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The study aims to analyze the legal gaps related to the regulation of new types of narcotics that have not been registered. This research employs a normative legal research method, which focuses on analyzing the existing legal provisions as stated in the relevant laws and regulations. The purpose is to examine how these legal frameworks address the emergence of new types of narcotics, especially those not yet registered in Indonesia. With the rapid development of synthetic drugs and other new narcotic substances, existing laws often struggle to keep up with emerging challenges. The normative legal research approach is particularly suitable for this study because it enables a critical examination of how the current legal system responds to these developments and whether it provides adequate legal tools to address such issues. Through this approach, the study will explore the gaps in existing positive law and assess how these legal voids impact the implementation of anti-drug policies and law enforcement in Indonesia. One key issue identified is the inability of current narcotics laws to effectively regulate or prevent the circulation of new, unregistered substances. This lack of legal recognition creates challenges for law enforcement agencies in controlling the distribution and use of such narcotics. Furthermore, the study will analyze the implications of these legal gaps on public health, law enforcement practices, and the overall effectiveness of anti-drug efforts in Indonesia. By identifying the shortcomings in the regulation of new narcotics types, the research aims to provide recommendations for improving legal frameworks and ensuring that laws evolve in tandem with emerging drug trends. Ultimately, this study contributes to enhancing the legal response to narcotic-related issues and supports the development of more effective drug control policies in Indonesia.

This study focuses on the development of student character, particularly in terms of discipline and responsibility, at SMPN 1 Ngunut, an outstanding school in Tulungagung Regency. Seventh-grade students are in a transitional phase from elementary to junior high school, making them vulnerable to the influences of their environment and the changing times. Based on observations, many students have not yet demonstrated disciplined behavior, such as arriving on time, completing tasks, cheating during exams, and not paying attention to teachers while learning. This study aims to identify effective Social Studies (IPS) teaching strategies for shaping students' character. The research focuses on (1) the role of teachers as demonstrators in developing disciplined and responsible character through IPS learning, (2) effective strategies employed by teachers to cultivate discipline and responsibility in students, and (3) potential solutions to improve the quality of IPS learning in instilling discipline and responsibility. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. The findings show that (1) IPS learning in the seventh grade at SMPN 1 Ngunut is effective in instilling discipline and responsibility, (2) Teachers use teaching activities to instill values such as punctuality and task completion, (3) Through methods like group work, individual assignments, and behavioral evaluations, students show positive changes, (4) The role of teachers as facilitators and role models is crucial, (5) Collaboration between teachers and the principal creates a school culture that supports character development, and (6) The impact of this process is reflected in increased student awareness of their responsibilities. These findings highlight that IPS not only fosters cognitive knowledge but also serves as a strategic medium for continuous moral and character development.

In contemporary media, characters who self-diagnose with psychological disorders often reflect deeper emotional and psychological complexities rather than clinically accurate conditions. One compelling example is found in the British dark comedy-drama series The End of The F**ing World*, where James claims to be a psychopath. However, this self-diagnosis raises critical psychological questions: Is James truly incapable of empathy, or is his label a defense mechanism masking unresolved trauma from his childhood? By applying Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory—particularly the structural model of personality (id, ego, superego)—alongside Anna Freud’s theory of defense mechanisms, this study investigates the role of self-diagnosis not as an objective or medically valid truth, but as a psychological shield to avoid emotional vulnerability and confrontation with repressed pain. James' behaviors are analyzed through selected scenes and dialogues in the series, with additional triangulation from the original graphic novel to support the interpretation. The analysis reveals that James’ declaration of being a psychopath aligns more with mechanisms such as repression, projection, and emotional numbing, rather than the clinical criteria of psychopathy. His emotional detachment is revealed to be a constructed barrier stemming from maternal loss, neglect, and fear of connection. The study concludes that self-diagnosis in this context acts as a subconscious strategy to cope with unresolved trauma and to maintain psychological equilibrium amid inner conflict. This case exemplifies how fictional representations can mirror real-life struggles with identity, mental health, and the desire to label complex emotions through simplified diagnostic terms, especially in youth who lack proper support systems.  

