This article provides an in-depth overview of the relationship between philosophy and sources of business law in establishing ethical and fair business practices, with an emphasis on Islamic principles. Using a normative approach through library research, the article highlights various elements that form the foundation of business law, including legal theories, regulations, and existing legal practices, while also incorporating Islamic perspectives on justice, fairness, and ethics in business. Additionally, it explains how sources of law such as written law (statutes), customary law, jurisprudence, doctrines, and Islamic legal principles (fiqh) play a crucial role in creating a strong legal framework.Keywords: Business Law, Islamic Law, Islamic Business Ethics, Business and Law, Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)

Pesantren merupakan lembaga pendidikan Islam yang memiliki peran penting dalam pembentukan karakter dan moral peserta didik. Seiring perkembangan zaman, pesantren dituntut tidak hanya fokus pada aspek pendidikan keagamaan, tetapi juga mampu mandiri secara ekonomi untuk mendukung keberlangsungan program-programnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana Pesantren Awwalu Ihya'i Daril Amanah (AIDA) membangun perekonomian mandiri, serta strategi yang dapat diterapkan guna mengembangkan usaha yang sudah ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode wawancara dengan pengurus pesantren yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh data dan informasi terkait biografi pesantren dan sistem perekonomian yang ada di pesantren, serta melakukan observasi untuk memperoleh data dan informasi secara langsung mengenai kondisi nyata di lapangan guna mendukung data yang diperoleh berdasar hasil wawancara dalam penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan observasi lapangan diperoleh bahwasanya salah satu upaya pesantren dalam mewujudkan kemandirian di bidang ekonominya adalah pemanfaatan lahan pesantren yang disewakan kepada usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM) yang mana ditemukan bahwasanya usaha ini dapat meningkatkan pendapatan pesantren dan memperkuat hubungan sosial-ekonomi dengan masyarakat sekitar. Analisis SWOT digunakan untuk menentukan kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman dari sistem keuangan yang sedang beroperasi. Untuk memaksimalkan potensi lahan yang belum dimanfaatkan, studi ini juga menyarankan pembentukan toko buku dan toko percetakan serta pembangunan pom mini. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ada potensi besar untuk mendukung kemandirian ekonomi pesantren dan memiliki efek positif pada komunitas pesantren dan masyarakat sekitarnya.

Durability is defined as a measure of a rock's resistance to weathering and disintegration when the rock undergoes weathering processes over a short period of time. The susceptibility of rocks to disintegration is related to their low durability. Rock durability is often measured using the slake durability test. The slake durability test is widely used to assess physical changes resulting from wetting-drying processes (Franklin and Chandra, 1972). Therefore, slake durability testing is conducted to understand the weathering of rocks caused by heat and water, particularly clay stones which are one of the constituent rocks on a slope. The sampling location is around Sanga-sanga and Muara Badak. Sampling was conducted with coordinate points and the Balikpapan and Kampungbaru formations. The claystone samples taken were then brought to the Mineral and Coal Technology Laboratory of the Engineering Faculty of Mulawarman University for Slake Durability tests. In this study, the lowest index value obtained was 45.7% and the highest value was 93%, indicating high to very high durability. The difference in the durability index values of claystone at the research locations indicates the presence of variables that can affect the slake durability index values of the claystone in the Balikpapan and Kampungbaru formations, including grain size and mineral content as well as geological conditions at the research site. Based on the results of the claystone durability tests, the durability index value (Id2) was obtained, indicating that the sandstone at the research location falls into the classification of high to low.

The management of extracurricular activities, particularly Scouting, plays a vital role in shaping students’ character, discipline, and sense of responsibility. To ensure optimal and sustainable implementation, a structured and systematic student management system is required within the formal educational environment. This study aims to explore how student management is implemented at MTsN 17 Jombang, how Scouting activities are carried out, and their contribution to improving the quality of Scouting extracurricular programs. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation. The data were analyzed through the processes of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing, with data validity ensured through source, time, and technique triangulation. The findings indicate that student management plays a strategic role in the planning, organizing, implementation, and evaluation of Scouting activities. Consistent and well-directed implementation results in activities that are both beneficial and enjoyable, and positively contribute to students’ character development. The success of these activities is supported by several factors, including the support of the principal, Scout leaders, availability of facilities, and student motivation. Effective student management has been proven to enhance the quality of extracurricular activities and support the achievement of character education goals.

