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Classroom Action Research (CAR) is a widely used approach to improve teaching practices through iterative cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection. Despite its popularity, many studies report methodological weaknesses, particularly in ensuring coherence between research problem formulation, objectives, and success indicators. This study aims to examine the alignment among these three key components in CAR studies using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Data were collected from peer-reviewed articles indexed in Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online, ERIC, and Google Scholar, published between 2015 and 2025. The study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and final inclusion of relevant studies. A qualitative thematic synthesis was applied to analyze patterns in the relationship between problem formulation, research objectives, and success indicators. The findings show that CAR problem formulations are generally contextual and based on classroom issues, while research objectives function as operational translations of these problems. Success indicators are used as measurable criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. However, inconsistencies are still found in several studies, such as misalignment between objectives and problems or poorly defined success indicators. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of conceptual coherence to improve the quality and credibility of CAR research designs.

The curriculum is one of the important elements in education which functions as a guide for carrying out learning activities at school. The success of education really depends on the teacher's ability to understand and describe the existing curriculum system. This research aims to reveal the importance of teacher accuracy in describing the curriculum system during the learning process at SDN Sumbertlaseh 2 Sumbertlaseh Village. The method applied in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that teachers' accuracy in understanding and explaining the curriculum system can help the learning process take place more efficiently, increase students' understanding of the material being taught, and support the achievement of educational goals more optimally. Therefore, teachers need to improve their understanding of the structure and implementation of the curriculum so that the learning process becomes better.

This study aims to analyze the actualization of administrative service quality in managing school administration at MTs Darussalam Parigi Baru, Pondok Aren District, South Tangerang City, including service implementation, challenges encountered, and improvement efforts. This research employed a qualitative approach using a case study method through observation, interviews, and documentation involving the head of administration, administrative staff, teachers, and students. Data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that administrative services have been implemented reasonably well through the application of excellent service principles, including reliability, responsiveness, responsibility, and effective communication in correspondence and student administration services. However, several challenges remain, such as limited human resources, partially manual filing systems, inadequate administrative facilities, and the absence of well-established standard operating procedures (SOPs). Improvement efforts have been carried out through strengthening work coordination, enhancing staff discipline, and developing a more structured administrative system. This study concludes that the quality of administrative services plays a strategic role in supporting administrative effectiveness and improving the quality of educational services in madrasahs.

This study aims to determine the effect of digital literacy and peer conformity on the critical thinking of grade X students at SMKN 31 Jakarta. The study used a quantitative method with a survey approach. The study population was 217 students, while the research sample was 141 respondents obtained using the Slovin formula. The data collection technique was carried out by distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale. Data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method with the help of the SmartPLS application. The results showed that digital literacy had a positive and significant effect on students' critical thinking. This was evidenced by the path coefficient value of 0.436, the T-statistic value of 6.988, and the P-value of 0.000. Peer conformity also had a positive and significant effect on students' critical thinking with a path coefficient value of 0.447, the T-statistic value of 7.290, and the P-value of 0.000. Furthermore, the R-square test results obtained a value of 0.445, indicating that digital literacy and peer conformity variables were able to explain 44.5% of the critical thinking variable, while the remaining 55.5% was influenced by other factors outside the study. Based on these results, it can be concluded that digital literacy and peer conformity have a positive and significant influence on the critical thinking of 10th-grade students at SMKN 31 Jakarta.

This study aims to determine the effect of Field Work Practice (PKL) and Career Planning on the Job Readiness of grade XII students at SMKN 31 Jakarta. The research employed a quantitative method with a survey approach. The population consisted of all grade XII students of SMKN 31 Jakarta, and a saturated sampling technique was applied so that the entire population became the research sample. Data were collected through questionnaires using a Likert scale and analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, t-tests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination with the assistance of IBM SPSS. The results indicate that Field Work Practice has a positive and significant effect on Job Readiness, with a t-value of 9.967 and a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05). Career Planning also has a positive and significant effect on Job Readiness, with a t-value of 8.318 and a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05). Simultaneously, Field Work Practice and Career Planning significantly influence Job Readiness, as indicated by an F-value of 88.543 and a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05). The regression equation obtained was Y = -1.782 + 0.638X₁ + 0.450X₂. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.571 shows that both variables contribute 57.1% to Job Readiness, while 42.9% is influenced by other factors. The findings suggest that better implementation of PKL and more mature Career Planning are associated with higher levels of student Job Readiness.  

