kemplang dance in Timbangan Village, Ogan Ilir Regency. The aim of this research is to find out and describe the form of presentation of the Manggang Kemplang dance by the Golden Fan Studio in Timbangan Village, Ogan Ilir Regency. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, documentation and literature study. The form of presentation of the Manggang Kemplang dance consists of aspects of choreographic elements which include dance movements, dance space, accompaniment/accompaniment music, dance title, dance theme, dance type, mode of presentation, dancers, fashion, make-up, lighting and props. .    

This study explores the concept and urgency of the constitution in the context of national and state life. The Constitution is a fundamental legal document that provides a framework for the organization and operation of the state, as well as establishing the basic rights of citizens and limits on government power. The constitution also plays an important role in maintaining political stability, ensuring justice, and protecting human rights. The urgency of the constitution is reflected in its function as a basis for the supremacy of law, promoting national unity, and balancing power between state institutions. This study identifies that a good understanding of the constitution is important for the success of a democratic system and the sustainable development of a country.

This study focuses on exploring the influence of Sufism practices on the emotional well-being of individuals in Indonesia. Sufism, as a mystical dimension of Islam, offers a spiritual approach through practices such as remembrance (dhikr), meditation, and self-reflection (muhasabah), aiming to cleanse the soul and draw closer to the Divine. The research employs a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design to delve into the subjective experiences of Sufi practitioners regarding their emotional well-being. The results indicate that these practices significantly reduce levels of anxiety, depression, and stress, while enhancing overall emotional well-being. This research can support the development of spiritually-based psychological interventions that are more effective in helping individuals achieve better emotional well-being amidst the challenges of modern life. 

Market basket analysis is an important technique in data mining used to understand consumer purchasing patterns. This research uses the Apriori algorithm to identify relationships between products in the shopping basket, aiming to improve sales and marketing strategies in the retail industry. The focus of this study is on retail transaction data from West Java Province, which has a large and diverse population, reflecting complex consumer purchasing patterns. The research identifies several key issues: limited understanding of consumer behavior, unoptimized business strategy opportunities, and challenges in managing large transaction data. As a solution, the application of the Apriori algorithm can help find frequent consumer purchasing patterns and design more effective marketing strategies. The results show that market basket analysis using the Apriori algorithm is effective in understanding consumer purchasing patterns in the retail industry. This algorithm allows companies to discover itemsets that frequently appear together in transactions, which can be used to design more effective marketing and sales strategies.

Ethnomathematics contributes greatly to the improvement of mathematics learning, because it relates to students' experiences in everyday life that touches the realm of local cultural arts so that students become more understanding of the mathematical concepts explained. This study aims to explore the concept of mathematics in the traditional game of congklak in Srengseng Sawah Village. This research is a qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. The data collection techniques used are observation, interview and documentation. The instruments in this study were researchers, observation guidelines, interview guidelines and documentation. Based on the research analysis and discussion of the history and philosophy of the traditional game of congklak, mathematical concepts in the game of congklak such as the concept of flat shapes, namely semicircles, circles, rectangles and spatial shapes, namely half a ball; the concept of transformation in this case reflection / mirroring; the concept of arithmetic calculation operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The game also has cultural and philosophical values.

Financial recognition is the basis that encourages companies to report losses early and delay revenue recognition. Conservatism affects the quality of the main indicators reflected in financial reporting. The method used in this research is Structured Literature Review (SLR), where the data sources are obtained from Semantic School, Sinta Journal, and Google School for the publication years 2018 to 2024. Next, filtering is carried out to match the subject matter, resulting in 50 journals that will be analyzed systematically. So the results of the research state that a level of debt has a good influence on financial recognition, even though the level of financial difficulty has a positive but negative effect on accounting conservatism. So it indicates that a manager who has a high level of debt leads to more conservatism in their financial reporting to meet the interests of creditors, while companies experiencing difficulties tend to be less conservative.

