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The Community Service and Practical Fieldwork Program (KPPM) serves as a tangible form of social responsibility by encouraging students to engage in meaningful activities that positively impact society. In the 2025/2026 academic year, IAKN Tarutung conducted this program involving undergraduate students, including those enrolled in the Christian Religious Education (PAK) and Church Music Education (PMG) departments. One of the designated locations for this program was Hutauruk Village in Tarutung District, North Tapanuli Regency. This study centers on the implementation of the KPPM program in Hutauruk Village, which ran from March to June 2025 and engaged students from IAKN Tarutung. The primary objectives of this research are to explore the spiritual challenges faced by the community, to present solutions developed during the program, to assess the overall impact of KPPM on the local residents, and to examine how participation in the program contributes to the students’ personal and professional development. A qualitative research approach was employed, using methods such as participatory observation, interviews, and literature review. The findings indicate that students are required to assist the BNKP (Banua Niha Keriso Protestan) Fa’omasi Tarutung Church community by working collaboratively, demonstrating creativity, actively participating, and applying effective problem-solving strategies.

This study examined the effectiveness of applying the Logan Avenue Problem Solving (LAPS-Heuristic) learning model on mathematics learning outcomes among Class VII students at Wusto Imam An-Nasai Gowa using a one-group pretest–posttest design. The population consisted of all seventh-grade students enrolled in the even semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. A learning outcome test was employed as the primary research instrument to measure students’ performance before and after the implementation of the learning model. The data analysis involved descriptive statistical methods combined with gain tests to assess the extent of improvement. The findings revealed that students’ mathematics achievement fell predominantly within the very high category, with 53.85% of learners classified in this range, indicating a notable increase in category levels compared to their pretest performance. Furthermore, the percentage of students who successfully met the required minimum competency standards after the application of the LAPS-Heuristic model reached 96.15%. This outcome clearly illustrates that the vast majority of students—over 85%—achieved or exceeded the established passing threshold, suggesting that the integration of the LAPS-Heuristic approach was highly effective in enhancing mathematics learning outcomes. Overall, the results underscore that the LAPS-Heuristic learning model can serve as a practical and impactful strategy to improve student engagement, comprehension, and mastery of mathematical concepts in junior high school settings.

Scheduling and resource allocation are two crucial aspects in various fields, including manufacturing, transportation, education, and information systems. The complexity of decision making is often increased by integer constraints, such as the number of workers, machines, or indivisible working hours. Therefore, the Integer Linear Programming (ILP) approach is one of the methods widely used in solving optimization problems involving discrete variables. This literature study aims to review previous studies that apply ILP in the context of scheduling and resource allocation optimization. This study reviews model approaches, solution techniques such as the branch and bound method and cutting plane, and their implementation in various real cases. The results of the study show that ILP is able to provide optimal or near-optimal solutions in scenarios with complex constraints and integer variables. This study also identifies challenges in implementing ILP models, such as the scale of the problem and high computational requirements, as well as opportunities for further research that includes hybridizing the ILP method with a heuristic approach. Thus, ILP remains a very relevant and effective tool in supporting optimization-based decision making in various sectors.

Efficient resource allocation is a major challenge in various sectors, especially when faced with limitations in quantity, time, and cost. This study aims to examine the application of linear programming as an optimization method in solving assignment problems, where a number of resources must be optimally allocated to a number of specific tasks. Through a literature study approach, this study examines various relevant previous study results, especially in the Indonesian context. The results of the study indicate that linear programming is able to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and produce a more balanced task distribution. However, this model has limitations in dealing with non-linear conditions and data uncertainty, so integration with other methods such as fuzzy logic or genetic algorithms is needed. This study is expected to broaden the understanding of the benefits of linear programming and encourage its wider application in quantitative-based decision making.

This study aims to analyze the forms of learning difficulties experienced by students in understanding the path independence theorem in the Vector Calculus course. The focus of the research is a group of students who had previously presented this material in class. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing both open- and close-ended questions to explore conceptual understanding, difficulties in distinguishing between conservative and non-conservative fields, and challenges in solving application problems. The analysis revealed that although students reported having a fair grasp of the basic concepts, they still expressed uncertainty in understanding the relationship between path independence and the conditions for conservative fields. Difficulties were also found in spatial visualization and in connecting concepts with the fundamental theorem of calculus. In addition, students showed a preference for worked example problem sets and visual learning media as the most effective learning supports. These findings indicate the need for an interactive, contextual, and visually supported instructional approach to enhance students’ conceptual understanding and application skills related to this topic.