This study aims to examine in depth the professional competence of mathematics teachers through a literature review approach. The method used in this research is a literature review by analyzing ten relevant scientific articles obtained from various credible national and international sources. The study was conducted to identify the factors influencing the professional competence of mathematics teachers and its implications for the quality of learning and students’ learning outcomes. The findings reveal that mathematics teachers’ professional competence plays a significant role in improving the effectiveness of the learning process, students’ critical thinking skills, and mathematics learning achievement. Factors influencing professional competence include continuous training, academic supervision, teacher certification, teaching experience, intrinsic motivation, and the integration of digital technology in learning activities. In addition, professional competence is closely related to pedagogical competence in supporting students’ mathematical skills. The findings of this study emphasize that the development of mathematics teachers’ professionalism should be carried out systematically, continuously, and adaptively to technological advancements in order to improve the quality of mathematics education in the digital era.

This study aims to describe the shift in language variety within the student social media ecosystem and analyze its relevance to strengthening the use of formal Indonesian in higher education. The development of digital communication technology has created new interaction patterns that influence students' lexical choices, syntactic structures, and discourse construction. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method with a sociolinguistic approach. Data were obtained through documentation of students' social media posts over three months, in-depth interviews, and analysis of academic essay texts. The analysis was conducted through data reduction, categorization, interpretation, and verification using source and method triangulation techniques to ensure data validity. The results indicate four dominant forms of language shift: code-mixing, the use of digital abbreviations, non-standard vocabulary, and simplification of sentence structure. These shifts are partially carried over into academic writing and affect grammatical accuracy, sentence effectiveness, and text coherence. However, digital language practices also demonstrate students' linguistic creativity and social identity construction. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating digital literacy and language awareness-based learning into the higher education curriculum to maintain formal Indonesian standards without ignoring sociolinguistic dynamics in the digital space.

Cultural maintenance in Indonesia aims to preserve the cultural diversity of the Indonesian people, including traditions, arts, languages, customs, and cultural values. Culture plays a role in the formation of groups about the traditions of life inherited in society. One of the film's works reflecting people's lives was Melody Kota Rusa. Against the backdrop of Papuan culture, the film features traditions, customs, beliefs, and values still held in high esteem by the indigenous Papuan people. The existence of the movie Melody Kota Rusa can be an information medium about cultural ecology wisdom. The film can also be understood as a tool to convey messages and information to students. That the culture in Indonesia is so numerous and vast that it's assembled through the medium of storytelling. This study focused on the cultural ecology contained in the movie Melody Kota Rusa. The analysis in this study aims to explore the forms of cultural ecology that appear in the film Melody Kota Rusa, using semiotics studies to identify the cultural ecological symbols contained in the film, by applying Julian H. Rusa's theory of cultural ecology. Steward. This study uses a qualitative method, in which research is conducted with descriptive properties through analytical methods to collect data, sampling or data sources in this study by watching Melody Kota Rusa films carefully all scenes, dialogs, music, visual images, and other subjects. The film's setting is related to Papuan culture. Data collection techniques with triangulation and data analysis are qualitative.

Critical thinking skills are considered a fundamental skill essential for facing the challenges and complex issues of the 21st century. One teaching strategy considered effective in fostering these skills is the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method. This study aims to describe the application of PBL in the teaching and learning process and its impact on strengthening students' critical thinking skills. The approach used in this research is classroom action research (CAR) with descriptive qualitative methods. The study results revealed that the use of PBL can improve students' critical thinking skills, particularly in the aspects of interpretation, analysis, and assessment. In addition, the implementation of PBL also has a positive impact on increasing student activeness, collaboration skills, and independence in the learning process. Obstacles encountered during the learning process can be minimized through the application of appropriate strategies, such as providing scaffolding and optimizing the use of digital-based learning resources. These findings make an important contribution to the development of more effective teaching methods in improving the quality of students' critical thinking in schools, as well as offering practical solutions for teachers to increase student engagement in problem-based learning.

This study discusses the role of the school principal in building the discipline character of students at SD Negeri 51/1 Simpang Kubu Kandang. The issue at hand is the low level of discipline and the underdeveloped character of the students, which hinders the teaching and learning process. This study aims to analyze the principal's role, the challenges faced, and the efforts made in shaping the students' discipline character. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach, and data analysis techniques include reduction, presentation, and verification. The findings show that the principal plays a role as a leader who provides direction, a supervisor who monitors the implementation of policies, and a motivator who encourages students to improve their discipline. The challenges faced include the lack of control over students' discipline outside the school and the low awareness of students in applying disciplined behavior. The solutions implemented by the principal include providing role models, guidance, reprimands, and carrying out habituation activities to instill discipline. This study provides an overview of the important role of the school principal in creating a discipline culture that supports the teaching and learning process.