Short stories are part of a literary genre that describes the environment. One of the important things in short stories is how the author's events and thoughts can be expressed well so that they can be understood and enjoyed well by readers. To find information contained in short stories in more depth, research can be done in the form of analysis. The aim of this research is to examine the content of the short story entitled "Penthouse 2601" by Djenar Maesa Ayu using a literary sociology approach. In literary sociology, literary works are considered as a reflection of society's life which cannot be separated from consideration of fictional elements and social aspects of society's life. The research method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive research method. By using listening and taking notes as a data collection technique. The results of this research show that in the short story entitled "Penthouse 2601" there are social aspects and cultural aspects. This research can have implications for Indonesian language learning, especially at the Senior High School (SMA) level    

This research aims to describe the use of lunar terms in the Javanese calendar in people's lives and reveal the meaning and cultural values ​​contained therein. The research method used is subjective exploration with triangulation data collection techniques, inductive data examination, and subjective questioning. The research results show that Javanese people use lunar terms in the Javanese calendar in various aspects of life, such as determining dates, mentioning events, carrying out traditions, calculating good days, mentioning age, and strengthening cultural identity. The use of the term Javanese month contains quite deep meaning and cultural values, including cultural adaptation, local wisdom, religiosity, oral traditions and cultural identity. The term month in the Javanese calendar is not just a translation. This is a reflection of how Javanese culture adapts, respects local wisdom, and upholds religious values ​​and oral traditions. The use of this term in everyday life is an affirmation of Javanese cultural identity which continues to be preserved.

The flow of globalization and digitalization is a phenomenon that is present in our daily lives, both in material form and in our minds. In this digital era, people meet and interact in a globalized, seamless space and send ideas, opinions, behaviours, habits, cultures, and ideologies to each other. The impact of global social change that has also hit Indonesia with the rapid development of this technology, not only has the potential to have a positive effect on national life and humanity universally but can also have a negative impact. This is a literature study with a reflective and critical studies approach, which is presented in a descriptive-analytical critical manner as a doctrinal reflection and to formulate theoretical conclusions regarding Pancasila as an ideological foundation for the development of science in the academic community in Indonesia and the challenges of globalization that threaten it. This study found that in responding to this current situation, the resilience of the values ​​that are the basis for the development of science is greatly needed. In the current context, the values ​​of Pancasila can become a collective consciousness to maintain the preservation of national identity in the academic community and the results of its scientific development.    

This paper explores the significant role of language in the construction and expression of national identity in three distinct countries: Indonesia, Kazakhstan, and Monaco. By analyzing national languages, official discourse, and the cultural narratives embedded within them, the study aims to highlight the ways in which language policies reflect and reinforce the cultural and political aspirations of these nations. A comparison of language practices will reveal the dynamics of language as a cultural tool for nation-building in diverse sociopolitical contexts.

The connection between religious moderation and the first principle of Pancasila is that every religious follower believes in the One Supreme God they worship, but many Indonesians have limited understanding of religions other than their own. This lack of knowledge in society has inspired the author to address the issue and offer insights through this article. The research employs a qualitative method with a case study approach. Each religion interprets the concept of One God differently, but in Indonesia, they share common ground regarding the belief in a Supreme Being. This divine concept aligns with the First Principle of Pancasila. The first principle serves as a foundation for religious moderation, representing various religions in Indonesia without favoring any single faith. This reflects the core of Indonesia's ideology.

This study explores the semantic dimensions and symbolic meanings found in Buddhist religious texts by applying a hermeneutic analysis to the concept of dukkha in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. Commonly translated as suffering, dukkha carries broader existential implications, such as dissatisfaction, impermanence, and the inherent unsatisfactory nature of existence. Employing a qualitative hermeneutic approach combined with semantic and semiotic analysis, the research identifies three interconnected layers of meaning within dukkha: the literal level, referring to physical and mental suffering; the contextual level, which reflects the human existential condition; and the spiritual level, where dukkha becomes a gateway toward liberation. The results indicate that a nuanced understanding of the semantic richness of dukkha is crucial for a deeper comprehension of the Four Noble Truths as the core framework of Buddhist doctrine. This study contributes to interdisciplinary discourse among linguistics, religious studies, and Buddhist practice, emphasizing that sacred language functions not only to convey doctrine but also to encourage inner reflection and spiritual transformation.

