Climate change poses a significant global challenge requiring robust international legal frameworks to ensure effective mitigation and adaptation. This study examines the role of international law in implementing the Paris Agreement, focusing on the challenges and opportunities of its bottom-up approach to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Utilizing a meta-analytic methodology, the research synthesizes findings from 30 scholarly articles and policy documents to identify critical patterns and gaps. The findings reveal disparities between developed and developing nations in achieving NDC targets, driven by differences in financial and technological capacities. Developed nations exhibit higher success rates due to better infrastructure and funding, while developing nations struggle with significant barriers such as limited access to climate finance and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of accountability and transparency mechanisms, such as the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), in fostering international cooperation. The study recommends reforms in global climate finance, enhanced institutional capacity in developing countries, and stronger collaborations for technology transfer. By addressing these gaps, the Paris Agreement can serve as a more effective platform for global climate action. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on climate governance and provide actionable insights for policymakers and international stakeholders.

This study examines the effectiveness of organic fertilizers in improving the quality and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants through a comprehensive literature study. A systematic review was conducted on recent scientific publications that discuss various types of organic fertilizers, including chicken manure, bokashi, organic liquid fertilizer, and eco-enzyme. The research method used a literature study approach by analyzing articles from 2020-2024, focusing on the effectiveness of organic fertilizers in increasing the growth and productivity of cucumber plants.The results showed that organic fertilizers do not merely provide nutrients, but transform as agents of soil ecosystem regeneration. Each type of organic fertilizer has a unique mechanism in influencing plant growth, including increased microbiological activity, optimization of soil structure, and stimulation of the root system. Variations in plant responses depend on genotype, fertilizer composition and environmental conditions. The research resulted in practical recommendations for sustainable organic fertilization strategies, emphasizing the importance of a precision and holistic approach in cucumber crop nutrient management. The findings make a significant contribution in the development of sustainable agriculture.

The short story Laki Sejati by Putu Wijaya is one of the works of Indonesian literature that depicts the dynamics of human life and internal conflicts. This research aims to analyze the intrinsic elements in the short story, including themes, characters and characterization, plot, setting, point of view, and mandate. Through this analysis, it is revealed how these intrinsic elements are used by the author to build a story that is evocative and full of meaning. The results of the analysis show that the main theme of this short story is the search for identity and the true meaning of "masculinity". The main character, who has an inner struggle in understanding the values of masculinity, is shown with a deep complexity of character. The progressive storyline with intense conflict takes the reader on the emotional journey of the main character, while the physical and social setting reinforces the realism of the story. A limited third-person perspective is used to explore the main character's perspective, revealing the inner dynamics that are the main focus of the story. The mandate contained in this short story invites readers to reflect on the true meaning of identity, courage, and happiness in life. This study concludes that the intrinsic elements in the short story Hukum Hukum are  used very effectively to describe the struggle of human beings in understanding their identity. This short story is not only a literary work, but also a philosophical reflection on life and the meaning of masculinity.

Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi efektivitas penggunaan platform desain grafis Canva sebagai media pembelajaran dalam mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) di SD Negeri 2 Rejang Lebong. Tujuannya adalah untuk meningkatkan minat belajar, pemahaman konsep, dan prestasi akademik siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan memadukan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dengan pengumpulan data melalui observasi kelas, kuesioner siswa, tes pre-post, dan wawancara dengan guru dan siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan pada minat belajar, pemahaman konsep, dan nilai ujian siswa setelah implementasi media Canva. Guru juga memberikan umpan balik positif terkait kemudahan penggunaan dan efektivitas Canva dalam proses pembelajaran. Kesimpulannya, Canva terbukti sebagai media pembelajaran yang efektif untuk PAI di SD Negeri 2 Rejang Lebong, meskipun perlu pertimbangan lebih lanjut terkait aksesibilitas teknologi dan pengembangan konten yang berkelanjutan.

