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Narcotics are substances that cause certain effects for those who use them and put them into their bodies. Along with the development of the times, the types of drugs are increasing and have various variations. One example of a new type of drug is gorilla tobacco. Criminal Law Policy Against New Types of Narcotics Abuse. This study uses a normative juridical research type with a Philosophical approach, Criminal Law Political Approach, legislation, case approach and examines the contents of various legal sources, both books, journals and other related legal sources to answer the aspects that are the focus of the research. The results of this study indicate that in 2022 31,420 incidents were caused by an increase in the abuse of new types of narcotics (New Psychoactive Substances) which in previous years were not registered in the appendix to Law Number 35 of 2009, this caused a Legal Vacuum regarding the New Type of Narcotics. In addition, the author also analyzes the law enforcement against new types of narcotics (gorilla tobacco) in a review of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and the form of criminal responsibility carried out by perpetrators of gorilla tobacco abuse in the decision of the District Court Number 32/Pid.sus/2021/PN Rtg.

The standard agreement for the delivery of goods whose contents or clauses are made by business actors to avoid losses on another day and consumers only have the choice to accept or reject, thus making the position of business actors stronger while consumers are weakened. The UUPK itself does not prohibit the existence of an exoneration clause as long as it does not violate article 18 of the UUPK. The type of research is field research or Empirical Juridical research is carried out by starting from primary data obtained from the research site, the data collection technique is through literature studies and analyzed in a qualitative way, which is a discussion that is carried out by combining literature research and field research. The results of the research obtained in the study show that consumers have been protected by Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, If a dispute occurs and a family settlement has been carried out but there is no result or no peace occurs, then consumers can take legal action as stipulated in articles 24 and 25 of the UUPK regarding how the responsibility of business actors, in the resolution of consumer disputes is protected by article 45 of the UUPK concerning dispute resolution. Dispute resolution can be done through the court and out of court, out-of-court dispute resolution can be done by filing a claim for compensation or through the consumer dispute resolution agency (BPSK). As a legal consequence that occurs if there is a clause in the standard agreement that is null and void, even though the standard agreement containing an exoneration clause has been agreed before, the agreement cannot be considered valid because it contradicts one of the contents of article 1320, which is a halal cause, due to the transfer of responsibility.  

The management of regional finances aims to realize good governance that includes efficiency and transparency in meeting public needs. Efficiency and transparency in the decentralization of financial management policy by the Financial and Asset Management Agency (BKAD) of Kupang City are key factors in ensuring proper regional financial management. This study uses an empirical research method. After data collection, the researcher categorized the data based on the sources and analyzed them. The results of this study indicate that Efficiency has not been fully achieved due to mismatches in budget allocation. Meanwhile, transparency remains suboptimal because the existing system often experiences disruptions, limiting open access to information. The most dominant inhibiting factor affecting implementation effectiveness is human resources (HR). In addition, dependency on central government funding hampers flexibility and independence in regional financial management. The study suggests that BKAD should conduct technical competency training and development for staff, the Kupang City Government should increase local revenue (PAD), and the public should actively participate in budget public consultations.

The existence of the Regional Public Company (PERUMDA) of Kupang City aims to distribute water to residents in the surrounding areas. This study aims to evaluate the performance of PERUMDA in providing clean water services in Alak District, Kupang City. This research employs a combination of juridical and empirical approaches. The study was conducted at the PERUMDA Kupang City office and in the Alak District area of Kupang City during January 2025. The population in this study includes all PERUMDA employees and drinking water customers in Alak District, Kupang City. The sample was obtained using purposive sampling techniques, consisting of the head of the customer relations division (1 person), PERUMDA employees (10 people), and community members who use PERUMDA services (50 people), resulting in a total sample of 61 respondents. Data were collected through document review and in-depth interviews guided by an interview protocol. Based on the interview results, it was found that clean water services provided by PERUMDA were still suboptimal. Although PERUMDA Kupang City already has Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), the implementation in the field still faces various obstacles, such as unequal distribution of clean water, limited infrastructure, occasional poor water quality, ineffective complaint handling systems, and outstanding payment arrears. PERUMDA Kupang City needs to expand its clean water distribution network, improve water quality, strengthen the customer complaint system, and conduct education and outreach to the community regarding the importance of efficient water use and the obligations of the community as service users.