This study aims to examine in depth the impact of using ChatGPT as a supporting learning medium on the conceptual understanding of mathematics among eleventh-grade students at MA Aisyiyah Sungguminasa. The background of this research arises from the low level of students’ comprehension of mathematical concepts, as reflected in frequent mistakes in solving problems, difficulties in connecting one concept to another, and a lack of confidence in problem-solving. This condition indicates the need for innovative learning approaches that can provide more interactive, detailed, and easily understood explanations for students. The research method employed was descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. The research subjects consisted of eleventh-grade students who utilized ChatGPT in learning mathematics, particularly on the topics of functions and quadratic equations. Data collection techniques included direct classroom observation, in-depth interviews with students and teachers, and analysis of students’ work produced with the assistance of ChatGPT. The findings revealed that the use of ChatGPT had a positive impact on improving students’ understanding of mathematical concepts. Students became more capable of grasping fundamental ideas, following systematic steps in problem-solving, and applying mathematical concepts in different contexts. Moreover, ChatGPT fostered independent learning, increased curiosity, and encouraged the development of students’ critical thinking skills. Nevertheless, challenges were also identified, such as students’ potential dependency on the application and the risk of misinterpretation without proper guidance. Therefore, the integration of ChatGPT into learning should be carried out under the supervision of teachers to ensure that learning outcomes are more effective, optimal, and sustainable.

This study aims to examine the management of facilities and infrastructure at Dayah Ar-Raudhah Lhokseumawe, a traditional Islamic educational institution in Aceh. As an institution that combines Islamic values with a pesantren-based education system, adequate facilities and infrastructure are crucial for supporting the teaching and learning process and fostering the character of its students. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to comprehensively describe how the management of facilities such as classrooms, dormitories, mosques, public kitchens, and libraries is carried out practically and contextually. Data were obtained through direct observation and in-depth interviews with the dayah leadership, facility managers, and students, complemented by visual documentation. The results indicate that limited operational funds are a major obstacle hindering the optimal development of facilities and infrastructure. Furthermore, the lack of professional technical personnel also hinders the ongoing maintenance of facilities. However, the active participation of students and dayah staff in environmental maintenance and cleanliness activities has a positive impact on facility utilization. Routine mutual cooperation activities, a sense of shared responsibility, and a religious approach to maintaining cleanliness and well-being are unique strengths of Dayah Ar-Raudhah. This study recommends several strategic steps, such as partnering with external parties for fundraising, technical training for staff and students, and developing an internal educational program that emphasizes the importance of facility maintenance as part of Islamic values. This participatory, values-based management model is expected to inspire and serve as a reference for other dayahs in the Aceh region in building healthy, clean, and sustainable learning environments.

This study aims to examine the application of interactive multimedia in improving students' understanding of the concept of science and natural sciences on living things in grade III of elementary school. The method used is a literature study by analyzing various scientific journals, articles, and related documents. Data analysis was carried out using the Miles and Huberman model which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that interactive multimedia makes a significant contribution in helping students understand abstract living things. This media presents information visually and verbally through images, sound, video, and animation, thereby increasing student involvement both cognitively and emotionally. The use of interactive multimedia also encourages active and scientific learning approaches such as observing, asking, and trying, which are in accordance with the cognitive development stage of elementary school students. Various studies have shown that the use of interactive multimedia improves learning outcomes by up to 25% compared to conventional methods. The main obstacle in its implementation is the limited facilities and ability of teachers to operate technology, but this can be overcome with training and support from various parties. In conclusion, interactive multimedia is effective as a learning aid to strengthen the understanding of science and natural sciences concepts, and is very relevant to the demands of 21st century learning which requires innovation, collaboration, and optimal use of technology in the classroom.

Instilling the value of unity from an early age is essential in shaping a young generation with tolerance and the ability to live harmoniously in diversity. However, the teaching of Pancasila in elementary schools is still largely carried out through conventional approaches that inadequately address students’ affective development. Instruction often remains teacher-centered and lacks interaction, making it difficult for students to internalize national values in their daily lives. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing the Think Pair Share (TPS) model in enhancing students’ understanding of the value of unity in sixth-grade Pancasila education. The research employed a qualitative approach using a literature review method. Data were collected from scholarly journals, books, and relevant studies published between 2020 and 2025. The data were analyzed using content analysis techniques to explore the patterns of TPS implementation and its impact on students’ comprehension of unity. The findings reveal that the TPS model fosters a collaborative, inclusive, and participatory learning environment, enabling students to grasp and internalize the value of unity more deeply. The stages of TPS—thinking, pairing, and sharing—provide students with opportunities to express opinions, listen to others' perspectives, and reach shared understanding. In addition to improving academic outcomes, this model also significantly contributes to the development of character and social attitudes. In conclusion, the TPS model is an effective and relevant teaching strategy for instilling Pancasila values, particularly unity, within the context of 21st-century learning and the Merdeka Curriculum, which emphasizes active, contextual, and character-based education.