The use of office stationery (ATK) plays a crucial role in supporting the smooth running of administrative activities within government agencies, particularly within the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP). As an agency responsible for supervising and evaluating state financial management, the availability of adequate and timely ATK is a crucial supporting factor in ensuring the efficient and effective operation of BPKP. Unavailability of ATK can hamper administrative processes, while excess stock can lead to budget waste and inefficiency in logistics management. This study aims to implement an inventory control system for ATK use at BPKP using the Min-Max Stock method. This method is used to determine the ideal minimum and maximum limits for ATK inventory, with the aim of minimizing overstock and stockouts. With this approach, agencies can manage ATK procurement more efficiently based on actual needs and existing usage patterns. The results of the study indicate that the application of the Min-Max Stock method provides significant results in inventory management. For the type of ATK in the form of F4 size HVS paper, the minimum and maximum values are set at 12 reams. Meanwhile, for A4-sized HVS paper, the minimum quantity is 72 reams and the maximum is 98 reams. For other types of stationery, such as printer ink, the minimum and maximum quantities are set at 74 and 92 bottles, respectively. For BPKP logo folders, the recommended minimum is 240 sheets and the maximum is 325 sheets. By implementing this method, BPKP can optimally manage stationery inventory, thereby minimizing the risk of stockouts that could disrupt operations and preventing inefficient stockpiling. This approach contributes to more orderly, transparent, and cost-effective logistics governance within the government.

Queues are a common phenomenon and are often encountered in various aspects of daily life, especially in places that provide public services. One of the places that is inseparable from the queue problem is Indomaret Jimbaran, Bali. The large number of buyers who send data to Indomaret Jimbaran during peak hours causes the queue rate to be high. This is due to the limited number of service facilities and the time provided to serve each visitor is limited so that the cashier cannot serve buyers optimally. Therefore, the researcher is interested in researching whether the service facilities provided by Indomaret Jimbaran are effective and efficient so that they can satisfy customers.Using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it was found that the appropriate distribution for the interarrival time of customers is the Gamma distribution, while the service time follows the 3-parameter Weibull distribution. The queueing model used is . The results show that having three cashiers is sufficient to handle the level of customer traffic at Indomaret Jimbaran retail store.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of election-level simplification from a legal perspective to overcome the waste of election resources and costs. Elections in Indonesia have faced various challenges, including waste in excessive paper usage, overlapping stages, and inefficient budget allocations. These inefficiencies not only burden the General Elections Commission (KPU) but also affect the effectiveness and transparency of the democratic process. Simplification of election levels is expected to be an effective solution to reduce the administrative and material burdens that hinder the implementation of elections. By streamlining the structure and reducing redundant stages, election organizers can focus more on quality, security, and public participation. This study uses a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant laws and regulations, such as Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections, as well as various policies and proposals related to election-level simplification. The analysis also includes legal principles such as efficiency, effectiveness, and legal certainty. Furthermore, the study examines how other democratic countries manage election logistics efficiently to draw lessons that can be contextualized in Indonesia. The results of this study are expected to provide concrete policy recommendations that support the implementation of simplified election systems. These recommendations are aimed at optimizing the election process by minimizing waste, both in terms of budget and the use of natural and human resources, while maintaining the integrity and legitimacy of the democratic process. Thus, this study contributes to the discourse on election reform and democratic strengthening in Indonesia.

This study aims to evaluate the financial performance of PT Akasha Wira International Tbk during the period 2022 to 2024 using profitability ratio analysis. The ratios analyzed include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Operating Profit Margin (OPM), and Net Profit Margin (NPM). The data used is sourced from official financial statements published through the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. Based on the results of the analysis, the company's financial performance is generally relatively good and shows stability over the past three years. This is reflected in the consistency of the profitability ratio which is at a favorable level, indicating the effectiveness of the company in managing assets, its own capital, production costs, and operational activities. Further analysis shows that the Return on Assets and Return on Equity show a stable trend with a slight increase, which indicates efficiency in asset utilization and capital management. Gross Profit Margin and Operating Profit Margin also show positive trends, indicating efficiency in managing production costs and operational activities. Net Profit Margin, although slightly volatile, remains within a range that reflects good profitability. In addition, the results of this evaluation also indicate that the company has the ability to adapt to market changes and dynamic economic conditions. The ability to maintain profit margins in the midst of economic fluctuations shows the resilience of the business model and operational strategy applied. These findings provide an idea that PT Akasha Wira International Tbk has been able to maintain a healthy performance despite being in a competitive business environment. Thus, the results of this evaluation can be used as a basis for strategic considerations by management in preparing long-term financial plans and decision-making, as well as a reference for investors in assessing the company's prospects.