This study uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach to examine the effectiveness of the two-phase method in solving linear programming problems. The two-phase method is one of the techniques in linear programming used when the objective function does not have a feasible initial solution directly. Through the exploration and analysis of various scientific literature sources from 2019 onwards, this study finds that the two-phase method can systematically provide optimal solutions, especially in complex problems with multiple constraints. Previous research has shown that this method is effective in accelerating the identification of basic feasible solutions and minimizing unnecessary iterations compared to the standard simplex method. Additionally, the two-phase method offers better numerical stability and high reliability in both industrial and educational applications. However, its effectiveness largely depends on the understanding of the algorithm and the ability to design an appropriate mathematical model. The results of this study are expected to contribute theoretically to the development of efficient solution techniques for linear optimization problems.

This paper discusses the methodologies for balanced transportation problems and their solutions, focusing on efficient and cost-effective distribution of goods from multiple sources to various destinations. The study highlights the importance of maintaining supply and demand balance and explores systematic approaches such as initial solution methods—North-West Corner, Least Cost, and Vogel Approximation Method—and the optimal solution technique, Stepping Stone. An illustrative case involving a company with multiple factories and markets demonstrates the application of these methods, resulting in minimized transportation costs. Additionally, the process of fertilizer allocation and cost analysis is examined, emphasizing the use of the Stepping Stone method to achieve cost minimization. The findings underscore the effectiveness of combining initial heuristics with iterative optimization to attain optimal transportation solutions, thereby enhancing logistical efficiency and reducing operational expenses.

This study aims to determine whether the problem solving method can improve critical thinking skills and motivation of class VII students at Mtsn 1 Kota Blitar. The researcher used a quantitative research method, using a control class and an experimental class. The study was conducted with 36 students in the control class and 38 students in the experimental class. The results of the T-Test on the critical thinking questionnaire showed that there was a significant difference between the problem solving learning model and students' critical thinking, this is evidenced by a significance value of 0.73. The decision of 0.73> 0.05 indicates that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, the results of the T-Test on the learning motivation questionnaire show that there is a significant difference between the problem solving learning model and students' learning motivation, this can be proven by a significance value of 0.001. The decision where 0.001> 0.05 indicates that H0 is rejected while Ha is accepted. The results of the T-Test on student learning outcomes obtained from the pre-test and post-test show that there is a significant influence between the problem solving learning model and student learning outcomes. This is proven by a significance value of 0.000. The decision where 0.000>0.05 indicates that H0 is rejected while Ha is accepted.

Justice is the realization of correct moral values for an object or individual, and is a fundamental foundation in solving the problem of economic and social inequality contained in the conventional system. The Islamic economic system emerged as an alternative solution to overcome the shortcomings of the system. This study uses a literature study approach to analyze the idea of justice in the framework of Islamic economics, which prioritizes the principles of balance and equality, and aims to build mutual trust and harmony so that all individuals can play an active role in creating common prosperity without prioritizing individual interests over collective interests.

The assignment problem discusses the problem of creating maximum sales, CV Surya Pelangi assigns its selected employees to enter the target market. CV Surya Pelangi has problems allocating its employees to the target market that has been determined. Before allocating its employees, CV Surya Pelangi has conducted training first. The income data of each employee in these markets is in (thousands) during training, therefore it is necessary to solve the employee allocation problem. The method used in this study is the Hungarian Method, with a focus on the maximization approach. The Hungarian method is known to be effective in solving assignment problems where there are similarities in the number of employees and allocations, and the goal is to optimize the allocation. In this case, maximization means finding a combination of assignments that produce the highest total profit value.  

