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This study addresses the issue of suboptimal student academic performance, which is frequently linked to the selection of instructional strategies that do not actively engage learners. Learning outcomes represent a multidimensional construct involving knowledge acquisition, attitude development, and skill formation. Therefore, the application of an appropriate learning model is essential to support meaningful learning experiences. This research aims to investigate the impact of implementing a Problem Based Learning (PBL) model supported by audio-visual media on students’ academic achievement. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design was employed. The study involved two groups: an experimental class receiving the PBL intervention and a control class experiencing conventional instruction. Data were collected through pretest and posttest assessments and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings reveal a statistically significant difference between the two groups, indicated by a significance value below 0.05. This confirms that integrating problem-based strategies with audio-visual support contributes positively to improving students’ learning outcomes. The results highlight the importance of student-centered learning environments in fostering deeper understanding and engagement.

This study aims to determine the effect of implementing the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on student learning outcomes in the Ignition System competency at SMKN 1 Katapang. The background of this study stems from the low understanding of students regarding the ignition system material due to the dominant use of the Teacher-Centered Learning (TCL) model, which tends to make students passive and only memorize concepts without understanding the overall working process. PBL is considered more relevant because it emphasizes real problem-solving, critical thinking, collaboration, and analysis according to constructivist theory. The method used is a quasi-experiment with a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The research subjects consist of two classes of 11th-grade Light Vehicle Engineering students: an experimental group using the PBL model and a control group using TCL, with a total population of 70 students. Data collection was done through pretests and posttests using a validated multiple-choice objective test instrument. Data analysis includes comparing the learning outcome improvements of both groups to determine the effectiveness of PBL. The results show a more significant improvement in learning outcomes in the class using the PBL model compared to the TCL class. This proves that the implementation of PBL is effective in improving analysis skills and diagnostic skills in the ignition system. Therefore, PBL is recommended as a more suitable teaching model for practice-based subjects in vocational schools, especially in automotive electrical competencies.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model integrated with Canva in improving students’ reflective thinking skills in the Aqidah Akhlaq subject at MTsN 3 Tuban. Reflective thinking is an essential competency that enables students to analyze moral behavior, evaluate decision-making processes, and connect Islamic ethical concepts with real-life experiences. However, preliminary observations indicated that students’ reflective thinking skills were still low and tended to remain at the level of theoretical understanding without deeper analysis. This research employed a pre-experimental design using a one-group pretest–posttest model. The subjects consisted of 30 eighth-grade students. The research instrument was a reflective thinking test developed based on indicators of moral evaluation, situation analysis, and experiential reflection, which had been validated through expert judgment. The learning process was conducted by applying the stages of Problem Based Learning integrated with Canva as a visual media to organize problem-solving steps and present students’ reflective outputs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a paired samples t-test. The findings showed a significant improvement in students’ reflective thinking skills after participating in PBL learning supported by Canva. Pretest scores ranged from 48 to 71 with an average of 59.67, while posttest scores increased to a range of 60 to 89 with an average of 71.20. The mean gain of 11.53 points was statistically significant as indicated by the t-test results (t = 10.39; sig. = 0.000), further supported by Cohen’s d value of 1.90, which falls into the category of a very large effect size. Qualitatively, students demonstrated enhanced abilities in identifying core problems, analyzing alternative actions, evaluating their cognitive processes, and visualizing moral reflections systematically through Canva. In conclusion, the PBL model integrated with Canva is effective in improving students’ reflective thinking skills in the Aqidah Akhlaq subject. This model not only enhances academic outcomes but also strengthens character development, creativity, and higher-order thinking skills, which are essential for 21st-century learning.

