Islamic Religious Education (PAI) plays an important role in the formation of students' character and understanding of religious teachings. However, in practice, not a few students face difficulties in understanding PAI material, both in terms of cognitiveness and affective. These difficulties can be caused by a variety of factors, such as differences in academic ability, lack of motivation, or socio-cultural problems. Therefore, the right strategy from PAI teachers in overcoming learning difficulties is very necessary. This article aims to identify various strategies that PAI teachers can apply to help students overcome learning difficulties. Based on a literature review, there are several approaches that have proven to be effective, including the use of varied learning methods, the use of educational technology, the provision of intensive guidance, and the strengthening of student motivation and character. In addition, the importance of constructive evaluation and feedback in the learning process is also one of the keys in improving the effectiveness of PAI learning. By implementing these strategies, it is hoped that the learning difficulties faced by students can be overcome, and the quality of PAI learning can be improved.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are increasingly deployed in critical infrastructure yet remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks that manipulate sensor data to mislead AI-based decision-making. These threats demand not only high-accuracy detection but also transparency in model reasoning. This study proposes a Hybrid Explainable AI (XAI) Framework that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), SHAP-based feature interpretation, and rule-based reasoning to detect adversarial inputs in CPS environments. The framework is tested on two simulation scenarios: industrial sensor networks and autonomous traffic sign recognition. Using datasets of 10,000 samples (50% adversarial via FGSM and PGD), the model achieved an accuracy of 97.25%, precision of 96.80%, recall of 95.90%, and F1-score of 96.35%. SHAP visualizations effectively distinguished between normal and adversarial inputs, and the added explainability module increased inference time by only 8.5% over the baseline CNN (from 18.5 ms to 20.1 ms), making it suitable for real-time CPS deployment. Compared to prior methods (e.g., CNN + Grad-CAM, Random Forest + LIME), the proposed hybrid framework demonstrates superior performance and interpretability. The novelty of this work lies in its tri-level integration of predictive accuracy, explainability, and rule-based logic within a single real-time detection system—an approach not previously applied in CPS adversarial defense. This research contributes toward trustworthy AI systems that are robust, explainable, and secure by design.

Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses manajemen prasarana dalam meningkatkan efektivitas pembelajaran di pondok pesantren Raudhatul Jannah kota Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini yaitu : (1) Perencanaan prasarana di Pondok Pesantren Raudhatul Jannah Palangka Raya dilakukan dengan rapat kegiatan, dan dilakukan setiap seminggu sekali pada hari kamis, guna memantapkan perencanaan yang dirancang untuk kebutuhan pondok pesantren, dan dilakukan dengan menyesuaikan keperluan santri, unsur yang terlibat dalam perencanaan yakni pihak madrasah dan pihak yayasan. (2) Pengadaan prasarana pendidikan dilakukan dengan menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan santri, apa yang diperlukan akan dibangun dengan melakukan diskusi bersama pihak yayasan dan pihak madrasah. Pengadaan prasarana juga menyesuaikan  dengan  dana  yang dimiliki, yang berasal  dari sisa uang infaq bulanan, bantuan dari donatur maupun keluarga yayasan, dan usaha kantin dari Pondok Pesantren Raudhatul Jannah sendiri. (3) Penggunaan Prasarana Pendidikan di Pondok Pesantren Raudhatul Jannah diharuskan terpisah antara santri putra dan santri putri. (4) Pemeliharaan Prasarana Pendidikan di Pondok Pesantren Raudhatul Jannah meliputi pembersihan di area pondok pesantren mengandalkan tenaga santri terutama untuk bagian dalam seperti mesjid dan ruang kamar pribadi. Selain itu, untuk pembersihan area luar pondok pesantren memerlukan petugas khusus. (5) Penghapusan Prasarana Pendidikan di Pondok Pesantren Raudhatul Jannah Palangka Raya sudah pernah dilakukan, yaitu penghapusan prasarana berupa dua rumah, satu dapur, satu ruang asrama, dan sepuluh ruang wc