This research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to analyze the application of the simplex method as a tool for solving real-world optimization problems. Mathematics education plays a crucial role in developing critical thinking and achieving accurate results. Linear programming, with its highly effective simplex method, is a branch of mathematics proven to solve various optimization challenges such as cost minimization, profit maximization, distribution, and scheduling. In practice, the simplex method is an alternative algorithm that systematically searches for the optimal solution to problems by moving from one feasible solution to another until the best result is achieved. This study identifies, examines, evaluates, and interprets relevant studies on the simplex method's application in real-world contexts. Our review of 20 journals reveals that the simplex method is highly effective in solving a wide range of optimization problems, from large-scale industries to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Examples of its application include optimizing fish feed costs at PT. Indojaya Agrinusa, maximizing profits for Seblak MSMEs, determining optimal sales quantities for areca nuts, and optimizing the production of tofu and pottery crafts, among others. The simplex method's ability to consider various limiting factors has proven to be extremely helpful.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan proses dan hasil pengembangan LKPD berbasis Problem Solving pada materi Statistika yang valid serta mengetahui respon peserta didik terhadap kepraktisan LKPD. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan yang terdiri dari 5 tahap yaitu Analisis (Analyze), Rancangan (Design), Pengembangan (Development), Implementasi (Implementation) dan Evaluasi (Evaluation). Subjek penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas VIII SMP Bina Tama Palembang sebanyak 20 orang. Data Penelitian terdiri dari data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif diperoleh dari tahap validasi produk berupa saran, kritikan, masukan dan tanggapan dari tim ahli materi dan desain, yang digunakan untuk memperbaiki LKPD. Data kuantitatif diperoleh dari penilaian validator, pendidik dan peserta didik sebagai responden. Data kuantitatif ini didasarkan pada angket respon yang diberikan pada tahap uji perorangan dan uji coba kelompok kecil. Teknik Pengumpulan Data menggunakan instrumen data berupa angket dan tes. Teknik Analisis Data digunakan untuk mengolah data menjadi sebuah informasi, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk aspek yang dipenuhi dalam LKPD baik dari segi kevalidan dan kepraktisan. Berdasarkan hasil uji kevalidan oleh ahli instrumen, ahli materi dan ahli desain, uji kepraktisan oleh peserta didik, maka LKPD berbasis Problem Solving tergolong sangat baik, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa LKPD berbasis Problem Solving valid dan praktis.

The assignment problem discusses the problem of creating maximum sales, CV Surya Pelangi assigns its selected employees to enter the target market. CV Surya Pelangi has problems allocating its employees to the target market that has been determined. Before allocating its employees, CV Surya Pelangi has conducted training first. The income data of each employee in these markets is in (thousands) during training, therefore it is necessary to solve the employee allocation problem. The method used in this study is the Hungarian Method, with a focus on the maximization approach. The Hungarian method is known to be effective in solving assignment problems where there are similarities in the number of employees and allocations, and the goal is to optimize the allocation. In this case, maximization means finding a combination of assignments that produce the highest total profit value.

The development of the education curriculum in Indonesia reflects a paradigm shift in strengthening scientific literacy, which plays an important role in shaping critical thinking patterns and student analysis to face the challenges of the 21st century. This study aims to examine the development of the concept of scientific literacy in the Indonesian national curriculum policy from the era of the School Level Curriculum (KTSP), the 2013 Curriculum, to the Merdeka Curriculum. The study was conducted through a literature study method on 20 relevant scientific articles published in the period 2013 to 2025. The results of the study show that scientific literacy in the KTSP is still implicit, limited to contextual learning approaches and direct experience. In the 2013 Curriculum, strengthening scientific literacy began to be realized through a scientific approach that encouraged students to develop critical thinking skills, understand scientific concepts, and carry out scientific processes systematically. Further transformation is seen in the Merdeka Curriculum, where scientific literacy is not only focused on cognitive aspects, but is also linked to character values ​​and contextual problem solving through strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile and project-based learning. In general, this study concludes that there is a paradigm shift from knowledge-oriented science literacy to holistic and applied science literacy. This finding emphasizes the importance of continuity between policy curriculum, teacher professional development, and implementation of strategies in the field to optimize students' achievement of science literacy.

Mathematics learning in elementary schools still faces several challenges, including low student motivation and critical thinking skills. One innovative solution is the implementation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of PBL in improving elementary students’ conceptual understanding and critical thinking in mathematics. This research employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) method conducted in two cycles involving fifth-grade students at [School Name] Elementary School. Data were collected through observations, tests, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the implementation of the PBL model increased student engagement, problem-solving ability, and the average score of conceptual understanding in mathematics. Therefore, PBL is proven to be effective in fostering meaningful learning and promoting higher-order thinking skills. It is recommended that elementary mathematics teachers integrate PBL as a student-centered learning approach.