This study is motivated by the low ability of seventh-grade students to understand and write procedural texts, particularly in terms of linguistic features and the logical sequencing of steps. These conditions indicate the need for a learning model that actively engages students and enhances their analytical thinking skills. This research aims to examine the effect of the Problem Based Learning model on students’ ability to analyze and write procedural texts at SMP Negeri 1 Warungkondang. The study employed a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group. The research population consisted of all seventh-grade students, with a sample of 32 students divided into an experimental class and a control class. Data were collected through comprehension tests, procedural text writing assessments, and classroom observations of student learning activities. Statistical analysis was conducted to identify differences and improvements in students’ abilities following the implementation of the learning model. The findings reveal that students’ understanding of procedural text structure was at a moderate level, with the highest achievement in identifying text goals and the lowest in mastering linguistic features. Students’ writing ability was predominantly categorized as moderate, indicating that while they understood the basic structure of procedural texts, they encountered difficulties in organizing steps logically and in detail. Furthermore, the use of audiovisual media within problem-based learning significantly increased student engagement and learning enthusiasm, although oral communication skills remained limited. These results suggest that Problem Based Learning is effective in improving procedural text learning outcomes; however, it should be supported by focused linguistic guidance and staged writing practice to optimize students’ overall writing performance.  

Constructivism learning theory places learners as active subjects in constructing knowledge through learning experiences, social interactions, and reflection on their surroundings. This approach views learning not as a passive process of receiving information, but as an active process of constructing meaning based on the prior knowledge possessed by learners. This paper aims to comprehensively examine the development and definition of constructivist learning theory, its main principles and characteristics, and its implications in the learning process, particularly in the context of primary education. The writing method used is a literature study by analyzing various literature sources in the form of textbooks, scientific journal articles, and other relevant references related to constructivism theory. The results of the study show that constructivist learning emphasizes learner-centered learning, where knowledge is not transferred directly by the teacher but is constructed through a process of assimilation and accommodation. In this approach, teachers act as facilitators who design a conducive learning environment so that students are able to build understanding independently and through social interaction. The application of constructivist learning has been proven to encourage the development of critical thinking, problem solving, cooperation, and meaningful learning. Therefore, constructivist learning theory is relevant to be applied in modern learning as an effort to improve the quality of the learning process and outcomes of students.

This study explores the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model combined with the Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) approach through the utilization of various forms of digital content to optimally enhance students’ learning outcomes. The research employs a descriptive qualitative design aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of the learning process being implemented. The primary data were obtained from an analysis of the Grade VIII Indonesian language teaching module, while supporting data were collected through interviews with students of the Teacher Professional Education (PPG) program involved in the learning process. The findings indicate that the design and implementation of learning activities followed the stages of PBL systematically, thereby encouraging collaboration, active discussion, and problem-solving activities in the classroom. CRT principles were clearly reflected in the selection of learning materials related to students’ cultural backgrounds, such as speech texts representing Banjar and Javanese cultures. The integration of digital media, including Google Sites, instructional videos, and interactive quizzes, was proven to increase students’ engagement, motivation, and participation during the learning process. Overall, the synergy between PBL, CRT, and digital content created a more relevant, inclusive, and contextual learning environment and had a positive impact on improving students’ learning outcomes.

The low effectiveness of student organizational performance in designing and managing structured work programs presents a major challenge to strengthening the leadership culture at MTsN 1 Probolinggo. This community service program aims to enhance students’ managerial and leadership capacities through performance mentoring for the Intra-Madrasah Student Organization (OSIM), based on innovations in learning management. The methods employed include training sessions, workshops, and continuous mentoring, all designed collaboratively with school stakeholders. The activity stages began with a needs analysis and problem mapping, followed by the development of training modules, the implementation of organizational management training, and interactive workshops aimed at developing adaptive and applicable work programs. The proposed solutions encompass strengthening foundational understanding of organizational management, enhancing the role of members in program planning, and facilitating the implementation of OSIM activities that support the creation of an active learning environment. Evaluation was carried out through pre-tests and post-tests to measure comprehension improvement, field activity observations, and assessments of work program achievement. The results indicate significant improvements in participants’ cognitive and practical skills, particularly in the planning, execution, and evaluation of OSIM programs that are now more structured and goal-oriented. In conclusion, this community service activity successfully reinforced student leadership competencies through an innovative approach to managing student organizations, while also promoting the development of a sustainable culture of collaborative work. Based on the outcomes, it is recommended that this mentoring model be replicated in other madrasahs and that OSIM leadership development programs be systematically integrated into extracurricular curricula to ensure the continuity and expansion of the positive impacts achieved