The role of the TNI is very important in creating and maintaining the security of the community in fulfilling human rights, but based on the long history in Indonesia, it is suspected that there has been violence and serious human rights crimes committed by state apparatus and security actors. The principle of command responsibility for military commanders, police superiors and other civilian superiors is at least three reasons that underlie the thinking of military commanders, police superiors and other civilian superiors, namely the commander or superior who has the power to give orders and is responsible for the failure to control or control his subordinates. This research examines the following issues: 1) How is criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity committed by TNI soldiers or troops in security restoration operations after the occurrence of military operations other than war (OMSP); 2) Which court is authorized to try the case of crimes against humanity committed by TNI soldiers or troops in security restoration operations after the occurrence of military operations other than war (OMSP). This type of research is normative legal research using the approach method used, namely the statutory approach and concept approach. Source of legal material. The sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Legal material search techniques are carried out by literature study or document study. 

This study will describe the legal character of the new Criminal Code in the perspective of legal politics, as for the problem in the research, namely how politics is very influential in producing a legal product. this research method uses normative legal research where in this case it examines legal issues and examines norms, as for what is studied in this study is the new Criminal Code Law. This research aims to answer how the politics of law on criminal law reform in indonesia and how the political configuration and legal character of the new Criminal Code. the conclusion of this research is the politics of law in the Criminal Code Update is the politics of criminal law, which is basically a form of policy that responds to the development of human thinking about crime. political configuration that has a major influence on the formation of rules. Legal products that are responsive in character, the process of making them is participatory, which invites as much community participation as possible through social groups and individuals in the community. In relation to the new Criminal Code, it is not responsive or democratic in nature, and it is also born through an authoritarian political configuration because of the lack of popular participation in its design.

This research aims to analyze the factors behind the rejection of land vacancy by recipients of land use rights in Numponi Village, East Malaka District, Malacca Regency. Employing an empirical legal research method, the study integrates primary data obtained through interviews and secondary data gathered from literature studies. The data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The findings reveal that the refusal to vacate land stems from a combination of internal and external factors. Internal factors include claims made by the right holders over the land, fulfillment of tax obligations, and the perception of ownership by the recipients of use rights. Meanwhile, external factors involve economic interests, cultural values, the influence of a matrilineal customary system that is not yet fully understood by the disputing parties, and a general lack of public awareness regarding agrarian law and the necessity of formal land documentation such as certificates. The study highlights the critical need for better dissemination of agrarian legal knowledge and formal land administration practices within local communities to prevent future disputes and ensure legal certainty over land use rights.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is a crucial factor in improving infant growth and health during the first six months of life. However, the achievement of exclusive breastfeeding is often influenced by various maternal factors, including the mother’s occupation. Working mothers frequently face challenges related to time constraints, workplace support, and breastfeeding facilities, which may affect their ability to provide exclusive breastfeeding. Understanding the relationship between maternal occupation and exclusive breastfeeding is essential to improve breastfeeding promotion programs at primary health care levels. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between mother’s occupation and exclusive breastfeeding at the Posi Posi Community Health Center. Methods: This study employed an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 30 mothers who had infants aged 6–12 months, selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and maternal health records. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test to examine the relationship between mother’s occupation and exclusive breastfeeding practices. Results: The results showed a statistically significant relationship between mother’s occupation and exclusive breastfeeding practices. The Wilcoxon test analysis obtained a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating that maternal occupation significantly influenced the provision of exclusive breastfeeding at the Posi Posi Community Health Center. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between mother’s occupation and exclusive breastfeeding. Working mothers tend to experience more barriers in providing exclusive breastfeeding compared to non-working mothers. Strengthening workplace support, breastfeeding-friendly policies, and continuous health education is recommended to improve exclusive breastfeeding coverage.

Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is an important action in the early detection of breast cancer. Early detection plays a crucial role in increasing the success rate of treatment and reducing mortality from breast cancer. This study aims to determine the effect of leaflet-based health education about BSE on increasing knowledge among Women of Childbearing Age in the Tarailu Health Center Work Area, Mamuju Regency. The research method used is quantitative research with a Quasi-Experimental research design and a "One Group Pretest-Posttest" design using a purposive sampling technique with a sample of 40 respondents. The results of the study show a significant increase in the respondents' knowledge after being given leaflet-based health education about BSE. Based on the paired sample t-test, a T value of -5.182 was obtained with a p-value of 0.00 < 0.005. This indicates that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning there is an effect of health education about BSE on increasing knowledge among Women of Childbearing Age in the Tarailu Health Center Work Area, Mamuju Regency, in 2024. This study provides useful information to raise awareness about the importance of breast self-examination as an early detection step for breast cancer among women of childbearing age in the area.

