The South China Sea is a strategic region of global significance, both economically and geopolitically. It serves as a major global trade route, with over 30% of global trade passing through it annually. Additionally, the South China Sea is rich in natural resources, including oil, gas, and abundant marine products. However, overlapping territorial claims among countries such as China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia have triggered prolonged geopolitical tensions. This study aims to analyze the role of international law, particularly UNCLOS 1982, as the primary framework for resolving these disputes. Using a doctrinal approach, the study examines primary legal documents, such as UNCLOS 1982, the 2016 Arbitration Award, and ASEAN agreements. Data shows an average of 15 annual conflicts in the South China Sea over the past decade, with a significant increase from 5 cases in 2014 to 25 cases in 2023. While UNCLOS 1982 provides a clear legal framework, non-compliance with arbitration rulings, such as China's refusal to adhere to the 2016 ruling, highlights weaknesses in enforcement mechanisms and sanctions. This study emphasizes that multilateral approaches based on international law, supported by regional mechanisms like ASEAN, have yet to achieve full effectiveness. The findings offer strategic recommendations, including reforming international sanction mechanisms and strengthening ASEAN frameworks to support conflict resolution and ensure sustainable stability in the region

Protected forests play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change. However, these areas face increasing threats from illegal activities, such as logging and land encroachment, which compromise environmental stability and result in significant economic losses. This study evaluates the implementation of criminal law in addressing environmental crimes within Indonesia's protected forest areas, focusing on the effectiveness and challenges encountered in enforcement. A qualitative ethnographic approach was employed, involving direct observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with local communities, law enforcement officials, and other stakeholders. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of law enforcement is hindered by several key factors: economic dependency on illegal activities, limited capacity and resources of law enforcement agencies, and external pressures from vested interests. Additionally, the lack of public awareness and inconsistent legal implementation exacerbate these challenges. Despite existing regulations, enforcement remains insufficient to deter environmental crimes or provide lasting protection for critical ecosystems. This study contributes to the understanding of the socio-economic and cultural dynamics that influence the effectiveness of environmental law enforcement. It underscores the need for a holistic strategy that integrates legal, economic, and community-based approaches. Recommendations include strengthening the capacity of law enforcement agencies, fostering public awareness through educational programs, and involving local communities and traditional leaders in collaborative conservation efforts. By addressing these gaps, the research provides actionable insights to enhance the preservation of protected forests in Indonesia and supports the development of more sustainable and inclusive environmental policies

Mathematics plays a crucial role in developing students' problem-solving abilities and independence. Educators need to consider the varying characteristics of students when it comes to solving problems, one of which is their adversity quotient (AQ) level. The adversity quotient relates to a student's ability to handle complex problems or to overcome challenging situations. This research aims to analyze the mathematical problem-solving abilities of Class X students in the context of Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables (SPLDV) based on their Adversity Quotient (AQ). This qualitative, descriptive study involved selecting research subjects using an AQ questionnaire and was conducted in Class X. Data collection methods included testing, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that subjects with the Climber type can understand problems, develop problem-solving plans, solve problems with accurate and appropriate steps, and use available information to re-check their answers. Subjects with the Camper type can understand problems, develop problem-solving plans, solve problems with accurate and appropriate steps, but often cannot use available information to re-check their answers. Subjects with the Quitter type can understand the problem and formulate a plan but struggle to solve the problem accurately and appropriately, and tend not to use available information to re-check their answers.

The dynamic regulatory landscape presents significant challenges for International Standard Schools (SBI) in Indonesia, impacting their ability to meet global educational standards while integrating local cultural values. This study aims to explore the regulatory challenges faced by SBIs and their implications for educational quality and cultural integration. The method used is library research, which involves reviewing relevant literature and studies on regulations and the implementation of international standard programs. The findings reveal that although SBIs strive to provide high-quality education and facilities in line with international standards, they are often hindered by fluctuating regulations and inadequate financial support. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of a consistent and supportive regulatory framework, sustainable funding sources, and the adoption of an inclusive curriculum that respects local cultural values. These insights offer valuable implications for policymakers, educational institutions, and stakeholders, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to enhance the stability and effectiveness of SBIs in Indonesia. By addressing these challenges, SBIs can better fulfill their role in providing internationally competitive education while preserving Indonesia’s rich cultural heritage.

This research aims to determine various school literacy movement programs in fostering students' interest in reading. This type of research is qualitative (descriptive) research. Data collection techniques use listening and understanding techniques. The data validation technique uses data source triangulation. Data analysis uses data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions. The results of this research show the implementation of the school literacy movement in fostering students' interest in reading with models of implementing the school literacy movement such as adding interesting books, reading activities 15 minutes before learning, utilizing the school environment for literacy movements or reading that is rich in expanding students' knowledge and conducting questions and answers. and convey the material that is understood

