This study aims to explain the distribution network of cow’s milk and its impact on farmers’ income on the slopes of Merapi. The research uses a qualitative approach. The research is located in Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. The subject of this research is the farmer-herder community in the Cangkringan District. The informants consisted of 7 farmers, eight distributors, and three koperasi employees, and the study was conducted for 2 months. The data collection techniques were interviews, observations, and documentation. The validity of the data is tested through source and method triangulation techniques. Data is analyzed qualitatively, including data collection, condensation, presentation, and conclusion. Farmers are assisted by cooperatives in the milk production process, from cow care to milking. The co-operative is a means of supporting the income of dairy farmers. Milk distribution in Wukirsari is carried out by cooperatives to milk agents, milk processing industries, culinary milk, and directly to consumers. Farmers’ income in Wukirsari depends on the daily milk farmers’ deposit or value. However, the income is still insufficient to meet the needs because the cost of cow care and cow feed cuts it. Therefore, farmers make up for the lack of needs with part-time jobs such as collecting wood, selling calves, and selling grass.

In this article, we discuss the nature of human beings as learning creatures and creatures who are always dependent on Allah SWT as contained in QS. Al-'Alaq verses 1-5. What is a special fact in this article is the urgency of understanding Islamic education in answering modern challenges through strengthening the values of monotheism and spirituality. The purpose of this study is to analyze in depth the meaning of education and human existence in the perspective of tarbawi interpretation of the early verses of surah al-'alaq. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of library research. The data collection technique uses literature review by studying verses of the Qur'an. Data analysis was carried out in a descriptive-qualitative manner with an interpretative approach to the text and the thoughts of experts. The results of the study show that qs. al-'alaq 1-5 affirms that man was created as a learning creature who obtains knowledge from Allah and in the process of learning always needs His guidance. This article emphasizes that the theory of Islamic education must be based on the theory of education should be based on the principle of monotheism which combines intellectual intelligence and spiritual awareness.

Indonesia, as a country with a pluralistic legal system, faces challenges in harmonizing customary law and state law, particularly in resolving disputes over customary land that involve traditional values of indigenous communities. This study aims to analyze how customary values are integrated with state law through a case study of court decision Number 94/Pdt.G/2022/PN Jap. The research employs a qualitative approach with content analysis techniques applied to court decision documents, supported by relevant literature reviews. The findings reveal that the court in this case not only applied positive legal norms but also considered relevant customary aspects, including the legitimacy of indigenous leaders and the recognition of communal land rights (ulayat). The panel of judges issued a decision that accommodated customary values in accordance with Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, while still adhering to the formal procedures of state law. This study identifies challenges in integrating customary law into the national legal system, such as the lack of formal regulations related to customary courts and the limited understanding of legal officers regarding local cultural contexts.

This literature review investigates the role of HRM as a strategic factor in boosting institutional performance, competitiveness, and organizational resilience in educational institutions. By analyzing five selected academic articles, the study identifies three core HRM approaches: best practices, contingency, and configurational models. Key focuses include competency development, technological integration, and transformational leadership in fostering a productive and adaptive work environment. Findings reveal that strategic HRM significantly contributes to organizational sustainability amid global challenges. The study recommends a human-centered, data-driven approach to establish a sustainable HRM framework for educational institutions.

Air adalah senyawa kimia yang sangat vital bagi kehidupan, dan salah satu metode untuk mendapatkan air bersih adalah melalui sumur bor. Meskipun air dari sumur bor sering digunakan untuk keperluan sehari-hari seperti mandi, mencuci, dan memasak, kualitasnya sering kali kurang diperhatikan. Dengan adanya teknologi Internet of Things (IoT), pemantauan kualitas air dapat dilakukan dengan lebih mudah dan efisien. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode prototipe, dengan pengumpulan data yang dilakukan melalui studi pustaka dan observasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sistem pemantauan kualitas air bor berfungsi dengan baik, menampilkan data suhu berkisar antara 10,51-23,99°C (standar suhu normal air bersih idealnya 10-25°C), kekeruhan sebesar 26,52-29,50 NTU (standar maksimum kekeruhan air adalah 25 NTU), dan pH antara 5,17-9,19 (standar pH air adalah 6,5-8,5), yang dapat diakses melalui aplikasi Blynk. Kesimpulannya, air dari sumur bor di beberapa lokasi sampel memenuhi standar kualitas yang ditetapkan oleh Dinas Kesehatan, dengan Arduino dan NodeMCU berfungsi secara optimal dalam memproses serta mengirim data secara real-time.

This research looks at the part of politeness strategies in cross-cultural communication, concentrating on Asian, European, and African cultures. A qualitative approach was used, and data were gathered through intercultural dialogues and interviews with 30 participants. The results show important cultural differences in using positive and negative politeness strategies. Asian cultures focused on indirectness, honorifics, and non-verbal cues to preserve harmony and hierarchical respect, while European cultures combined directness with mitigation methods like humor and politeness markers. African cultures used inclusive language, storytelling, and indirectness to build group cohesion. This study emphasizes the significance of intercultural competence for handling cultural differences and enhancing communication in various environments. 
 

Linguistics plays a crucial role in studying and understanding the structure of language, including in the context of Arabic. The Arabic language, with its complex system of morphology, syntax, and phonology, requires an in-depth linguistic approach to analyze its grammatical structure. This study aims to explore how linguistic theories, such as phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, contribute to understanding the basic structure of Arabic. Through linguistic approaches, a clearer and more structured understanding of sentence structure, word patterns, and the relationships between language elements can be achieved. This paper also discusses the challenges faced in applying linguistic theories to Arabic, as well as the importance of a linguistic approach in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. The findings of this study are expected to provide broader insights into the role of linguistics in learning and teaching Arabic more effectively and systematically. 

This study aims to explore the strategy of literacy-based learning in Islamic Religious Education (IRE) to enhance students' understanding of Islam. Through a literature review approach, this research analyzes various sources related to the implementation of literacy in IRE teaching and its impact on students' comprehension of Islamic teachings. The findings indicate that literacy-based learning enhances students' critical skills in understanding religious texts and enriches their understanding of Islam in a practical context. Moreover, this strategy plays a key role in character building, fostering moral values, raising social awareness, and improving communication skills. The teacher's role as a facilitator guiding students in developing religious literacy skills is also crucial for the success of this approach. This study aims to contribute to the development of a more relevant and effective IRE teaching model in the digital era.

Digital transformation has become a crucial part of improving public services. This study explores the use of the Tangerang LIVE application as a digital innovation by the Tangerang City Government to support the smart city concept and promote e-government practices. The application is designed to help residents easily access administrative services and submit complaints in a faster and more transparent way. Using a qualitative approach based on literature review, the study draws data from academic journals, policy documents, and performance reports. The findings show that Tangerang LIVE significantly improves the convenience and efficiency of public services. However, challenges remain — including limited public outreach, low digital literacy, and several technical features that need improvement. The success of such digital services depends not only on good user interface design and accessible information but also on timely technical support and strong community engagement. This study suggests the need for broader digital education, ongoing technical development, and stronger collaboration between government, communities, and private sectors. With these efforts, digital public services can become more inclusive, sustainable, and better aligned with the needs of the people.