C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are general marker for inflammation and Arterial damage results from white blood cell invasion. This study aims to assess the level  of inflammatory markers C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) in preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Fourty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Blood samples was spun in a bucket centrifuge at 2500 RPM (rounds per minute) for 10 minutes after which plasma was collected and stored frozen in plain sample bottles and was analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels by fluorescence immuno assay. Data obtained from this study were analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results generated were expressed as mean ± SEM and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.  The present study showed that there was statistically significant increase in the level of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) in preeclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant women, indicating various underlying pathophysiological processes such as inflammation.

Beyond Use Date or BUD is the time limit for a non-sterile or sterile mixed preparation not to be stored and used, calculated from the date or time of compounding. BUD indicates the time limit for the preparation to be in a stable state so it is very necessary to determine the BUD time. This article aims to review BUD information on 20 types of injection preparations in one of the Bandung City Hospitals conducted in 2024 using information collection methods from various sources such as related drug brochures, LexiDrug, and Drug Information Handbook. The results of the study of 13 therapeutic classes with 20 types of injection preparations show that each sterile preparation has different characteristics (active substance, solvent, dosage form and its components, duration of therapy, and storage), thus affecting the stability after reconstitution of each preparation, both those determined by each pharmaceutical industry and information obtained from LexiDrug and Drug Information Handbook. The results of this study can be used as a reference in making more applicable guidelines in determining the BUD of injection preparations in one of the Bandung City Hospitals.

Traditional medicine is currently developing rapidly, especially those based on plants. Active plant compounds are the main basis for the development of new drugs, which after further research, can be commercialized and used in pharmaceutical treatment. This review was conducted to identify the pharmacological effects of active drug compounds isolated from medicinal plants by conducting a literature study. The results of the literature review contained 37 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Until now, there are several active drug compounds from plants that are sold commercially in the form of modern drugs. Some of the pharmacological effects found are cardiac glycosides, anticholinergics, antiplatelets, analgesics, anticancer, sympathomimetics and antimalarials. This search shows that natural materials are still used as a potential source of active drug compounds, thus encouraging research to find new active compounds from medicinal plants to overcome diseases in the future.

Self-efficacy is a psychological factor that plays an important role in shaping nurses’ work attitudes and behaviors, including job satisfaction. Nurses’ job satisfaction affects the quality of nursing care and workforce sustainability in hospitals. This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and job satisfaction among nurses at FMC Hospital in 2025. This study employed a quantitative correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of all actively working nurses at FMC Hospital, totaling 83 respondents, selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS). Data analysis was conducted using univariate and bivariate analyses with the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results showed that most nurses had a high level of self-efficacy (98.8%), and all respondents were categorized as satisfied with their jobs. The Spearman Rank correlation test revealed a significant positive relationship with a moderate strength between self-efficacy and job satisfaction (ρ = 0.415; p < 0.001). In conclusion, higher self-efficacy is associated with higher job satisfaction among nurses. Therefore, strengthening nurses’ self-efficacy should be considered an important strategy in hospital human resource management.

This study aims to describe the quality of sleep in cigarette addicts, especially among young adults aged 18-24 years. Smoking, which has become a habit for many individuals, can cause dependence, one of which is caused by nicotine which disrupts sleep quality. Based on WHO data (2015), Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest number of smokers in the world, which has an impact on physical and psychological health, including sleep disorders. This research used a quantitative approach with descriptive methods and survey techniques by distributing The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire to 12 respondents. The results showed that 100% of respondents experienced poor sleep quality, with the majority experiencing sleep disturbances less than once a week and daytime activity dysfunction more than three times a week. This research confirms the relationship between cigarette addiction and poor sleep quality in young adults. Based on these findings, it is recommended that smokers avoid nicotine before bed, establish a regular sleep schedule, and create a relaxing sleep routine to improve the quality of their sleep.

Exclusive breastfeeding is the primary and best source of nutrition for infants. The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends exclusive breastfeeding due to its numerous benefits for infant growth, particularly during the first six months of life. However, the significance of breastfeeding is often not conveyed effectively to nursing mothers, resulting in many failing to exclusively breastfeed their babies and opting instead for formula milk or other types of food. One reason for this failure is the lack of information provided to mothers, which weakens their motivation to consistently provide exclusive breastfeeding to their babies aged 0-6 months. To address this issue, a counseling session was conducted in Sayar Subdistrict, Serang City, with 15 participants. The session employed a pre-test and post-test method using a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions to measure the participants' knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. The assessment was divided into three categories: good knowledge, adequate knowledge, and poor knowledge. The pre-test results showed that 13% of participants had good knowledge, 20% had adequate knowledge, and 67% had poor knowledge. After the counseling session, the results improved significantly, with 87% of participants categorized as having good knowledge, 13% with adequate knowledge, and none in the poor knowledge category. With this improved understanding of exclusive breastfeeding, it is hoped that the participants will be able to implement exclusive breastfeeding for their babies.

