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This study analyzes the juridical transformation of freedom of expression after the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2024 as the second revision of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law). The main focus of the research is the reconstruction of defamation offenses from Article 27 paragraph (3) to Article 27A, as well as its implications for constitutional guarantees in Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. The method used is normative juridical with legislative, conceptual, and case approaches. The case study of the case of Haris Azhar and Fatia Maulidiyanti is used as a limited empirical analysis. The results of the study show that even though Law No. 1 of 2024 has narrowed insults to absolute complaints, the formulation of norms that are still multi-interpreted, especially in the phrase "attacking honor", still has the potential to threaten freedom of expression and create a chilling effect in the digital space. In addition, the lack of clear parameters regarding public criticism and personal insults creates legal uncertainty. Therefore, consistent interpretation guidelines and harmonization with human rights principles are needed so that the protection of citizens' constitutional rights is guaranteed.

The development of social media has significantly changed human communication patterns. On the one hand, digital media provides a space for freedom of expression, but on the other hand, it has also given rise to digital judgmental cultural phenomena such as Cancel culture and cyberbullying. These phenomena often give rise to verbal violence, public humiliation, and massive social exclusion in cyberspace. This article aims to analyze the phenomena of Cancel culture and cyberbullying from a Christian ethical perspective. The research method used is a literature review with a theological-ethical approach. The results of the study indicate that the digital judgmental culture contradicts the principles of love, respect for human dignity as the Imago Dei, and Christian communication ethics taught in the Bible. Christian ethics views every individual as having value before God, so the practices of humiliation, digital bullying, and public judgment are unjustifiable. The church and believers are called to present constructive, loving, communication in the digital space.

Amidst the rapid development of digital technology today, copyright plays a complex role as an instrument for protecting works and at the same time as a potential inhibitor of innovation. Protection of exclusive rights granted by the copyright protection system aims to provide economic incentives or financial benefits to the creator. However, in practice, it often creates limitations on creative freedom, especially in the context of derivative works, remixes, parodies, and other creative uses that are developing rapidly in the digital realm. This study aims to examine how the copyright legal system, both normatively and implementatively, affects the scope of movement of creative actors in producing innovation. Through a normative legal approach with a review of international and national literature, this study found that copyright protection is too strict and has the effect of freezing reactivity, especially if it is not balanced with clear fair use provisions. However, on the other hand, loose regulations will also risk ignoring the moral and economic rights of the original creator. Thus, a balance is needed between the protection of individual rights and the public interest within the framework of a legal system that is adaptive and inclusive of digital culture. The study recommends strengthening open licensing frameworks such as Creative Commons, as well as updating national copyright policies to ensure that legal systems do not hinder, but rather encourage, the growth of innovation and creative expression in the digital age.

This study aimsmto examineiin depthvthe perspective of information technology law and human rights on the phenomenon of political buzzers on social media within the context of digital development in the era of globalization. This research is motivated by the rapid advancement of information technology, which has brought significant changes in various aspects of society, including the political sphere that increasingly utilizes social media as a means of communication and information dissemination. The phenomenon of political buzzers has become a controversial issue, particularly during election periods, as it is often associated with the spread of inaccurate information, defamation, hate speech, and the manipulation of public opinion that may harm society and disrupt social stability. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that political buzzers generally operate under the justification of freedom of expression as part of human rights. However, such freedom is not absolute and must be limited to prevent violations of others' rights and to maintain public order. In this regard, information technology law in Indonesia, particularly through regulations governing digital activities, plays an important role in controlling deviant buzzer practices. Nevertheless, the absence of specific regulations explicitly governing political buzzers has resulted in less optimal law enforcement. Therefore, strengthening regulations and increasing public awareness in the wise use of social media are necessary to create a healthy, responsible, and sustainable digital ecosystem.

Social change in the context of liquid modernity has significantly influenced how people understand interpersonal relationships, love, and commitment. Contemporary relationships tend to be flexible, temporary, and oriented towards the fulfillment of subjective needs, making loyalty and long-term commitment often viewed as a threat to personal autonomy. Based on Zygmunt Bauman's analysis of liquid modernity and liquid love, this study examines the crisis of modern relationships as an anthropological and theological crisis of meaning. Specifically, the study focuses on the Nota Doktrinal Una Caro as the Catholic Church's theological response to these relational dynamics. Using a library research method with a qualitative and analytical-hermeneutical approach, this study interprets magisterial texts in critical dialogue with the sociological theory of liquid modernity. The research findings show that the Nota Doktrinal Una Caro offers an integrated anthropological-theological vision by affirming Catholic marriage as a permanent, monogamous, and indissoluble communion of life and love. Fidelity is understood as the highest actualization of freedom, while sexuality is seen as an expression of total self-giving, offering an alternative to the fragmentation of modern relationships. The study also emphasizes the importance of a dialogical and formative approach in family counseling.

Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental rights that serves as the primary foundation of modern democratic systems. This right is not only recognized in international legal instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Article 19, but is also explicitly guaranteed in the constitutions of democratic states, including Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the position of freedom of expression as an essential pillar of democracy within the human rights framework, examine constitutional protection mechanisms and applicable limitations, and evaluate its implementation in the Indonesian legal system. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The findings indicate that freedom of expression is not merely an individual right, but a collective instrument that enables meaningful public participation in democratic processes. Restrictions on this freedom must fulfill the requirements of legality, necessity, and proportionality as established by the Siracusa Principles. In Indonesia, the primary challenge lies in regulatory plurality that potentially creates overlapping provisions and the risk of criminalizing legitimate expression, particularly through the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE).

This study examines the representation of gender inequality and forms of women's resistance in Haifaa al-Mansour's film Wadjda using a Marxist-Socialist feminist perspective. This study aims to identify the forms of gender inequality represented in the film and analyze the forms of resistance carried out by female characters against the patriarchal structure in Saudi Arabian society. The research method used is a descriptive analytical method with a qualitative approach. Research data were obtained through observation and note-taking techniques of dialogue, scenes, and visual elements in the film related to gender issues and women's resistance. The results of the study indicate that there are four forms of gender inequality in the film, namely restrictions on women's roles, women's lack of freedom in behavior, patriarchal acts, and claims of culture and Islamic norms of Saudi Arabian society that are used to legitimize women's subordination. In addition, this study also found several forms of resistance carried out by female characters, especially Wadjda, such as the desire to own a bicycle, independent economic strategies, negotiations with school authorities, unconventional expressions of identity, and covert resistance shown by Wadjda's mother.

Freedom of expression is a constitutional right of citizens guaranteed within Indonesia’s constitutional system as part of the principles of the rule of law and democracy. However, in practice, this freedom often faces various forms of restrictions that tend to be repressive, including through the criminalization of expression and the practice of political terror. This article aims to critically examine how political terror is used as an instrument of power that results in restrictions on freedom of expression, as well as to assess its compatibility with the principles of constitutional law. This study employs a normative legal methodology using legislative, conceptual, and case-based approaches. The findings of the study indicate that the criminalization of expression whether through regulations open to multiple interpretations or the actions of law enforcement officials has the potential to create a chilling effect that hinders public participation in the democratic sphere. In this context, the politics of terror manifests not only in the form of overt repressive actions but also through legal constructs selectively employed to silence criticism of those in power. This situation highlights a tension between constitutional guarantees and prevailing state practices. Therefore, efforts are needed to reconstruct legal policies that ensure more substantial protection of freedom of expression, as well as to strengthen oversight mechanisms regarding the exercise of state authority so that they align with the principles of constitutional democracy and respect for human rights.

The Constitutional Court Decision Number 105/PUU-XXII/2024 has significantly reshaped the legal construction of defamation provisions under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (EIT Law), particularly by limiting the interpretation of the phrase “other persons” to natural persons (natuurlijk persoon) only. This study aims to analyze the implications of the decision on legal certainty as well as its impact on litigation practices and legal protection for legal entities in Indonesia. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the decision enhances legal certainty by clarifying previously ambiguous norms that often led to the criminalization of freedom of expression. However, the restriction of legal subjects has shifted the legal protection mechanism for legal entities from criminal to civil remedies under Article 1365 of the Civil Code. This shift poses challenges in terms of effectiveness, particularly due to more complex litigation processes and the lack of deterrent effect compared to criminal sanctions. Therefore, a balanced approach is required between protecting freedom of expression and safeguarding institutional reputation, alongside strengthening regulations and public legal awareness to achieve justice, legal certainty, and legal utility.

The rapid development of digital technology has brought significant changes to social life, particularly among university students as an educated group and agents of change. On the one hand, digital spaces provide opportunities for freedom of expression and public participation; on the other hand, they also present various challenges related to Human Rights (HR), such as privacy violations, the spread of hate speech, disinformation, and cyberbullying. These conditions highlight the importance of strengthening students’ capacity to ensure they possess adequate understanding and awareness of human rights values in the digital era. This community service article aims to enhance students’ human rights awareness through capacity-building activities conducted within the university environment. The service method was implemented through educational activities in the form of seminars, material presentations, and interactive discussions addressing fundamental human rights concepts, digital ethics, privacy protection, and responsible freedom of expression.The results of the activities indicate an increase in students’ understanding and awareness of human rights issues in the digital era, as well as the development of more critical and ethical attitudes in utilizing digital spaces. This initiative also strengthened the synergy between higher education institutions and the government in promoting human rights awareness among students. Overall, this community service activity makes a positive contribution to strengthening students’ capacity to face human rights challenges in the digital era.

