Implementing Project‑Based Learning in Grade 3 Mathematics: A Kurikulum Merdeka Case Study in Indonesia

This qualitative descriptive study examines how Project‑Based Learning (PjBL) was planned and enacted in Grade 3 mathematics at SD 1 Pokoh Kidul within the Kurikulum Merdeka framework and explores its effects on student learning as well as implementation challenges. Data came from semi‑structured interviews, non‑participant classroom observations, and document analysis of lesson plans, worksheets, and assessment rubrics. A thematic analysis was conducted, with triangulation across data sources and member checking to support trustworthiness. Findings indicate that PjBL embedded mathematics in authentic, real‑world contexts and enhanced problem‑solving, critical thinking, and conceptual understanding. Non‑cognitive gains included stronger collaboration, communication, self‑regulation, and confidence. Topic‑specific projects such as designing simple structures for geometry and operating a “classroom restaurant” for fractions helped make abstract ideas tangible and engaging. Integration of educational technology (e.g., augmented‑reality applications and interactive simulations) further supported visualization and participation. Differentiated instruction and scaffolding enabled students with diverse learning needs to contribute meaningfully. Key challenges concerned time management, equitable participation, resource constraints, and designing assessments that capture both process and product. The study recommends targeted professional development, interdisciplinary project design, and alignment with sustainability education principles to strengthen PjBL integration. Overall, the findings suggest that PjBL is a feasible and promising approach for primary mathematics in Indonesia, advancing academic outcomes alongside essential twenty‑first‑century competencies