Breast cancer and its consequences have become a public health problem globally due to the impact of health disorders caused and the most severe impact is leading to death. Changes in diet and eating culture (fast food and lack of intake of vegetables and fruits) are one of the lifestyle changes that occur in adolescents today. Teenagers are more likely to consume foods that follow trends without looking at the nutritional status or content contained in the food. Fast food (junk food) contains a lot of dyes, preservatives, artificial flavors and how to process them by frying at high temperatures or burning. The habit of not eating less fatty foods (fruits and vegetables) and the habit of consuming red and processed meat also triggers the occurrence of tumors. One of the prevention of breast cancer is by conducting early detection of breast cancer which can be done with breast self-examination (SADARI). The purpose of this community service activity is to increase adolescents' knowledge about breast cancer and detect the early occurrence of breast cancer through breast self-examination (SADARI), This service activity involves adolescent girls in grade VIII aged 13-15 years At SMP Negeri 1 Unter Iwes, the implementation has been carried out on August 19, 2024. Service is carried out starting from preparation to evaluation. The method used in service is the method of socialization and application (application) directly in the field. The results of the evaluation showed that there was an increase in the knowledge and skills of grade VIII students after being given health education. Judging from the results of the post test, which is higher than the average pre test. 

This research is about the influence of biochar, a carbon-rich material from biomass pyrolysis, on soil quality in a sustainable agricultural system. Biochar plays an important role in increasing soil organic content, improving soil structure, increasing crop productivity, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Research results show that biochar application can increase air and nutrient retention, improve soil biological activity, and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers. In addition, biochar contributes to climate change mitigation through carbon storage and reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers. Thus, biochar has great potential as an innovative solution to support productive and environmentally friendly agriculture. Biochar also helps to create a more productive and environmentally friendly farming system, making it relevant as an innovative solution in supporting agriculture.

Soil microorganisms have an important role in improving soil health and supporting sustainable organic agriculture. They contribute to the decomposition of organic matter, management of nutrient cycles, control of pathogens, and improvement of soil structure. This research explores the role of microorganisms, such as bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and actinobacteria, in supporting soil fertility by increasing the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plants, as well as improving soil quality by increasing water retention capacity and reducing erosion. These microorganisms also act as biocontrol agents that inhibit pathogens, thereby reducing the need for chemical pesticides. However, managing soil microorganisms faces major challenges due to environmentally unfriendly agricultural practices, such as the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. This research emphasizes the importance of implementing sustainable agricultural principles to conserve soil microorganisms and maintain the health of the soil ecosystem as a whole. This study aims to provide insight into the role of soil microorganisms in increasing organic agricultural yields and recommend more effective and environmentally friendly management. These findings are expected to support the development of more productive and sustainable organic agriculture.  

This journal discusses legal certainty for healthcare workers in cases of malpractice resulting from violations of working hours. The primary focus of this study is to identify the legal responsibilities that can be imposed on healthcare workers and the legal protections available to them. Through an analysis of regulations under Law No. 17 of 2023, the article finds that although a clear legal framework exists, challenges remain in its implementation. The study also highlights the importance of transparent and fair resolution procedures to protect the rights of healthcare workers and patients. Therefore, collaborative efforts between the government, professional organizations, and healthcare institutions are needed to create a safe and supportive work environment.

The Regional Head Election (Pilkada) in Indonesia serves as a means of popular sovereignty for electing Governors and Deputy Governors, Regents and Deputy Regents, as well as Mayors and Deputy Mayors. This is a consequence of being a country that adheres to a democratic system. In every election period, Pilkada always faces various challenges, including changing regulations, implementation issues, and oversight mechanisms. One inevitable issue is election violations. The Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) of Karawang, as part of the election organizing body, is responsible for overseeing the implementation of Pilkada in Karawang Regency.One of its programs involves conducting participatory supervision socialization across 30 districts in Karawang Regency. This participatory supervision aims to encourage the public to actively and voluntarily engage in monitoring efforts to ensure an honest and fair Pilkada with integrity.