This study examines the dynamics of public criticism of Shin Tae-yong's dismissal by PSSI as a phenomenon of digital communication that shows the tension between freedom of expression and the legal limits of hate speech. The background of this research stems from the intensity of netizens' reactions, which developed into collective moral pressure and had the potential to enter the realm of insults and hostility, as reflected in various comments, news reports, and verbal disputes involving public figures. This study aims to analyze how criticism, media framing, and netizen responses interact with the regulations of the ITE Law, particularly Article 28 paragraph (2), which is often used in reporting hate speech. The methods used are a normative juridical approach and case studies with document analysis, news reports, and academic literature techniques to identify patterns of digital expression and their legal relevance. The results of the study show that public criticism of Shin Tae-yong not only reflects performance evaluation, but also contains emotional, social identity, and moral dimensions that are reinforced by media framing and digital culture. The discussion confirms that the shift from criticism to hate speech occurs when public expression is not managed ethically, while law enforcement on hate speech articles still faces interpretation problems. In conclusion, this verbal dispute reflects the complexity of Indonesia's digital democracy and the urgency of legal reform

This study aims to analyze the meaning of interfaith marriage in the film Komang using Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory. This theory emphasizes the relationship between signifier and signified as well as the concepts of langue and parole to explain the interaction between social systems and individual expression. The results of the analysis show that the visual, verbal, and symbolic signs in the film represent the clash between love and belief. Scenes such as the initial meeting at a cultural festival, family rejection, and symbolic marriage become a form of negotiation between social values and personal freedom. This film affirms that interfaith marriage in Indonesia can only be accepted through compromise with the religious norms of the majority, but still presents a message of tolerance through symbols of cultural harmony. Therefore, the film Komang is not just a romantic narrative, but a social reflection on the relationship between religion, culture, and love in a pluralistic society.

The rapid expansion of digital media use has intensified the practice of cyberbullying as a form of non-physical violence that seriously affects victims’ mental health, dignity, and human rights. In Indonesia, cyberbullying is not specifically regulated and still relies on general provisions in the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT Law), which often lead to multiple interpretations, overcriminalization, and potential restrictions on freedom of expression. This article aims to analyze the urgency of establishing a specific criminal offense for cyberbullying within the framework of human rights protection and the principle of proportionality in limiting freedom of expression in the digital sphere. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to regulations in several countries. The findings indicate that the absence of specific norms on cyberbullying creates legal uncertainty and weakens victim protection while also opening opportunities for the misuse of legal provisions against legitimate expression. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate clear, proportional, and victim-oriented criminal regulations, supported by fair and transparent law enforcement mechanisms that are consistent with human rights principles in the digital era.

The accelerated interaction between the traditional and digital media has radically changed the power structures of political communication and media in the Global South. Objective: This study aims to explore the impact of media technology convergence and political power in Bangladesh, focusing on the interaction between traditional media and social media within the context of a political system characterized by electoral authoritarianism, media monopoly, and state surveillance of cyberspace. The study is important as it reveals how the power structures of political communication are changing in the Global South, particularly in Bangladesh. Methodology: The research employs a qualitative approach, relying on secondary literature analysis, policy analysis, and empirical findings from recent studies. The approach is grounded in media convergence theories, political economy of communication, hybrid media systems, and platform power to analyze the interaction between political actors, media organizations, and digital platforms in shaping and governing political narratives. Findings: The study identifies four key dynamics: platformization of traditional media, reconfiguration of agenda-setting power, strategic utilization of social platforms by political elites, and the increase in surveillance, censorship, and self-censorship in digital spaces. The primary finding shows that while media convergence was expected to democratize political communication, in Bangladesh, it has instead resulted in an asymmetric distribution of power that favors political and corporate elites, restricting freedom of journalism and civil expression. Implications: The findings of this research have implications for media governance and democratic accountability. The study suggests the need for better media governance to ensure democratic accountability and freedom of expression, offering a Global South perspective on convergent media power. Originality: This research makes an original contribution to the field of media and communication studies by highlighting how media convergence in the Global South exacerbates power imbalances and limits freedom. Focusing on Bangladesh, the study offers a unique perspective compared to previous research, which has predominantly focused on Western contexts.