This study aims to analyze the impact of work discipline, work-life balance, and employee engagement on employee performance at PT Globalindo Intimates Klaten. The population for this research consisted of approximately 3,000 employees, with a sample of 97 respondents selected using purposive sampling. This sampling method was employed to target employees who met specific criteria relevant to the research objectives. The data for the study were collected through a questionnaire that utilized a Likert scale, and the analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The analytical process included validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing. The results of the study indicated that work discipline, work-life balance, and employee engagement had a positive and significant effect on employee performance, both independently and in combination. Specifically, work discipline plays a key role in ensuring that employees adhere to organizational rules and regulations, which contributes to improved performance. Work-life balance helps employees manage their personal and professional lives, reducing stress and improving overall job satisfaction, which in turn enhances performance. Employee engagement, which refers to the level of enthusiasm and commitment employees have toward their work, was found to significantly influence their performance as well. The study suggests that organizations should focus on fostering a strong work ethic, providing support for work-life balance, and increasing employee engagement in order to improve overall performance. The findings emphasize that when employees are disciplined, maintain a healthy work-life balance, and are engaged with their work, their productivity increases, leading to improved outcomes for the organization. This research highlights the importance of these factors in creating a motivated and high-performing workforce, and the results can be used to inform human resource strategies in other organizations aiming to improve employee performance and achieve organizational success.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have an important contribution in supporting the national economy, especially in terms of job creation and strengthening the local economy. However, most MSMEs still face challenges in compiling financial statements that are in accordance with applicable accounting standards. This study aims to analyze the extent to which the implementation of Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small, and Medium Entities (SAK-EMKM) has been implemented by MSME actors, as well as identify the obstacles faced in the process. The research approach used is qualitative descriptive, with data collection techniques through interviews, direct observation, and document review. The findings of the study show that the level of understanding of MSME actors towards SAK-EMKM is still low, and the implementation of these standards is not evenly distributed. The main causative factors include limited accounting knowledge, lack of professional assistance, and lack of access to technical training. In addition, most MSMEs still rely on manual recording without referring to correct accounting principles, making it difficult in the audit process or applying for loans to financial institutions. Another obstacle is the lack of digital literacy in financial management, as well as the assumption that the preparation of financial statements is not a top priority. In fact, well-structured financial statements can be an important tool in business decision-making and open access to funding. This study recommends the importance of collaboration between the government, academics, and financial institutions to provide training, mentoring, and a simple reporting system that is in accordance with the characteristics of MSMEs. This effort is expected to increase the awareness and ability of MSMEs to manage finances in an accountable and transparent manner, as well as support business growth and sustainability in the long term.

The issue of climate change and increasing public awareness of the importance of environmental sustainability are driving the tourism industry to adopt sustainable practices. One such effort is the use of environmentally friendly products or green products in its operations. BudiSun Resort Maumere, located in East Nusa Tenggara, is one resort that has implemented environmentally friendly principles in its services and facilities. However, further research is needed to determine the extent to which these practices influence consumer behavior, particularly in terms of purchase intention. This study aims to analyze the influence of green products, brand image, and environmental awareness on consumer purchase intention at BudiSun Resort Maumere. The research approach used was quantitative with a survey method. The sample in this study consisted of 150 respondents who had stayed at the resort. The instrument used was a questionnaire with a Likert scale, and the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 25 software. The analysis results showed that all three independent variables—green product, brand image, and environmental awareness—simultaneously had a significant effect on purchase intention, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.827 and an F-value of 231.894 at a significance level of 0.000. Partially, brand image (β = 0.321; sig = 0.000) and environmental awareness (β = 0.651; sig = 0.000) had a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. However, green product (β = –0.056; sig = 0.354) did not show a significant effect. These findings suggest that while the use of environmentally friendly products is important, the strength of brand image and consumer environmental awareness play a greater role in influencing consumer intention to revisit resort services. Therefore, sustainable tourism marketing strategies should emphasize strengthening brand image and environmental education.