This study focuses on the development of a case study–based digital book aimed at improving learning quality in Office Management education, where students are required to master both conceptual understanding and practical decision-making skills. Despite the increasing use of digital learning resources in higher education, existing instructional materials often lack contextual integration between theory and real workplace scenarios, resulting in limited student engagement and insufficient opportunities for problem-based learning. To address this issue, the present research aims to design and develop an interactive digital book enriched with authentic case studies that align with course learning outcomes. The study employed a Research and Development approach using the 4-D model Define, Design, and Develop to produce learning materials validated by experts and tested through limited trials. The results show that the digital book achieved high feasibility, with an average expert validation score of 87.33%, while student responses reached 93.87%, indicating strong acceptance, improved motivation, and enhanced perceived understanding. The synthesis of these findings demonstrates that embedding case-based learning elements into digital book formats can effectively support critical thinking, contextual reasoning, and independent learning in Office Management courses. In conclusion, the developed digital book is classified as highly feasible for instructional use and holds substantial potential to enhance learning experiences, although further research is recommended to examine its broader effectiveness and long-term impact on student learning outcomes.

The main problem faced by MA Al Ulya Al Mubarok is the low level of financial literacy and the lack of understanding of the importance of early investment. Most students still perceive saving as the only form of financial management without recognizing the potential for asset growth through safe and well-planned investments. The absence of practical education on personal financial management and limited access to learning resources about investment are the main barriers to developing intelligent and future-oriented financial behavior. As a solution, this community service program is designed to improve financial literacy and foster investment intention among students. The program will be implemented through several stages of activities, including: needs and baseline analysis of students, development of a contextual-based financial literacy module, interactive socialization and training on the basic concepts of saving, personal financial management, and introduction to investment. The expected outcomes of this program include: an increase in students’ financial literacy level by at least 30% based on pre-test and post-test results, the initiation of a student investment awareness community, and the creation of a financial literacy learning module that can be used sustainably by the school. This community service program is expected to serve as a model for financial literacy development in secondary education institutions while supporting national efforts to build a financially literate, independent, and future-oriented young generation.

This study aims to describe the implementation of an active learning model based on collaboration to improve students’ conceptual understanding in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). The background of this research stems from the low level of student engagement in the learning process, which has resulted in less optimal understanding of religious concepts. The research employed a qualitative approach with a classroom action research (CAR) design conducted in two cycles. The subjects were eleventh-grade students at a senior high school in City X. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and conceptual understanding tests. The findings revealed that the implementation of the collaborative active learning model increased students’ participation in learning activities, fostered critical thinking skills, and enhanced their conceptual understanding of Islamic Education materials. Through group discussions, problem-solving activities, and reflection sessions, students became more cognitively and affectively engaged in the learning process. Therefore, the collaborative active learning model can serve as an effective alternative strategy to improve both the process and outcomes of Islamic Religious Education learning.

