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Classroom Action Research (CAR) is a widely used approach to improve teaching practices through iterative cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection. Despite its popularity, many studies report methodological weaknesses, particularly in ensuring coherence between research problem formulation, objectives, and success indicators. This study aims to examine the alignment among these three key components in CAR studies using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Data were collected from peer-reviewed articles indexed in Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online, ERIC, and Google Scholar, published between 2015 and 2025. The study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and final inclusion of relevant studies. A qualitative thematic synthesis was applied to analyze patterns in the relationship between problem formulation, research objectives, and success indicators. The findings show that CAR problem formulations are generally contextual and based on classroom issues, while research objectives function as operational translations of these problems. Success indicators are used as measurable criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. However, inconsistencies are still found in several studies, such as misalignment between objectives and problems or poorly defined success indicators. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of conceptual coherence to improve the quality and credibility of CAR research designs.

In today's digital age, students prefer to switch from conventional learning resources to online media platforms. This convenience presents many problems related to students' lack of information literacy and critical thinking skills. This study aims to describe the behavior and preferences of 10th grade students at SMA Negeri 3 Magelang in using digital media as an academic reference source. The research method used in this study was descriptive quantitative using a Likert scale questionnaire distributed to 35 10th grade students as respondents. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques to identify trends in student behavior. The findings of this study indicate that most students are very active in exploring the internet, using search engines such as Google and watching educational videos on YouTube to find references/references for school assignments. Many students began to show critical awareness by cross-checking the accuracy of information and comparing several digital sources before using them. However, there were still variations in the ability to distinguish credible information and persistence in consistently citing sources in the bibliography.Overall, students feel that digital media greatly supports them in understanding lesson material more quickly, but they still need additional guidance to improve their digital literacy so that the use of technology can continue to support responsible academic achievement.

This study aims to examine in depth the impact of using ChatGPT as a supporting learning medium on the conceptual understanding of mathematics among eleventh-grade students at MA Aisyiyah Sungguminasa. The background of this research arises from the low level of students’ comprehension of mathematical concepts, as reflected in frequent mistakes in solving problems, difficulties in connecting one concept to another, and a lack of confidence in problem-solving. This condition indicates the need for innovative learning approaches that can provide more interactive, detailed, and easily understood explanations for students. The research method employed was descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. The research subjects consisted of eleventh-grade students who utilized ChatGPT in learning mathematics, particularly on the topics of functions and quadratic equations. Data collection techniques included direct classroom observation, in-depth interviews with students and teachers, and analysis of students’ work produced with the assistance of ChatGPT. The findings revealed that the use of ChatGPT had a positive impact on improving students’ understanding of mathematical concepts. Students became more capable of grasping fundamental ideas, following systematic steps in problem-solving, and applying mathematical concepts in different contexts. Moreover, ChatGPT fostered independent learning, increased curiosity, and encouraged the development of students’ critical thinking skills. Nevertheless, challenges were also identified, such as students’ potential dependency on the application and the risk of misinterpretation without proper guidance. Therefore, the integration of ChatGPT into learning should be carried out under the supervision of teachers to ensure that learning outcomes are more effective, optimal, and sustainable.

This research is motivated by the problems faced by students in understanding fictional texts. Many students struggle to connect literary content with their personal experiences or real-life contexts, resulting in low reading interest, poor comprehension, and limited participation in literature learning. To address this issue, this study aims to develop an electronic module on fictional works based on Bogor’s local wisdom, to be integrated into Indonesian language learning at the secondary school level. The module is designed using local folk stories from the Bogor region—such as legends, myths, and traditional tales—which are rich in cultural and moral values. This approach seeks to make literary material more relatable, contextual, and meaningful for students, thus enhancing their engagement and understanding. This research employs the Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, which consists of five stages: 1) Analysis, 2) Design, 3) Development, 4) Implementation, and 5) Evaluation. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews with teachers and students, expert validation (media, content, and language), and questionnaires to assess students’ responses to the developed module. The results indicate that the module received a very high level of validation from experts: 94.4% from media experts, 96.6% from content experts, and the Sundanese translation was reviewed and verified by language experts. Student responses during both initial and main trials showed that the module was categorized as highly feasible and effective. These findings demonstrate that the electronic module meets technical, pedagogical, and cultural standards. In conclusion, this study contributes to the development of culturally responsive teaching materials and offers an innovative and engaging alternative for literature instruction. It also supports students in deepening their appreciation for local culture while improving their ability to understand and analyze fictional texts more effectively.