The development of digital technology has significantly changed the global marketing landscape, providing a huge opportunity for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to build and strengthen their brands in a more effective, efficient, and affordable way. This research aims to examine and analyze digital branding strategies implemented by MSMEs in facing various challenges and taking advantage of opportunities that arise in the era of digital transformation. A qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study, with data collection through in-depth interviews, direct observations, and documentation studies on a number of MSME actors who actively utilize digital platforms. Interactive analysis techniques are used to process and analyze the data obtained systematically. The results of the study show that the strategic use of digital platforms such as social media, marketplaces, and websites has great potential in improving brand image, expanding market reach, and strengthening the competitiveness of MSME products in the midst of increasingly fierce competition. One of the key elements of successful digital branding is consistency in visual communication, relevant message delivery, and activeness in building interactions with customers. In addition, the use of digital marketing features such as paid advertising, creative content, influencer marketing, and customer relationship management also supports strengthening brand identity and consumer loyalty. However, the effectiveness of this strategy is greatly influenced by the level of digital literacy, access to technology, and managerial capacity of MSME actors. Therefore, support from the government and related institutions in the form of training, mentoring, and affirmative policies is needed to encourage inclusive and sustainable digital transformation. This research provides practical and theoretical

This study examines how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance influences financial distress, incorporating cost of debt as a moderating variable. Financial distress is proxied by the Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR), reflecting a firm’s capacity to satisfy interest payments. The empirical sample consists of 655 firm-year observations of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2023. Panel regression with fixed effects and heteroskedasticity-consistent estimation (Panel EGLS with cross-section weights) is employed to analyze the data. Results indicate that ESG performance exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on ICR (β = 0.1189; p < 0.01), implying that firms with robust ESG practices are better able to service their debt and thus face lower financial distress. Additionally, the interaction term between ESG and cost of debt yields a negative and significant coefficient (β = −0.9714; p < 0.05), suggesting that elevated financing costs attenuate the beneficial impact of ESG on financial resilience. These findings are consistent with stakeholder theory, which advocates that proactive engagement with stakeholders enhances corporate stability, and trade-off theory, which underscores the necessity of balancing debt advantages against financial risk. This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating the conditional effect of cost of debt on the ESG–financial distress nexus. From a managerial perspective, the study underscores the importance of integrating ESG initiatives with cost-efficient funding strategies to mitigate financial distress risk and foster sustainable, long-term value creation.

This study explores the crucial role of legal certainty in the management of natural resources, with a focus on forest areas, as a key factor in ensuring a balanced approach to economic use, environmental sustainability, and the protection of community rights. Forests, both with and without tree cover, require clear legal frameworks to prevent overlapping claims, illegal activities, and degradation. The state's authority in regulating the status and function of forest areas is vital and must be supported by coherent, enforceable policies. Employing a normative juridical method, this research examines primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, particularly Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, to assess the extent to which Indonesia’s legal system provides certainty in forest area governance. The findings reveal that legal certainty is still challenged by overlapping regulations, inconsistencies in enforcement, and gaps between formal legal provisions and their implementation in the field. These issues often lead to land conflicts, unclear tenure rights, and unsustainable exploitation. Nevertheless, when implemented effectively, the legal framework has the potential to promote responsible management practices, preserve biodiversity, and safeguard indigenous and local communities' rights. The study underscores the need for harmonizing sectoral laws, strengthening institutional coordination, and improving transparency in forest area designation and use. Legal certainty is not only a prerequisite for sustainable development but also a cornerstone for legal justice and equitable resource governance. This paper contributes to the discourse on forest policy reform and aims to inform legislators, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in natural resources management about the importance of strengthening legal foundations for better governance and sustainability.

This study aims to examine the legal gaps and regulatory challenges in enforcing criminal liability against perpetrators of crimes within Indonesia’s crypto ecosystem, particularly in the context of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and decentralized digital asset trading platforms. The research employs a normative juridical approach using statutory and conceptual methods. The findings indicate that current criminal law instruments, such as Article 378 of the Criminal Code, Article 28 paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, Law No. 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering (TPPU), and Law No. 10 of 1998 on Banking, are inadequate to address the unique and complex characteristics of crypto-related crimes. These crimes are anonymous, cross-jurisdictional, and difficult to trace due to the absence of centralized authority. As a result, the existing legal framework fails to provide sufficient victim protection and leads to weak law enforcement effectiveness. This legal vacuum also hampers the state's ability to respond to the growing digital threats and creates legal uncertainty in the expanding crypto space. Therefore, this study recommends the formulation of specific criminal regulations that comprehensively define digital assets, legal subjects within decentralized systems, and new criminal offenses relevant to crypto-related conduct. It also calls for the establishment of specialized institutions dedicated to investigating and prosecuting such crimes. These proposed regulations are expected to strengthen the national criminal justice system, making it more adaptive, fair, and effective in addressing the challenges posed by digital transformation.