This study investigates the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model integrated with animated video media to enhance student motivation, creativity, and learning outcomes in economics at MA Salafiyah. Employing a classroom action research approach with a pretest-posttest design, the research involved 35 grade XI students. Data were collected through observation sheets, motivation and creativity questionnaires, and learning outcome tests. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality, while the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test evaluated the significance of differences between pretest and posttest scores. The findings reveal that the application of PBL with animated video media significantly improves student motivation, creativity, and learning outcomes. Students demonstrated increased engagement, generated more creative ideas, and showed deeper understanding of economic concepts. Motivation was reflected in higher posttest scores and active participation, while creativity was evident in the ability to propose innovative solutions and think critically. Learning outcomes improved substantially, with average scores rising from 46.142 (pretest) to 83.571 (posttest). The integration of animated video media in PBL created a dynamic and interactive learning environment that facilitated comprehension, stimulated interest, and encouraged practical application of knowledge. This study concludes that PBL supported by animated video media is an effective pedagogical strategy for improving educational quality in economics learning.

This study aims to analyze the application of SSPBLS (Socio-Scientific Problem based Learning with Spiritual Value) on digestive system materials at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Sragen for the academic year 2024/2025 and to find out whether this model can improve student learning outcomes. The type of research used is quantitative with experimental design. Data collection was carried out through learning outcome tests, observations, and interviews. Based on the results of the t-test, a significance value (sig.) of 0.22 was obtained, which was more than 0.05, which showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental group using the SSPBLS model and the control group using conventional learning methods. The results of this study show that the application of the SSPBLS model to the digestive system material in terms of final average scores can improve student learning outcomes. These results show that SSPBLS has the potential to improve student understanding through a problem-based approach that connects scientific phenomena with social issues, and its application in the field has met expectations. This research contributes to enriching contextual learning approaches through the application of the SSPBLS model which is proven to improve student learning outcomes by integrating social issues, critical thinking skills, and character values and provides alternative effective learning strategies to improve learning outcomes, with an emphasis on students' active involvement in solving problems based on social issues.

This study aims to describe the implementation of an active learning model based on collaboration to improve students’ conceptual understanding in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). The background of this research stems from the low level of student engagement in the learning process, which has resulted in less optimal understanding of religious concepts. The research employed a qualitative approach with a classroom action research (CAR) design conducted in two cycles. The subjects were eleventh-grade students at a senior high school in City X. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and conceptual understanding tests. The findings revealed that the implementation of the collaborative active learning model increased students’ participation in learning activities, fostered critical thinking skills, and enhanced their conceptual understanding of Islamic Education materials. Through group discussions, problem-solving activities, and reflection sessions, students became more cognitively and affectively engaged in the learning process. Therefore, the collaborative active learning model can serve as an effective alternative strategy to improve both the process and outcomes of Islamic Religious Education learning.

This study explores the alignment between science learning practices and children’s cognitive development stages based on Jean Piaget’s theory. Ten academic publications were systematically reviewed to examine how Piaget’s framework can be applied in science education. The findings highlight that integrating cognitive development theory is highly relevant for improving the quality of teaching and learning in schools. At the concrete operational stage (approximately 7–11 years), children learn best through direct experiences, manipulation of real objects, contextual media, and experiments that connect concepts with daily life. These methods help foster curiosity and reinforce conceptual understanding. As learners progress to the formal operational stage (around 11 years and above), they begin to think abstractly, reason logically, and analyze critically. At this level, student-centered approaches, inquiry-based methods, and constructivist learning become more effective in enhancing problem-solving, creativity, and higher-order thinking skills. The review also indicates that adapting instruction to developmental stages supports more meaningful and sustainable learning outcomes. In the Indonesian educational context, this approach can address challenges such as limited classroom facilities, diverse student learning styles, and a curriculum that is often overloaded. By applying Piaget’s insights, teachers can design learning strategies that bridge abstract concepts with concrete understanding, thus increasing student motivation and engagement. In conclusion, aligning science education with Piaget’s cognitive stages is an effective way to improve student performance and ensure long-term academic growth. The study provides valuable input for teachers, researchers, and policymakers in developing innovative, student-centered science and mathematics education.