This research aims to uncover the symbolic meaning of stupas placed in front of houses of Buddhist communities affiliated with Vihara Mahanama in Semanding Village, Central Java. Stupas as architectural and symbolic elements hold important positions in religious practice and cultural identity of local Buddhist communities. This study employs a qualitative approach using case study methods with ethnographic perspectives. Data collection techniques include field observations, in-depth interviews with Buddhist communities and vihara leaders, and visual documentation. Data were analyzed descriptively-interpretively using symbolic anthropology frameworks and semiotic architecture theory to reveal symbolic meanings contained in the form, placement, and social function of stupas in daily life. The results show that stupas are not merely religious ornaments, but represent multiple layers of meaning: spiritual values, cosmic symbolism, protection, and markers of Buddhist cultural identity in predominantly non-Buddhist environments. Stupa symbolism also reflects processes of cultural adaptation and spirituality rooted in the social dynamics of the Semanding Village community. This research contributes to understanding the integration of Buddhist symbols in contemporary Indonesian society and their role in maintaining religious identity in multicultural contexts, while also providing insights into the domestication of sacred symbols in everyday spaces.

Effective bureaucratic management depends on aligning competencies with job placement. This study examines Echelon 3 and 4 officials in Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia, focusing on the suitability of their educational backgrounds, skills, and job roles. A descriptive quantitative approach was used with 77 respondents, including 23 Echelon 3 and 54 Echelon 4 officials. The findings indicate moderate suitability, with an average score of 3.5 out of 5. While many officials possess advanced educational qualifications, gaps in training adequacy and skill alignment remain. Technology usage is a key strength, reflecting readiness for digital transformation. These results emphasize the need for systematic training and strategic human resource allocation to enhance bureaucratic effectiveness. The study contributes to discussions on workforce optimization in public administration, providing actionable insights for policymakers. Future research should expand on these findings by exploring competency-based interventions and their impact on organizational performance.

This research reviews the influence of social media and trust on purchasing decisions on the Tokopedia platform in South Tangerang. The background reflects significant changes in consumer behavior due to developments in information technology, especially in online commerce. The goal is to analyze the factors that influence purchasing decisions with a focus on social media and consumer trust. Quantitative methods are used to collect and analyze data from consumers in the region. Research findings show that although social media does not have a positive influence on purchasing decisions, consumer trust has a significant influence on purchasing decisions. The implication is the importance of strengthening consumer trust in building effective marketing strategies on e-commerce platforms, as well as the need to develop theories of consumer behavior in the digital era.

The goal of democratic reform is to build an efficient and effective government management structure. Good governance, reflected from top to bottom, is demonstrated through the efficiency of civil servants in a country. This research focuses on the Badan Kepegawaian Daerah (BKD) of Batam City, as its performance reports reveal issues in evaluating employee performance. While BKD Batam has adhered to Government Regulation No. 46 of 2011 on Employee Performance Appraisal in the Execution of Official Duties, the current evaluation method is not effectively implemented. This regulation is expected to contribute positively by assisting government agencies in assessing the performance of their employees. The study combines qualitative methodology with a descriptive field research approach and inductive theoretical perspective. The aim is to describe and analyze the effectiveness of performance appraisal at BKD Batam, along with identifying the factors that hinder effective evaluation. Using interactive data analysis techniques, the findings conclude that BKD Batam's current performance evaluation system is ineffective due to its lack of integration with established standards and performance indicators. The key factors hindering effective performance evaluation include: 1) the subjective nature of the current evaluation; 2) the improper placement of civil servants in positions not aligned with their educational background; 3) the lack of strong understanding regarding the importance of performance evaluation among both evaluators and those being evaluated; and 4) a decline in supervision during the performance evaluation process.