The study aims to examine attempts to counter-terrorism from a criminological perspective. This research is important given that terrorist crime is a global threat that affects countries and communities, with potentially negative effects, both physically and psychologically. The novelty of this research is in an attempt to counteract terrorist crime with a criminological perspective that uses local "jogo tonggo" wisdom. This research is a sociological jurisprudence.  The results of the research showed efforts to combat terrorist crime from a criminological perspective: character identification and funding, national preparedness, counter-radicalization, deradicalization, and radical anticipation of terrorism in Lapas. Control the fight against terrorism in Java Among other things, there is still a radical Napiter, the rise of gotong royong values, society tolerant of terrorists, legal sanctions of educational institutions, and charity of weak terrorist groups. Overcome the obstacles in combating terrorist crime requires a structured and adaptive strategy to strengthen intelligence networks by improving surveillance technology and enhancing cross-country cooperation for the exchange of information, training, and monitoring of former Napiter through a religious building, tolerance, national insight involving Islamic religious figures, implementation of jogo tonggo programs, acceleration of regional action plans for prevention and combating extremism leading to violence, and economic empowerment..Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji upaya penanggulangan tindak pidana terorisme perspektif kriminologi.  Penelitian ini penting mengingat tindak pidana terorisme merupakan ancaman global yang merambah berbagai negara dan masyarakat, dengan potensi dampak yang sangat merugikan, baik secara fisik maupun psikologis. Penelitian ini penting mengingat tindak pidana terorisme merupakan ancaman global yang merambah berbagai negara dan masyarakat, dengan potensi dampak yang sangat merugikan, baik secara fisik maupun psikologis. Kebaruan penelitian ini adalah dalam upaya penanggulangan tindak pidana terorisme dengan perspektif kriminologi yang menggunakan kearifan lokal "jogo tonggo". Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis sosiologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan upaya penanggulangan tindak pidana terorisme perspektif kriminologi: identifikasi karakter dan pendanaan, kesiapsiagaan nasional, kontra radikalisasi, deradikalisasi, antisipasi radikal terorisme di Lapas. Kendalah penanggulangan terorisme di Jawa Tengan antara lain masih adanya Napiter yang radikal, lunturnya nilai gotong royong, masyarakat permisif kepada teroris, sanksi hukum lembaga pendidikan dan amal kelompok teroris lemah. Dalam mengatasi kendala dalam penanggulangan tindak pidana terorisme membutuhkan strategi yang terstruktur dan adaptif memperkuat jaringan intelijen dengan memperbaiki teknologi pengawasan dan meningkatkan kerjasama lintas negara untuk pertukaran informasi, pembinaan dan monitoring mantan Napiter melalui pembinaan agama, toleransi, wawasan kebangsaan melibatkan tokoh agama Islam, implementasi program jogo tonggo, percepatan rencana aksi daerah pencegahan dan penanggulangan ekstremisme yang mengarah pada kekerasan, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi.  

Guru sebagai pendidik yang profesional harus memiliki empat kompetensi, yaitu kompetensi pedagogis, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi sosial, dan kompetensi profesional. Kompetensi pedagogis yang dimaksud meliputi kemampuan dalam memahami karakter peserta didik, kemampuan merencanakan, melaksanakan, dan mengevaluasi pembelajaran, serta kemampuan mengembangkan peserta didik.  Kemampuan guru dalam merencanakan pembelajaran berkaitan dengan kemampuan guru dalam menyusun Modul Ajar (RPP Plus dalam Kurikulum Merdeka) dan menyiapkan media pembelajaran yang menarik. Tujuan utama pengguanan media pembelajaran berbasis ICT ialah efisiensi waktu dan pemahaman siswa dalam memahami materi. Selain itu berkesinambungan dengan orientasi SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) dalam pendidikan yaitu “Tujuan 4: Pendidikan berkualitas (Quality education)-Memastikan pendidikan berkualitas yang layak dan inklusif serta mendorong kesempatan belajar seumur hidup bagi semua orang, dan mempromosikan pendidikan untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan”. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam memanfaatkan teknologi sebagai media pembelajaran serta memberi pengalaman kepada guru dalam menyusun Modul Ajar berbasis ICT (E-Modul Ajar). Adapun metode kegiatan ini yaitu metode diskusi presentasi (sharing pengetahuan) dan simulasi penyusunan Modul Ajar dengan Canva dan FlipHTML5. Evaluasi keberhasilan dari program ini dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuisioner setelah dilakukan kegiatan. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian ini mendapat respons positif dari guru untuk melanjutkan kegiatan serupa serta kemampuan guru bertambah dengan adanya pelatihan penyusunan Modul Ajar.

One of the health services needed by pregnant women is maternal and child health counseling. The pregnant women class is a means to learn together about health for pregnant women, in the form of face-to-face in groups that aim to improve mothers' knowledge and skills regarding pregnancy, pregnancy care, childbirth, postpartum care, newborn care, myths, infectious diseases and birth certificates. The class for pregnant women coordinated by the Sungai Turak village health center is considered less than optimal, where the level of attendance and motivation of mothers in participating in classes for pregnant women is considered to be lacking. Other facilities are also needed that can support the implementation of classes for pregnant women. The resolution of obstacles or obstacles is to cooperate with village institutions (Village Government, Village Consultative Bodies, and Village Community Institutions), to include the budget for pregnant women classes in the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APB). Based on the results of discussions with village officials, it was decided to include some proposals for pregnant women classes in the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APB).

Ruwatan Bumi educates people to have high morality, by developing an attitude of mutual cooperation, tolerance, honesty, respect for others, the environment and nature. Methods based on interview observations and scientific journals are then strengthened by sources relevant to the research. The information collected is then described with the urgency of writing, about the dynamics of mutual cooperation and shared community habits. The data collection method involves gathering information with community leaders, and preparing a systematic analysis by the author. The people of Hamlet 1, Parakan Garokgek Village, Kiarapedes Subdistrict, explained that there are several traditions of Ruatan Bumi that have several connections with God, Nature and Humans.

Real Work Lectures (KKN) are a means of application in the development of science and technology, which are carried out outside the university campus within certain time limits, work methods and requirements. The community service offered at the undergraduate level is an effort to increase the content and quality of education for students and to achieve added value in higher education. With the implementation of this community service program, it is hoped that it can develop the role of students in improving their social skills and personality. The purpose of this research is to reveal the role of field studies in developing students' skills. The population and sample of this study were students who participated in the KKN and the community around where the students were held. Data collection methods used are interviews, observation and documentation.
This interview method aims to gather information about the social conditions of the community and the potential that exists in the Tapaan Village. From the research results, it was found that the role of KKN is part of developing student competencies as a form of service to the community, especially in Tapaan Village.