This qualitative descriptive study examines how Project‑Based Learning (PjBL) was planned and enacted in Grade 3 mathematics at SD 1 Pokoh Kidul within the Kurikulum Merdeka framework and explores its effects on student learning as well as implementation challenges. Data came from semi‑structured interviews, non‑participant classroom observations, and document analysis of lesson plans, worksheets, and assessment rubrics. A thematic analysis was conducted, with triangulation across data sources and member checking to support trustworthiness. Findings indicate that PjBL embedded mathematics in authentic, real‑world contexts and enhanced problem‑solving, critical thinking, and conceptual understanding. Non‑cognitive gains included stronger collaboration, communication, self‑regulation, and confidence. Topic‑specific projects such as designing simple structures for geometry and operating a “classroom restaurant” for fractions helped make abstract ideas tangible and engaging. Integration of educational technology (e.g., augmented‑reality applications and interactive simulations) further supported visualization and participation. Differentiated instruction and scaffolding enabled students with diverse learning needs to contribute meaningfully. Key challenges concerned time management, equitable participation, resource constraints, and designing assessments that capture both process and product. The study recommends targeted professional development, interdisciplinary project design, and alignment with sustainability education principles to strengthen PjBL integration. Overall, the findings suggest that PjBL is a feasible and promising approach for primary mathematics in Indonesia, advancing academic outcomes alongside essential twenty‑first‑century competencies

This study is motivated by the difficulty students face in understanding the concept of food chains, which is attributed to the conventional teaching methods still in use. Therefore, the researcher believes that the application of a new teaching model is expected to enhance student engagement in the teaching and learning process, ultimately improving learning outcomes. Natural Science is often considered difficult because of its many theories and the lack of variation in teaching methods, leading to poor student performance. Given these issues, an innovative teaching model is necessary. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students' knowledge in the Natural Science subject. The research method used is an experimental method with a quasi-experimental design. The study population consists of 50 fifth-grade students, with 25 students in the experimental group and 25 students in the control group. The hypothesis tested is that there is an effect of the Problem-Based Learning model on Natural Science learning outcomes. The results of the study show that the Problem-Based Learning model has a significant effect on students' knowledge. This is evidenced by the t-test results, which show a t-value of 12.400, greater than the t-table value of 2.01. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Problem-Based Learning model positively affects the understanding of food chain concepts in fifth-grade students. The findings of this study are expected to be beneficial for teachers in improving the quality of their teaching, for students to better understand the material through more engaging methods, and for the school environment in developing innovative and effective teaching practices.

This research focuses on exploring the mathematical reasoning abilities of Madrasah Aliyah students in solving problems that integrate mathematical concepts with the Islamic science of faraidh (inheritance law), specifically within the topic of fractions. The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design and was conducted among 11th-grade students enrolled in the Religious Program at MA Raudlatul Ulum Putri. Data collection techniques included written tests, semi-structured interviews, and classroom observations, focusing on three selected students who represented high, moderate, and low levels of mathematical ability. The analysis centers on several key indicators of mathematical reasoning: identifying problems, formulating hypotheses, presenting logical arguments, and drawing conclusions. The results show that most students fall into the moderate reasoning category, while a smaller number are categorized as high or low. Students in the high category demonstrate a strong capacity to approach problems systematically and accurately, combining mathematical logic with a proper understanding of Sharia-based inheritance rules. In contrast, students in the low category struggle with interpreting problem contexts and executing fraction calculations correctly, which indicates gaps in both conceptual understanding and application skills. These findings underscore the importance of contextual and integrative learning, particularly the combination of mathematics with Islamic values, to enhance deeper comprehension. By embedding religious relevance into mathematical instruction—especially through real-life contexts such as inheritance laws—educators can support the development of more meaningful reasoning abilities. The study suggests that integrating mathematics and Islamic teachings can significantly benefit student learning outcomes and foster stronger conceptual foundations.