Pancasila Education is a compulsory subject taught at every level of education, from elementary to higher education, with the aim of shaping students’ attitudes and behaviors based on the values of Pancasila in their daily lives. This study aims to describe the teacher's strategies in implementing the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model to enhance students' critical thinking skills in the Pancasila Education subject for fourth-grade students at SD Negeri 5 Penatih. The research focuses on three main aspects: (1) the implementation of PBL by teachers in improving students’ critical thinking in the topic "Pancasila as the Foundation of My Country", (2) the supporting and inhibiting factors in applying the PBL model, and (3) the implications of PBL implementation on the learning process and outcomes. This study employs a qualitative approach with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the teacher’s strategy in applying PBL involves three key stages: planning (designing contextual and relevant problems), implementation (the teacher acting as a facilitator during group discussions), and evaluation (assessing students’ thinking processes). Supporting factors for the successful application of PBL include teacher competence, student motivation, a conducive learning environment, and curriculum support. On the other hand, limited instructional time and low student participation present challenges that need to be addressed. The implications of PBL implementation include enhanced critical thinking skills, improved collaboration abilities, and the development of student character as reflective, open-minded, and responsible individuals. Learning becomes more engaging, meaningful, and interactive as students are actively involved in solving real-life problems related to their everyday experiences.

Informatics is a subject that is desired to be able to contribute computational thinking skills based on logic, as well to the ways to think in solving a problem more effectively, efficiently and optimally in various fields of life that are now inseparable from the use of computers also provides technological skills where the binary system has several basic gates, namely NOT, AND and OR which are basic gates have symbols, truth tables, and gates that must be remembered and balanced according to the provisions in Boolean algebra, Basically students have difficulty understanding it because the teacher's method when delivering the material still uses the method of delivering practice, group work, lectures, questions and answers, and short quizzes. However, the practice carried out in this class only describes the input of the truth table which is depicted on the board and after that the basic gate is made using symbols, so this training is carried out to improve the skills of students who get an 85% increase and are categorized as being able to implement and are stated to have increased in Skill.

This study investigates how Islamic da’wah can serve as a strategic instrument in strengthening civic engagement within democratic societies. Civic engagement is the active participation of citizens in public life, including policy-making, government oversight, and involvement in solving social problems. It is a crucial element in maintaining a fair and participatory democratic system. In the context of Muslim communities, Islamic da’wah not only aims to convey religious teachings but also seeks to instill universal values such as justice, equality, consultation (shura), empathy, and social responsibility—principles that form the foundation of democratic life. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a library research approach. Data were gathered from secondary sources such as books, academic journals, and relevant articles related to Islamic da’wah, civic engagement, and democracy. This method was chosen to allow for a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the social function of da’wah without conducting field observations or direct interviews. The results of this study show that Islamic da’wah, when practiced contextually and inclusively, can build critical social awareness, encourage public participation, and strengthen constructive social dialogue. Digital da’wah, Islamic value-based social campaigns, and the proactive role of preachers as agents of change become key elements in bridging Islamic teachings with democratic values. Furthermore, participatory da’wah empowers marginalized groups to become more involved in public discourse. Therefore, Islamic da’wah emerges not only as a spiritual medium but also as a cultural force that supports the development of a just, democratic, and civilized civil society.

Handwashing with soap (HWWS) is one of the simplest, most effective, and cost-efficient behaviors for preventing infectious diseases. However, its practice remains suboptimal at the household level in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze HWWS behavior using community questionnaire data as a basis for developing health promotion strategies through the Problem Solving Cycle (PSC) approach. This descriptive quantitative study was conducted among 50 respondents using a closed-ended questionnaire covering the knowledge, attitude, and practice dimensions of HWWS. The results showed that although respondents had high awareness and positive attitudes toward HWWS, their practices remained inconsistent due to habitual and infrastructural barriers. These findings highlight the need for integrated interventions combining direct education, social media campaigns, and improved access to handwashing facilities. This study contributes to evidence-based, participatory, and contextually adapted health promotion strategies aimed at achieving sustainable behavioral change.

The study examines the effects of implementing the Creative Problem Solving (cps) instructional model integrated with Wordwall gamification on the mathematical problem solving abilities of eighth-grade Students at MTs. L-Bashriyah. The purpose of this research is to avaluate the impact of  CPS combined with Wordwall on students’ Performance in Two-Variable Linear Equation Systems (SPLDV) compared to conventional methods. This research employs a Quasi-Experimental design with a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group. Using a quantitave approach. The sample consists of 40 eighth-grade students of MTs. AL-Bashriyah as the experimental group and 32 students of MTs. Nurul Huda as the control group. Selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis utilizes normalized gain scores and descriptive statistics with a 5% significance threshold. Results indicate a statistically significant improvement : the experimental group’s average postest score (81.16) markedly increased from the pretest (33.99). The control group showed moderate growth (66.45 from 32.91). Normalized gain analysis classifies the experimental group’s progress as high and the control group’s as medium. The findings demonstrate that CPS-Wordwall integration significantly enhances mathematical problem-solving skills. Thus, this model presents a viable innovative strategy for SPLDV instruction.