Abstract. This study aims to find out and analyze whether there are differences in financial performance before and after Covid-19 at Primkop Kartika Wira Yudha Mechanical Brigif 16/Wira Yudha in the 2018-2021 period.
The sampling technique in this research is to use the technique of collecting financial report data documentation. Sampling in this study is the financial statements of Primkop Kartika Wira Yudha Brigif Mekanis 16/Wira Yudha. Data obtained through interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive analysis, difference test and Wilcoxon test. The financial ratios used are Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Cash Ratio, ROA and ROE.
The results of the study indicate that there is no significant difference between the Current Ratio (X1), Quick Ratio (X2), Cash Ratio (X3), ROA (X4) and ROE (X5) before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is because the company is still effective in managing company assets during the Covid-19 period and can still generate net profit for the cooperative
 
Keywords: Covid-19, Current Ratio (X1), Quick Ratio (X2), Cash Ratio (X3), ROA (X4) and ROE (X5)
 
Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis apakah terdapat perbedaan kinerja keuangan sebelum dan setelah adanya Covid-19 pada Primkop Kartika Wira Yudha Brigif Mekanis 16/Wira Yudha pada periode 2018-2021.
Teknik pengambilan sample dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan teknik pengumpulan dokumentasi data laporan keuangan. Pengambilan sample dalam penelitian adalah laporan keuangan Primkop Kartika Wira Yudha Brigif Mekanis 16/Wira Yudha. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara beserta dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah Analisis Deskriptif Kuantitatif, Uji Beda dan Uji Wilcoxon. Rasio keuangan yang digunakan adalah Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Cash Ratio, ROA dan ROE.
Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan secara seignifikan antara Current Ratio (X1), Quick Ratio (X2), Cash Ratio (X3), ROA (X4) dan ROE (X5) sebelum dan saat pandemi Covid-19. Hal ini disebabkan karena perusaahan masi efektif dalam mengelola aset perusaahan di masa Covid-19 dan juga masih dapat menghasilkan laba bersih pada koperasi.
Kata kunci: Covid-19, Current Ratio (X1), Quick Ratio (X2), Cash Ratio (X3), ROA (X4) dan ROE (X5)

The purpose of this research is to examine the risks of utilizing nuclear power in terms of emission, footprint, ecosystem, and waste, examine the utilization of nuclear power in supporting the green economy, and examine the format of new and renewable energy law reform in the utilization of nuclear power as new energy in the paradigm of progressive legal theory. The research is motivated by the negative perception of nuclear energy without detailing the potential and advantages of nuclear energy through the application of nuclear power plants. Then, highlighting doubts about the use of nuclear energy in the green economy development agenda, as well as highlighting legal challenges in the framework of nuclear energy regulatory reform in Indonesia contained in the Draft Law on New and Renewable Energy (RUU EBT), By using normative and comparative juridical approaches, this research finds positive impacts of nuclear energy on the environment and green economic development by taking France as a successful example. To overcome legal problems in RUU EBT, this study recommends the application of a progressive legal approach in the formation of a legal policy model, as has been applied by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Norway.

The development of tourist villages in Indonesia is increasing with government support and a shift in tourist interest towards educational and sustainable tourism. Sidomulyo Tourism Village, one of the tourist destinations in Jember Regency, has shown the potential for developing community-based tourism (CBT). However, the management of this village is still under the auspices of the village government, which could lead to continued dependency in the future. Community involvement is still limited because the village government decides the entire planning and management process. Through educational training, this community service program aims to strengthen CBT practices in the Sidomulyo Tourism Village. The process of transferring knowledge and experience is carried out by a manager of one of the independent tourist villages in Indonesia. This activity includes training and evaluation sessions. The results show increased participants' understanding of CBT and independent management of tourist villages. This program recommends developing priority attractions and improving digital marketing as initial steps to support sustainable tourism in the village.