This study aims to systematically examine the use  of interactive physics e-modules based in Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in improving students’ critical and creative thinking skills. The research method employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA protocol. Literature search was conducted through online databases such as Google Scholar, Garuda, OneSearch, and Publish or Perish using keywords: “interactive e-module”, “problem-based learning”, “students’ critical thinking”, “students’ creative thingking”, and “physics learning media”. After applying inclusion-exclusion criteria, 30  relevant articles were selected for analysis. The findings indicate that PBL-based e-modules are effective in enhancing higher-order thinking skills, particularly in analyzing problems, providing logical arguments, and generating innovative solutions. Moreover, interavtive e-modules contribute significantly to increasing student motivation and active participation during the learning process. Therefore, the use of PBL-based interactive physics e-modules can serve as a strategic alternative for educational innovation in the digital era, especially in fortering students’ critical and creative thinking abilities.

This study aims to examine the application of the Hungarian method in solving assignment problems based on linear programming, particularly in optimizing work time allocation. Through a literature review of 15 research articles, it was found that the Hungarian method consistently proves effective in improving work efficiency, reducing time waste, and optimally matching resources with appropriate tasks. These studies reported reductions in work time ranging from 3 to 663 minutes after applying the method, depending on the complexity and context of each case. Additionally, integrating the Hungarian method with software tools such as POM-QM and LINGO further accelerates the optimization process. The findings indicate that the Hungarian method is a practical, flexible, and relevant mathematical approach across various sectors, supporting operational decision-making in an objective and efficient manner.

Number sense is a person's perspective on a number and its calculations. A person with a good sense of numbers can use various methods and strategies to solve complex problems. This research is motivated by the lack of number sense, this is because the methods used in the learning process still use traditional mathematics teaching. This research is an ex post facto research where data is reviewed with a qualitative approach and presented descriptively. The results of the study show that the level of number sense in elementary school students is able to understand the basic meaning of numbers and operations, use the right benchmarks, assess the fairness of the results, but have not been able to realize the relative and absolute magnitude of a number.

This research aims to investigate the obstacles faced by students in understanding vector field material in the Vector Calculus course. The basis of this study is the low understanding of students regarding abstract concepts in vector calculus, particularly related to vector fields, the del operator, gradients, and directional derivatives. The method applied in this research is qualitative, utilizing questionnaires distributed to three students from the fourth semester. The research findings indicate that students encounter major challenges in visualizing vector fields in three-dimensional space, understanding the differentiation process related to gradients, and associating directional derivatives with gradients. Several factors contributing to these difficulties include a lack of variation in practice problems and a minimal understanding of basic mathematical concepts. The results of this study highlight the need for a learning approach that focuses more on strengthening concepts, the use of visual media, as well as its application in real contexts so that students can build a deeper understanding of vector field material. The results of this study are expected to provide input for the development of more effective and beneficial vector calculus teaching methods.

This study aims: 1) To determine whether or not there is an influence of the Open Ended Approach on solving mathematical problems of class X APHP students of SMK Negeri 1 Sukaluyu Cianjur, 2) To determine the increase in mathematical problem solving abilities of class X APHP students of SMK Negeri 1 Sukaluyu Cianjur, 3) To determine the effect of the open ended learning approach on mathematical problem solving abilities. The research method used is quasi experimental. The sampling used is Purposive Sampling. The target population in this study were all students at SMK Negeri 1 Sukaluyu Cianjur who were registered in the even semester of the 2024/2025 academic year consisting of 2 classes. The results of the study showed that the open ended learning approach can present more interesting mathematics learning and students become more active in participating. During the study, the researcher observed the learning process. When students are taught using the open ended learning approach, students become more interested in learning to solve mathematical problems.