The problem in this research is formulated into three main questions: (1) How to develop "PAPIN" (Smart Board) learning media on ethnic and cultural diversity for Grade IV students at SD Negeri 101767 Tembung? (2) How to validate the "PAPIN" learning media to ensure its appropriateness and quality for use in the classroom? (3) How effective is the use of the "PAPIN" (Smart Board) learning media in improving students' understanding of ethnic and cultural diversity in a primary school setting? The main objectives of this research are: (1) To develop feasible and relevant "PAPIN" learning media that supports the learning of ethnic and cultural diversity in accordance with the needs of Grade IV students at SD Negeri 101767 Tembung. (2) To produce a practical and user-friendly digital learning tool that can be integrated into classroom activities. (3) To evaluate the effectiveness of the media in improving learning outcomes, particularly students' knowledge, engagement, and appreciation of cultural diversity. This research adopts the 4D (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) development model, a systematic method for creating and validating educational products. The research subjects are fourth-grade students from SD Negeri 101767 Tembung, selected as they represent the target users of the media. Data were collected through classroom observations, documentation, expert validation sheets, student response questionnaires, and evaluation instruments to measure the learning outcomes. The findings of this research are expected to contribute to the development of innovative, technology-based instructional tools in elementary education, particularly in promoting multicultural awareness and inclusive learning environments.

Biology education requires a learning strategy that can improve conceptual understanding while developing students' critical thinking skills. This study aims to analyze the influence of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) learning model on the learning outcomes of class X students on biodiversity materials at SMA Negeri 1 Melonguane. The research uses a quasi-experimental method with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design, involving two classes, namely the X-A experimental class taught using the PjBL model with a mini ecosystem project, and the X-D control class. The control class is taught conventionally. The analysis results showed a significant increase in the posttest score of the experimental class with an average of 79.33 compared to the control class with an average of 73.39. These findings indicate that applying the PjBL model effectively creates active learning, increases student engagement, and develops problem-solving skills and creativity. The lower variability of scores in the experimental class showed that PjBL could accommodate differences in students' abilities. Project-based learning also arouses students' motivation and confidence, making Biology learning more contextual and meaningful. The implications of this study show that applying the PjBL model can be an alternative to Biology learning strategies to improve learning outcomes while supporting the development of 21st century skills. This research enriches the literature on Biology learning innovations. It opens opportunities for further studies related to the application of PjBL to other materials or long-term impact analysis on students' academic achievements.

This community service activity aimed to introduce and strengthen the understanding of sociopreneurship among students of SMA Islam Andalusia Kebasen through an experiential learning approach. The initiative responded to the need for youth empowerment programs that combine entrepreneurial skills with social responsibility, particularly those grounded in Islamic values. The one-day training was designed to be interactive and engaging, incorporating inspirational dialogues with practitioners, interactive simulations, role-plays, and value reflections. These methods were intended to create an immersive learning experience, enabling students to connect theory with real-world application. A total of 50 students participated in the program. The training focused on three main objectives: (1) developing the ability to identify and analyze social issues in their community, (2) designing solutions through the creation of social enterprises, and (3) integrating Islamic values into business practices to ensure ethical and sustainable entrepreneurship. Evaluation was conducted using pre- and post-training assessments, observation, and participant feedback. The results indicated that 70% of participants demonstrated a strong understanding of the concept of sociopreneurship after the training. Additionally, 76% successfully integrated Islamic values into their proposed business ideas, while over 60% were able to design simple but feasible social enterprise concepts addressing real social problems. Participants also reported increased awareness, empathy, creativity, and leadership skills as outcomes of the activity. The findings highlight that experiential learning-based sociopreneurship training is an effective method for cultivating youth’s capacity to initiate social change through entrepreneurial action. This program not only enhanced students’ knowledge and skills but also inspired them to become agents of positive transformation in their communities. It is recommended that schools establish follow-up initiatives, such as sociopreneur clubs, mentoring schemes, and project incubation programs, to ensure the sustainability and further development of students’ social enterprise ideas.