The global expansion of ultra-processed meat products (e.g., sausages, nuggets) faces dual challenges: microbiological safety risks from conventional thermal processing and rising consumer demand for clean-label, nutritious options. High-Pressure Processing (HPP) emerges as a promising non-thermal technology to address these concerns by inactivating pathogens while preserving sensory and nutritional quality. However, its industrial adoption is hindered by significant energy efficiency and scalability constraints. This systematic literature review synthesizes recent research to critically analyze these barriers. Methodologically, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed, focusing on studies related to High-Pressure Processing (HPP) applications in ultra-processed meats. Our analysis reveals that HPP consumes 2.5–3.2 kWh/kg up to 26× more energy than thermal pasteurization primarily due to hydraulic system demands and adiabatic heat dissipation during batch cycling. Scalability limitations stem from batch-based processing (3–7 min/cycle), vessel size constraints (<500 L), and capital costs reaching $2.5 million per unit, resulting in only 18% adoption by large-scale manufacturers. Energy recovery inefficiencies and product matrix variations (e.g., lipid-protective effects in emulsified meats) further exacerbate these challenges. Emerging solutions include semi-continuous systems (35% throughput increase), pulsed HPP protocols (18% energy reduction), and solar-hybrid installations (40% emission cuts), though economic viability remains problematic. We conclude that while HPP offers unparalleled safety and quality benefits, its scalability and energy intensity require coordinated innovations in process engineering, renewable energy integration, and cooperative industry models to achieve sustainable implementation.

This research analyzes the application of Voice of Customer (VoC) in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) strategies in leading Indonesian digital platforms, namely Tokopedia and Gojek. In the competitive digital era, the company's ability to understand and respond to customer expectations is crucial for maintaining relevance and competitiveness. CRM, as a customer interaction management strategy, is significantly strengthened by VoC, which involves a systematic process to capture customer feedback to understand their expectations and perceptions of products, services, and brands as a whole. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analytical methods, this study utilizes secondary data from various reliable sources. Empathy Map is used to map the customer experience based on "Think & Feel", "See & Observe", "Say & Do", and "Hear & Listen". Results show both companies commit to VoC for service development, integrating digital channels for feedback, and applying customer-centricity. Tokopedia focuses on shopping experience and product quality with structured, long-term VoC. Gojek emphasizes service timeliness and partner professionalism with direct, adaptive VoC. Consistent VoC enables proactive and predictive CRM. This research contributes to CRM literature in Indonesian digital companies.

Interest in sepak takraw sports in Kolok Nan Tuo Village, Sawahlunto, has decreased significantly, especially among the younger generation. One factor that influences this is the lack of adequate facilities. This article highlights the importance of reviving the sepak takraw field in the village as a step to increase community interest in sports. Sepak takraw, as a traditional sport, has the potential to strengthen social relationships, improve discipline, and have a positive impact on physical and mental health. This article also discusses several efforts that can be made to revive the sepak takraw field, including community mutual cooperation, holding tournaments, and involving youth and community leaders. It is hoped that through these efforts, Kolok Nan Tuo Village can create a more active community in takraw sports. Reviving the sepak takraw field is not only about improving facilities, but also rebuilding the spirit of sports as an integral part of everyday life.
 

Forests are a vital element in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem because they provide various needs for living things, such as a source of oxygen, carbon dioxide absorber, food provider, climate regulator, and biodiversity conservation place. However, along with the times, deforestation is increasingly rampant and threatens the sustainability of forest ecological functions. One potential approach to preserving forests is local wisdom-based conservation by involving indigenous communities. This study aims to analyse forest conservation practices carried out by the indigenous people of Kampung Naga in Tasikmalaya through a zone division system based on local wisdom values. Using qualitative methods and a case study approach, this research examines how the Kampung Naga community maintains ecosystem balance through structured land management and preservation of forest ecological functions. In addition, this research also explores customary values and norms that shape community behaviour in environmental management, such as the use of natural materials in house construction, sustainable management of agricultural land, and the application of silviculture principles in maintaining forest areas as a life support. The results of this study show that local wisdom can be a strong basis for sustainable natural resource management.

This study aims to examine the potential and challenges of utilizing Solar Power Plants (PLTS) in Medan City, which is geographically located near the equator and receives high exposure to sunlight throughout the year. The method used is a literature review with a narrative review approach that analyzes secondary data from various journals and relevant scientific articles. The results of the study show that Medan City has an average annual horizontal global solar radiation intensity of 463.61 W/m², with the potential for electrical power that can be generated from rooftop solar panels reaching 748.57 MW (monocrystalline), 598.85 MW (polycrystalline), and 299.43 MW (thin film). This potential is comparable to the capacity of large-scale power plants. The use of PLTS contributes to reducing carbon emissions, increasing energy security, creating jobs, and developing the local economy. However, challenges such as high installation costs, limited suitability of roof structures, and low public awareness are still major obstacles in the implementation of this technology. Therefore, synergy is needed between government policies, public education, and technological innovation to optimize the use of solar energy in urban areas such as Medan.

This study aims to compare two main theories in modern cosmology, namely the Big Bang Theory and the Steady State Theory, using a descriptive cosmographic approach. This study is motivated by the lack of deep understanding as well as the limited Indonesian literature discussing the fundamental differences between the two theories. By employing a qualitative method through literature review, this research examines the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of each theory based on the latest scientific evidence and cosmographic perspectives. The analysis results show that the Big Bang Theory has strong support from observational evidence, such as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), galaxy redshift, and the distribution of light elements, which reinforces the narrative of the expansion and evolution of the universe. In contrast, the Steady State Theory is considered less relevant due to the absence of observational evidence for the creation of new matter and its inability to explain structure and the dynamics of the universe that are currently observed.