Errors in basic arithmetic operations are frequently encountered among second-grade elementary students. These issues arise from various factors, including a lack of conceptual understanding, misinterpretation of place value, and limited use of supportive learning media. This article aims to identify common types of mistakes in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division encountered by second-grade students. It also explores effective strategies that teachers and parents can implement to help students overcome these difficulties. Through contextual learning approaches, the use of concrete teaching aids, and personalized guidance, students can develop a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts and reduce the frequency of errors in solving arithmetic problems. This study is expected to serve as a practical reference for teachers, parents, and education practitioners in improving mathematics instruction at the early primary level.  

This study aims to improve mathematics learning outcomes on addition and subtraction material through the use of elevator media in Grade 1 at SDN Pakahan in the 2024/2025 academic year. The problems encountered include low understanding of place value concepts, confusion in the borrowing and carrying process, and monotonous and less varied learning methods. The study employed a classroom action research approach conducted in two cycles, using both quantitative (pre-test and post-test) and qualitative (observation, interviews, and reflective journals) data collection techniques. The results showed an increase in the average student score from 72.2 initially, to 78.8 in the first cycle, and 88.4 in the second cycle, with a learning mastery rate reaching 100%. This improvement was influenced by the use of concrete learning media, increased student motivation, appropriate evaluation questions, and effective classroom management. Thus, the elevator media proved to be effective in enhancing students’ understanding and learning outcomes in basic arithmetic operations.

This research aims to analyze the types of errors made by fifth grade elementary school students in solving mathematical problems. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. The research subjects were 25 students who were selected based on the criteria of various academic abilities and difficulties in problem solving. Data was collected through mathematical problem solving tests, semi-structured interviews, and observations. The research results showed that students' errors in solving mathematical problems were divided into three types, namely: conceptual errors (44%), procedural errors (36%), and calculation errors (20%). Conceptual errors occur due to students' lack of understanding of basic mathematical principles, such as fractional number operations. Procedural errors are caused by students' ignorance in determining systematic steps to solve problems. Meanwhile, calculation errors arise due to students' low accuracy and concentration. This research recommends using a problem-based learning approach and interactive media to increase students' understanding of concepts. Apart from that, providing varied practice questions and feedback can help students correct their mistakes. Thus, students' mathematical problem solving abilities are expected to increase significantly.

Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) is an approach to teaching mathematics that emphasizes the use of real-world contexts to enhance students' understanding and problem-solving abilities. This study explores the implementation of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) at SDN 2 Mataram to enhance students' problem-solving skills in mathematics related to real-life contexts. Observations and interviews with teachers indicate that this approach effectively improves students' understanding and motivation. Through steps such as understanding the contextual problem, explaining, solving, comparing answers, and drawing conclusions, students become more active in learning. RME has proven to help students solve mathematical problems using real-world contexts, such as shopping or measuring objects. This approach positively impacts mathematics instruction at the elementary school level.

This study aims to determine the effect of Polya's strategy in improving students' interpretation ability in solving problems contained in story problems on mixed number operations. The method used in this research is a pre-experimental design method with one-group pretest-posttest design type with quantitative research model. The population used in this study were grade V students of SDN X, Lubang Buaya Village, Cipayung District, East Jakarta as many as 13 students. The research data collection technique is using multiple choice questions and essay instruments given to students at the beginning and end of learning. The results showed that there was an influence on students' interpretation ability in solving math story problems on mixed number counting operation material.  This is evidenced by the results of the Paired Sample T-test data analysis with a significance value <0.05, which is 0.000 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. So it can be concluded that there is an influence on the ability to interpret math story problems on mixed number operations using Polya's learning strategy for fifth grade students at SD X.

This study aims to explain Tan Malaka's ideas about education as the first solution to freeing the Indonesian nation from colonialism and to realize 100% Indonesian independence. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive type with a library research approach, using documentation data collection techniques, so that researchers do not need to go to the field to get information, but collect data from literature sources related to the topic being studied, using data analysis techniques in the form of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of this study are that Indonesia with all the turmoil of problems in the 21st century began to be questioned, is it true that Indonesia is independent and all Indonesian people feel the independence. This question was once raised by the Father of the Republic of Indonesia with a burning spirit to rebuild Indonesia as 100% independent. Education for Tan Malaka is the first step for the Indonesian nation to build quality human resources, then the impact of education is that it can successfully escape from colonialism in any form, Tan Malaka initiated a type of education where all parties can access which is called education for the Indonesian people. He also explained three sources of education, including religion, humans and nature.