Every individual possesses both rights and obligations that must be understood and exercised in a balanced manner to maintain social order, justice, and collective well-being. A clear understanding of citizens’ responsibilities is essential for creating a prosperous and harmonious society. This study examines the rights and obligations of citizens as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, with a primary focus on exploring how the Constitution guarantees, regulates, and implements these fundamental principles in national life. The research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through desk research, analysis of constitutional provisions, examination of relevant legal documents, and review of related academic literature. The findings indicate that the 1945 Constitution provides strong protection for fundamental human rights, including the rights to education, health services, employment, legal protection, and freedom of expression. At the same time, the Constitution clearly outlines citizens’ obligations, such as obeying the law, paying taxes, respecting the rights of others, participating in national defense, and contributing to social harmony. The study emphasizes that rights and obligations are interconnected and must be carried out proportionally. Understanding and applying these constitutional principles is crucial for strengthening democratic governance, enhancing legal awareness, and fostering a just, orderly, and sovereign nation.

This community service aims to enhance the visual creativity of early childhood children through collage art activities at SMAN 3 Medan. In the current digital era, children are often exposed to passive visual media, which can hinder the development of their active creativity. Through the collage art approach, students are given the freedom to create using various materials such as colored paper, origami, and glue, which stimulate fine motor skills and visual creativity. The research method used involved direct guidance in creating collages, followed by the presentation of material about collage art and the steps for creating it. The results of the community service show that collage activities can improve students' creativity, visual expression, and fine motor skills. Additionally, these activities can also boost students' self-confidence in expressing themselves freely and creatively. These findings suggest that collage art can serve as an effective medium in art education at the elementary school level and is highly beneficial for fostering children's creativity from an early age.

This study is motivated by the rapid development of science and technology, which expands the scope of academic freedom while simultaneously introducing new challenges related to moral responsibility in scholarly practice. Freedom of thought, research, and expression serves as the foundation of intellectual progress; however, without ethical oversight, this freedom risks leading to misuse such as data manipulation, plagiarism, and irresponsible use of emerging technologies. This research aims to conceptually examine the relationship between freedom and responsibility within modern ethics and explore its relevance to contemporary academic practice. The study employs a literature review method that analyzes philosophical works, academic reports, and scientific articles related to academic freedom, research ethics, and technological development. The analysis identifies converging ideas, differing ethical positions, and practical implications arising from the integration of both concepts. The findings indicate that academic freedom can function optimally only when accompanied by moral, professional, and social responsibility. Furthermore, the dynamics of digital technology and modern academic culture demand increasingly complex forms of responsibility, including research transparency, scientific integrity, and awareness of the social impact of knowledge production. This study implies that balancing freedom and responsibility is essential for cultivating an academic environment that upholds integrity and contributes positively to society. 

This study aims to describe the implementation of the art center approach in increasing early childhood creativity in Integrative Holistic Early Childhood Education. The art center approach is one of the child-centered learning strategies, by providing freedom of expression through art activities such as drawing, painting, dancing, and playing music. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The research subjects consist of teachers and children aged 4–6 years in Integrative Holistic Early Childhood Education. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed with stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that the implementation of the art center approach in Integrative Holistic PAUD is able to foster aspects of children's creativity, including the ability to imagine, experiment with art media, and express ideas originally. In addition, the role of teachers as facilitators is very important in providing stimulation, a supportive environment, and appreciation of children's work. In conclusion, the art center approach is effective in developing early childhood creativity if applied consistently, with the support of facilities, media, and mentoring that are appropriate to the stage of child development.

Our country is known as a nation that upholds human rights values. This is manifested in the recognition of the right to express opinions, which is specifically regulated in Law Number 9 of 1998 concerning Freedom of Expression in Public. Along with the increasing dynamics of political contestation and polarization in society, the frequency of demonstrations has also escalated. This condition places the professionalism and neutrality of the police force under increasing public scrutiny. The reduction in citizens' freedom to express their aspirations often creates a negative image of the police, particularly due to repressive actions and the use of discretion that is deemed disproportionate. Based on a normative juridical approach, this study aims to analyze the extent to which the state upholds access and protection of freedom of expression in public, as well as examine the application of human rights principles from both national and international legal perspectives in demonstrations

The rapid development of information and communication technology has driven the transformation of human activities into the digital realm, making cyber law regulation an essential need to govern activities in the virtual world. This research discusses the comparison of cyber law regulations in Indonesia and Singapore, specifically the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) and the Cybersecurity Act as well as the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA), focusing on legal philosophy, enforcement mechanisms, and the protection of freedom of expression. A normative legal research method with a comparative approach is used to analyze the normative context, law enforcement implementation, and the social impacts of both regulations. The research findings indicate that Indonesia adopts a repressive legal approach with fragmented enforcement and challenges related to digital literacy, which leads to potential restrictions on freedom of expression. In contrast, Singapore applies a risk-based regulatory framework with centralized coordination and a more adaptive mitigation approach, aiming to balance content control with the protection of human rights. This research recommends reforms and strengthening of cyber law regulations in Indonesia to improve law enforcement effectiveness and ensure proportional freedom of expression in the digital era.