The differences in the age limits of children as stipulated in several Indonesian laws and regulations—such as the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law (UU Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak/SPPA), the Child Protection Law (UU Perlindungan Anak), and the Human Rights Law (UU HAM)—have created significant legal uncertainty. These inconsistencies pose serious implications for the protection of children's rights, particularly for those who are entangled in legal conflicts. One of the most critical impacts is the potential for injustice in the application of restorative justice and diversion programs, which should be guided by the principle of the best interests of the child. Discrepancies in age definitions may also result in unequal treatment in legal proceedings and hinder access to appropriate legal remedies and rehabilitation services. For instance, a child considered underage by one law may be treated as an adult under another, leading to inconsistent judicial decisions, discrimination, and psychological harm. Furthermore, this lack of regulatory harmony undermines the credibility and consistency of the justice system in handling cases involving children. The principle of legal certainty, which is fundamental in any just legal system, cannot be upheld if such foundational definitions remain fragmented. Therefore, there is an urgent need for harmonization and alignment of all regulations related to the legal age definition of a child within the Indonesian national legal framework. Establishing a uniform age standard is essential to ensure fair treatment, protect children's rights comprehensively, prevent discriminatory practices, and improve the effectiveness of restorative justice, rehabilitation, and child protection mechanisms in Indonesia.

According to Law Number 6 of 2023, which stipulates a maximum of 40 working hours per week, a survey conducted by the Kompas Daily Data Journalism Team reveals that the average working hours of lecturers in Indonesia reach 69.64 hours per week throughout 2024. This data highlights a significant discrepancy between the legal provisions and the reality of lecturers' workloads. Despite the law setting limits, many lecturers at Indonesian state universities are facing workloads that far exceed the stipulated working hours. These workloads consist of teaching responsibilities, research, community service, campus administration, and even side jobs, making it clear that the working conditions for lecturers are far from ideal. Moreover, the low salaries, especially for lecturers in private universities, have severe implications not only on individual welfare but also on the broader educational system. The low income of lecturers contributes to a looming teaching crisis on campus, which will inevitably affect the quality of education and lecturer performance. This crisis is further reflected in public sentiment. Google Trend data shows a sharp increase in searches for the phrase "don't be a lecturer," reaching a peak of 100 at the end of January 2025, indicating a growing disillusionment with the profession. In addition, a staggering 76.5% of lecturers have side jobs outside of their academic duties. The most common side jobs include consulting (32.4%), teaching (18.9%), research (16.2%), and writing (2.7%). A smaller percentage (5.41%) are engaged in informal work, such as being online motorcycle taxi drivers. These figures reveal the heavy burden on lecturers to seek additional income, which ultimately compromises their focus and performance in their primary academic roles.

This research examines the legal framework governing digital employment contracts on gig economy platforms, with particular focus on the tension between operational flexibility and worker protection within the Indonesian legal context. The study employs comparative legal analysis methodology, exam-ining Indonesia's regulatory approach against international frameworks including the European Union's Platform Work Directive (2024), California's AB5 legislation, France's flexicurity model, and Spain's Rider Law. The research analyzes the employment status classification challenges faced by approximately 2.5 million Indonesian gig workers who operate within a legal gray area between traditional employment and genuine self-employment. The investigation reveals that Indonesia's current regulatory framework lacks comprehensive provisions addressing platform-mediated work relationships, creating significant legal ambiguity regarding worker rights and protections. Through comparative analysis, the study demonstrates that jurisdictions implementing presumption-based employment tests, such as California's ABC test, have successfully reduced misclassification by reversing the burden of proof onto hiring entities. The research identifies that the absence of clear classification criteria in Indonesian law undermines constitutional principles of social justice and equal protection as enshrined in Articles 27(2) and 28D(2) of the 1945 Constitution.The study concludes that Indonesia requires adaptive legislation that establishes rebuttable presumptions of employment for platform workers while maintaining appropriate flexibility for genuine entrepreneurial activities. The primary legal insight reveals that effective regulatory frameworks must in-corporate algorithmic transparency requirements, collective bargaining mechanisms, and social security provisions. The research recommends implementing a presumption-based classification system similar to the ABC test, coupled with mandatory platform engagement with elected worker representatives on tariffs and working conditions, thereby ensuring fundamental labor protections without stifling technological innovation.