This research aims to find out whether there is an influence of audio-visual media on listening skills in class V Indonesian Language subjects at elementary school. This research has several problems, namely the low level of listening skills in Indonesian Language learning which is caused by a lack of maximizing learning methods and media as well as a lack of student involvement in the learning process. This research is a quasi-experimental quantitative. This research sample used Purposive Sampling Technique which consisted of two classes, namely class V A with 23 students as an experimental class using audio visual media and class V B with 23 students as a control class without using media. The data collection technique used in this research is a multiple choice test. The results of the research in the experimental class were with an average pretest score of 57.97 and an average posttest score of 83.19. From the t-test hypothesis, the value of tcount is 8.653 > ttable 1.679 at the significance level (α) = 0.05 and df (n1=n1) -2 = (23+23)-2= 44. This means that H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. So, it can be concluded that there is an influence of audio-visual learning media on students' listening skills in class V Indonesian language learning at elementary school for the 2023/2024 academic year.

This research aims to determine the effect of scrapbook media on the reading comprehension ability of class IV students at UPT SDN 060816 Medan. This research has several problems, namely when students read they do not understand the content of the reading they read. This research is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental type of research. The sample in this study used a saturated sampling technique consisting of two classes, namely class IV A with 32 students as the experimental class using scrapbook media and class IV B with 31 students as the control class without using media. The data collection technique used in this research is a multiple choice test. The research results from both classes, namely the experimental class, had an average score of 45.81 (pretest) and 82.47 (posttest). And the control class has an average of 39.81 (pretest) and 67.90 (posttest). The results of the hypothesis test are the Paired Sample t-Test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results found a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.000 < 0.05. So it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, so there is an influence of scrapbook media on the reading comprehension ability of class IV students at UPT SDN 060816 Medan.

This article aims to describe the implementation of flipbook media in teaching short story writing in class XI SMA Negeri 16 Semarang. The problem in this study is that there is no use of instructional media to construct short story texts in class XI students. Therefore, researchers try to apply flipbook media, especially in learning to compose short story texts. The article that the researcher wrote is a conceptual article. Conceptual article contains ideas In this article data is obtained by direct observation in class. While writing this article is done by identifying and seeking information from relevant data, analyzing the results, then developing and conveying ideas based on the researcher's understanding. Learning outcomes are expected to be more optimal with the use of learning media that is not boring for students. The solution that can be used with these problems is the use of flipbook media. The use of flipbook learning media is expected to be able to overcome the difficulties experienced by students in learning to write short story texts and students are not easily bored in participating in learning.  

The aim of this research is to explore the impact of using the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model on the expository writing skills of class VI students at SDN Bangbayang 2 Elementary School. This research is based on the low level of expository text writing skills of elementary school students, students tend to be less interested in practicing writing. Students consider writing activities to be a difficult task. Problems that often occur in writing activities are the inability to use punctuation, spelling, diction, sentence structure and written content, so it is certain that the results will not be in accordance with the expected competence. The research used an experimental design with a control and experimental group, the experimental group consisted of 30 students at SDN Bangbayang 2 and the control group consisted of 35 students at SDN Bangbayang 1. Data was collected through written  tests before and after the intervention. The results showed that the experimental group  experienced a significant increase in the average posttest score compared to the pretest, while the control group only showed a slight increase in the posttest and pretest. The conclusion of this research is that the integration of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL)model is effective in improving students' expository writing skills.    

This research is a qualitative descriptive research that describes the problem of Indramayu society in the novel Telembuk by Kedung Darma Romansha. The theory used in this research is the theory of literary sociology that focuses on literary work. Data collection techniques use library techniques with careful reading, recording, and describing. Research data presentation techniques use informal techniques using descriptions as explanations. The instrument in this research is the researcher himself. The source of the research data used the novel Telembuk by Kedung Darma Romansha published by Book of Mojok. The results of the research are as follows: the problems of Indramayu society in the novel Telembuk there are six, i.e. (1) economic problems, (2) juvenile misconduct, (3) family disorganization, (4) violation of norms, (5) crime, and (6) women's problems.