This study aims to determine the validity of the presumption of innocence principle against perpetrators or suspected perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism committed by law enforcement officials, especially Densus 88. This paper uses a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results showed that the principle of presumption of innocence in handling criminal acts of terrorism is, in fact, still often ignored by law enforcement officials. Even the data obtained shows that several suspects/perpetrators have died during the legal process they underwent, as well as the actions of law enforcement officials who often commit acts that exceed limits and violate human rights. This principle needs to be implemented and strictly regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code as the master procedural law as well as in the law on the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism so that the strength and application of this principle increasingly get a place and position that can protect perpetrators/suspected perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism.

The enactment of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (UU Cipta Kerja) aims to simplify bureaucracy, attract investment, and create job opportunities in Indonesia. However, its implementation has raised legal uncertainties, particularly following the Constitutional Court’s ruling that deemed the law conditionally unconstitutional. Concerns have also emerged from labor unions and environmental organizations regarding its potential impact on workers’ rights and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the legal and public policy perspectives of UU Cipta Kerja by evaluating its impact on investment, employment, and legal certainty. Using a qualitative approach with a document study method, this research examines legal documents, policy regulations, and court rulings, supplemented by expert interviews. The findings reveal that the law contributed to an 8.3% increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in its first year, reaching IDR 454 trillion in 2021. However, contract workers increased by 25%, raising concerns about job security. Additionally, five constitutional challenges were filed against the law in 2023, reflecting legal uncertainty. Weaknesses in environmental oversight were also identified due to relaxed business licensing requirements. These findings suggest that while UU Cipta Kerja supports investment growth, stronger legal safeguards and monitoring mechanisms are needed to ensure balanced benefits for all stakeholders. This study contributes to discussions on labor and investment policies by emphasizing the need for inclusive regulatory reforms that align economic growth with legal stability and worker protection.
 

This study examines the concepts and characteristics of Islamic architecture applied to pesantren buildings in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach with a descriptive method through comprehensive literature study, this research analyzes how Islamic architectural principles adapt and synergize with local architecture in the context of traditional to modern pesantren. The findings show that pesantren architecture in Indonesia is a unique manifestation of the fusion of Islamic values with local culture, reflected in seven key elements: the practice of Islam as a way of life, qibla orientation, the concept of hijab, interiors supporting Islamic values, Islamic decorative arts, Islamic values in protection, and the design of dormitories supporting the development of Islamic awareness. The evolution of pesantren architecture has led to various typologies, ranging from traditional to modern forms, each reflecting the adaptation of Islamic architectural principles to the needs of education and the progression of time. This study reveals that despite significant design evolution, pesantren continue to uphold the essence of fundamental Islamic architectural values in every aspect of their design. 

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) present significant opportunities for the creative industry in digitizing and monetizing artistic works. However, a major challenge arises in copyright protection, particularly in Indonesia, which has yet to establish specific regulations addressing NFTs within its intellectual property (IP) law framework. Currently, legal protection relies on Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright, which does not fully accommodate the characteristics of blockchain technology. This study aims to analyze copyright protection in Indonesia's NFT ecosystem, compare it with regulatory frameworks in the United States and the European Union, and provide policy recommendations that are more adaptive to the advancement of digital technology. The research adopts a normative juridical approach, incorporating comparative legal analysis and empirical studies through interviews with 15 key stakeholders, including digital artists and legal practitioners. The findings indicate that 78% of respondents perceive Indonesia’s current regulatory framework as ineffective in protecting NFT copyrights, whereas regulatory developments in the United States and the European Union have successfully reduced NFT copyright disputes by 40% over the past five years. Additionally, an analysis of 30 NFT-related disputes on OpenSea and Rarible reveals that 65% of cases involve copyright claims that cannot be effectively resolved through national legal mechanisms. This study recommends implementing a takedown notice mechanism, integrating smart contracts for creator royalties, and strengthening digital arbitration frameworks within Indonesia’s legal system. With clearer regulations, Indonesia’s NFT ecosystem is expected to develop with stronger legal protections for digital content creators