The rapid expansion of Indonesia’s digital economy and the enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law (Law 27/2022) have exposed significant shortcomings in the resolution of data-related disputes under existing judicial and administrative frameworks. Public adjudication of sensitive data conflicts can erode trust, impose reputational damage, and delay reparative outcomes, while courts often lack specialized expertise in technology and privacy. Drawing upon international precedents including the European Data Protection Board’s Article 65 GDPR mechanism, the EU–US Data Privacy Framework arbitration annex, and the European Patent Office’s data-protection arbitration rules this study examines the urgency and feasibility of establishing a dedicated Data Dispute Arbitration Forum in Indonesia. Through comparative analysis, it identifies core design elements such as expert-appointed tribunals, streamlined online procedures, confidentiality safeguards, clear enforcement under the New York Con-vention, and mechanisms for restorative remedies beyond fines. Anchored in Pancasila’s social-justice ethos and Indonesia’s ADR law (Law 30/1999) and ITE Law, the proposed institutional architecture integrates online dispute resolution (ODR) protocols, data-minimization and cybersecurity guidelines, and publicly anonymized award publication to foster legal certainty and raise awareness of data-protection obligations. A stakeholder impact assessment demonstrates that such a forum would benefit individual data subjects through low-cost, expeditious relief; controllers and processors through predictability and trade-secret protection; regulators through expert findings; and foreign investors through alignment with global data-governance standards. By aligning domestic legal values with international best practices, the specialized forum promises to bolster enforcement, restore public trust, and strengthen Indonesia’s competitiveness in the global digital marketplace.

The role of experts in the Alternative Dispute Resolution (APS) forum in Indonesia has a strategic position in bridging the technical and legal aspects that are often at the core of the problem in a dispute. The presence of experts serves to provide objective and professional opinions that can strengthen the arguments of the parties, as well as speed up the dispute resolution process efficiently. Juridically, the role of experts has been recognized in Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution, and strengthened by the principle of freedom of contract in Article 1338 of the Civil Code. Although expert opinions are not always binding, their contributions are often used as the basis for important consideration by mediators or arbitrators in decision-making. In addition to being a provider of expert opinions, this role is also able to bridge the gap of understanding between technical and legal aspects that are often difficult to understand by the parties or even by the mediator himself. In practice, expert involvement can provide insight into complex issues, such as in construction, medical, information technology, or environmental cases, that require specialized expertise. Therefore, the presence of experts not only strengthens the legal argument, but also provides crucial scientific validity. However, the challenge faced is the lack of detailed technical arrangements related to qualifications, codes of conduct, and mechanisms for expert involvement in the APS. This can pose a risk of subjectivity and potential conflicts of interest. For this reason, a more comprehensive regulatory development is needed to ensure that the role of experts in APS can be carried out optimally, professionally, and fairly, so as to increase public trust in the dispute resolution mechanism outside the court.

Community service activities are one form of implementation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education which aims to have a direct impact on improving the quality of life of the community. AMNI Maritime University conducted community service activities in Bajumulyo Village, Juwana District, Pati Regency, as a form of support for the coastal community economic empowerment program launched by the Pati Regency Government. This activity involved lecturers, students/cadets, and the local community in an active and collaborative manner. The enthusiasm of the Bajumulyo Village community in participating in various series of activities demonstrated the need and awareness of the importance of technological adaptation, especially in terms of digitalizing the marketing of fish catches. The main objective of this activity was to increase the income of fishing groups through the use of digital media as a means of promotion and distribution of marine products. The method of implementation of the activity was carried out through a participatory approach in the form of direct training and coaching, field observations, interviews with local fishermen, and literature studies to strengthen the conceptual framework and practices in the field. Training materials included digital marketing strategies, the use of e-commerce platforms, social media, and attractive fishery product packaging techniques. Indicators of the success of this program were an increase in fishermen's ability to use digital technology to market their products and an increase in the income of fishing families after participating in the program. Observations indicate that this training has had a positive impact on community understanding of the importance of digitalization in marketing fish catches.