This study aims to utilize QGIS as a spatial analysis tool to map the distribution of divorces based on economic factors and disputes in Surakarta City during the 2020–2023 period. The data used includes spatial data in the form of Surakarta City's administrative map in shapefile format and non-spatial data comprising the number of divorces obtained from BPS Surakarta. Non-spatial data were integrated into spatial data using the "join attribute" feature in QGIS. The analysis process was conducted using classification methods to identify areas with the highest divorce density. The findings reveal that divorces due to economic factors are concentrated in low-income areas, such as Banjarsari and Jebres, while divorces caused by disputes exhibit a more evenly distributed pattern. The thematic maps were then exported into GeoJSON format for implementation on an interactive website accessible to the public and policymakers. This study contributes to the utilization of GIS technology in supporting data-driven decision-making.

Mangroves on Bengkalis Island experienced a decline between 2000 and 2019. This decrease in mangrove forest area was caused by anthropogenic activities and natural factors, such as coastal erosion. The objective of this study is to assess the current condition of mangroves on Bengkalis Island, Riau, Indonesia. The research was conducted in March 2024 across four rivers on Bengkalis Island, with each river containing three research stations: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Data collection involved capturing aerial photos of mangroves using drones over 100 m x 100 m. The photos were analyzed using the supervised image classification method to identify and assess mangrove land cover. A total of 11 mangrove species were identified along the rivers. The most widely distributed species across all locations were Rhizophora apiculata and Xylocarpus granatum. Canopy cover at all research sites was classified as dense, with coverage exceeding 75%. This study provides crucial information about the condition of mangroves on Bengkalis Island, serving as a guideline for future restoration efforts.

The change of Minister of Education is often followed by new policies that cause various reactions among the public, including students and educators. This study aims to understand public perceptions of the change of Minister of Education and its implications for curriculum policy. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a questionnaire-based interview data collection method to educators and students. The results showed that most respondents had positive expectations of the new minister, especially regarding improving the quality of education and reducing the administrative burden on teachers. However, there were concerns about repeated curriculum changes. Respondents emphasized the importance of inclusive communication, strengthening the role of teachers and improving education infrastructure. Active stakeholder support is considered essential in realizing relevant, effective and sustainable education policies.

This research aims to design and test a genset fuel conversion system from gasoline to HHO gas (brown gas) as a more environmentally friendly alternative. Conventional fossil-fueled generators face challenges in theform of limited resources and the impact of environmental pollution. In this study, HHO gas is produced through a water electrolysis process using an HHO generator that separates water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen using electric current. The test results show that increasing the voltage from 2.58 V to 5.12 V significantly increases the volume of gas produced. At a voltage of 2.58 V, the gas volume reached 110 ml, and increased to 750 ml at a voltage of 4.72 V. The generator set was successfully operated for 1 minute 15 seconds with HHO gas using a separate battery power source. These results demonstrate the potential of HHO gas as an efficient alternative fuel for generator sets. This study recommends further testing with voltage and current variations to find the optimal configuration, as well as the use of a larger power source to increase the efficiency of HHO gas electrolysis.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) yang inovatif dan efisien dalam meningkatkan pemahaman serta minat belajar siswa kelas IV di SDIT Semarak Rejang Lebong. Latar belakang dari penelitian ini adalah rendahnya minat dan pemahaman siswa terhadap materi PAI yang disampaikan menggunakan metode pembelajaran konvensional. Metode pengembangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model [sebutkan model pengembangan, misalnya: ADDIE atau 4D], yang mencakup langkah-langkah analisis kebutuhan, desain, pengembangan, implementasi, dan evaluasi. Media pembelajaran yang dikembangkan berbentuk [sebutkan jenis media, misalnya: video animasi interaktif, game edukasi, atau media berbasis multimedia lainnya]. Proses validasi dilakukan oleh ahli materi PAI serta ahli media pembelajaran untuk memastikan kualitas konten dan desain media yang dihasilkan. Uji coba lapangan dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas media pembelajaran dalam meningkatkan pemahaman dan minat siswa, dengan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data seperti [sebutkan metode pengumpulan data, misalnya: pre-test dan post-test, observasi, kuesioner]. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa [sebutkan temuan utama, misalnya: terjadi peningkatan signifikan pada skor post-test dibandingkan pre-test, siswa memberikan respon positif terhadap media, guru merasa puas dengan media yang digunakan]. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa media pembelajaran yang dikembangkan terbukti efektif dan layak digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran PAI di SDIT Semarak Rejang Lebong. Penelitian lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan untuk mengeksplorasi penerapan media ini pada kelas dan materi PAI lainnya.