This study was motivated by the condition of students who are still lacking in literacy activities carried out by the school in the morning 15 minutes before learning begins. This study aims to determine Teacher Efforts in Improving Students' Literacy Skills through the Reading Corner at MI SALAMAH Jambi City, the method used in this study is qualitative using data collection instruments in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. The data sources are the Principal, Class Teachers, and students, Data analysis techniques used are Data Reduction, Data Display, and Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that, Teacher Efforts in Improving Students' Literacy Skills through the Reading Corner at MI Salamah Jambi City have been implemented well, for example, children can already speak well and correctly but there are also those who still cannot speak correctly. Supporting and inhibiting factors in Teacher Efforts in Improving Students' Literacy Skills through the Reading Corner at MI Salamah Jambi City, The supporting factors are such as facilities and infrastructure, having a reading corner in the classroom, and environmental factors. While the inhibiting factors are, the books in the reading corner are inadequate, and still incomplete, as well as factors within the students and parents. Teachers' efforts to improve students' literacy skills through the reading corner are by utilizing existing facilities, and always providing motivation to students and increasing the number of books in the reading corner.

This research is motivated by the low interest and skills of class X students of SMKS PAB 5 Klambir Lima which is caused by less interesting teaching methods and minimal innovation of learning media utilized during teaching and learning activities in the classroom. This study aims to develop comic learning media on negotiation text material for class X students. The research methodology uses research and development with the ADDIE model consisting of five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The population in the study were class X students of SMKS PAB 5 Klambir Lima with a sample size of 28 students. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, then analyzed using a Likert scale, mean, and the N-Gain formula to obtain valid and accurate results. The results of the study indicate that the comics developed were declared very feasible by media experts 96%, language experts 96%, and material experts 92%. The level of practicality of the comics also obtained very practical results with teacher responses of 4.7 and students 3.30. In addition, the results of the effectiveness of comics show an increase in students' writing skills, with an average N-Gain of 81.35% in the effective category. This study shows that comics can be an alternative teaching material that supports the learning process and learning outcomes experience significant development.

Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) is an effective approach to improve mathematics learning outcomes while providing students with opportunities to gain real experience in understanding mathematical concepts. Data analysis used by comparing two cycles obtained from student learning evaluation results. The results of the study illustrate that there was a significant increase after using a realistic approach. This study aims to improve the understanding of the concept of distance between points in MA AISYIYAH PALEMBANG students using a realistic approach. This method uses the Class Level Approach (CAR) research method which is carried out in two cycles. Data were collected through conceptual understanding, observation, and documentation.

The Index Card Match learning model is an active and enjoyable strategy that enhances student involvement in learning activities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Index Card Match model in increasing student participation in thematic learning for 3rd-grade elementary school students. The research used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results showed that the Index Card Match model effectively increased student activity in the learning process through paired card matching activities involving questions and answers. Additionally, this model fosters a fun and interactive classroom environment that encourages students to be more confident and expressive. Therefore, the Index Card Match model is effective in boosting student participation and offers teachers an alternative to deliver meaningful and engaging learning experiences.

This study aims to analyze the extent to which halal certification and customer satisfaction affect consumer loyalty at Daifuku Mochi in Sangatta Utara. The approach used is quantitative with field research methods. Data were obtained through questionnaires, direct observation at the store, and documentation. The study population amounted to 1000 people, and the sample was determined as many as 50 respondents using the quota sampling technique. The analysis was carried out with multiple linear regression which resulted in the equation Y = 2,394 + 0.360X1 + 0.541X2, indicating a positive influence between the two independent variables on consumer loyalty. The t-test results show that customer satisfaction has a significant effect on loyalty (tcount 3.166 > ttable 2.011; sig. 0.003 < 0.05), while halal certification is not partially significant (tcount 1.443 < ttable 2.011; sig. 0.156 > 0.05). However, simultaneously, both have a significant effect on consumer loyalty (Fcount 6.171 > Ftable 3.19; sig. 0.004 <0.05). The R² value of 0.375 indicates that 37.5% of the variation in customer loyalty can be explained by the two variables, while the rest is influenced by other factors outside this study.

This study aims to analyze the use of technology, especially QR Code, in mathematics learning in elementary schools. Using a literature review method, data was collected from various relevant national and international journals. The results of the study indicate that the integration of QR Code in mathematics learning has proven effective in improving student learning outcomes, interest, and engagement. QR Code is used in various forms of media, such as Student Worksheets (LKS), comics, flash cards, posters, and interactive videos, which support contextual, visual, and independent learning. The application of QR Code also helps students understand abstract concepts, improves numeracy and spatial skills, and supports the development of 21st century skills. This study concludes that the use of QR Code is an innovative strategy and is feasible to be applied in mathematics learning at the elementary school level.