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Language ability is a cornerstone in early childhood development, influencing almost every aspect of life, from social interaction to cognitive skills. A rich vocabulary, the ability to understand instructions, and clear self-expression are important indicators of successful language development. Language plays a very important role in helping children build relationships with others. The process of language acquisition is not something that happens naturally without stimulus, but is highly influenced by the environment where a child grows and develops. The two main environments that play a crucial role in shaping a child's language skills are the family and the school environment.

Early childhood children have a very high curiosity about the world around them. The most effective learning process for them is through direct experience and interaction with the environment. Unfortunately, language learning activities in kindergartens (TK) are often limited to indoor activities, such as reading books or playing word cards. In fact, nature and the environment around the school offer unlimited resources to stimulate children's language development holistically. This research provides an innovative approach to language learning, namely by utilizing natural media in the school environment5. The main goal is to test the effectiveness of nature exploration activities in enriching vocabulary, improving descriptive skills, and encouraging verbal expression in early childhood.

This study aims to examine the effect of the use of Islamic children's songs on vocabulary mastery in early childhood. Vocabulary is a key element in children's language development, which greatly determines children's success in communicating and understanding their surroundings. Songs as a form of audio-visual media have proven effective in increasing children's language absorption because they are repetitive, rhythmic, and fun. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, data obtained through direct observation, teacher interviews, and documentation of the learning process. The results showed that Islamic children's songs significantly improved children's vocabulary mastery both in religious and general vocabulary contexts. Islamic songs strengthen children's memory of new words and enrich their verbal abilities in the context of learning and social interaction.

This study analyzes the linguistic varieties of the fishing community in Adipala, Cilacap, with a focus on distinctive vocabulary such as “bondo” (capital for sailing), “pancingan” (fishing gear), and “jaring lampara” (a type of fishing net). Employing a qualitative approach through observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, the research identifies lexical variations and register patterns used across different communicative contexts, including interactions among fishermen, fish trading transactions, and communication with the broader community. The findings reveal that fishermen’s registers serve not only as technical communication tools but also as markers of social and cultural identity and as a means of adaptation to technological and socio-economic changes. These results highlight the importance of preserving local fishermen’s vocabulary as part of cultural heritage and contribute to the development of sociolinguistic studies on professional groups in Indonesia. The study also recommends documentation and integration of local registers into education and community empowerment programs.

Vocabulary is an important element in language acquisition. However, currently many students lack vocabulary knowledge and many teachers still have not implemented technology in learning. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the Memrise application in teaching English vocabulary and the differences in students’ vocabulary mastery before and after treatment. The method used is quantitative with a pre-experimental design. Data were collected through pre-test and post-test on 35 students of class X-TSM 2 SMK Sore Tulungagung in the 2024/2025 academic year. The results showed that the average score increased from 66.14 to 86.71 after using the application. The paired t-test showed a t value of -11.031 with a significance of <0.001, which means there is a significant difference. Cohen's d effect size value of -1.865 and Hedges -1.844 showed a large effect. These results prove that the Memrise application is effective in improving students' vocabulary mastery. The implication is that application-based learning such as Memrise can be an interesting and useful alternative in the English learning process at the vocational school level

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of an interactive storytelling method supported by visual media in enhancing young children's language skills and character development. The research employs a qualitative approach, collecting data through observation, interviews, and descriptive analysis of learning practices in early childhood education institutions (PAUD). The findings indicate that the use of visual media and active interaction from parents and teachers significantly enriches vocabulary, improves listening skills, and supports children's social- emotional and overall character development. These results underscore the crucial role of parents and visual media in the language stimulation and character-building process for early childhood, aligning with language development theories and social constructivism as foundational principles for effective learning approaches.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the visual-auditory approach in developing the language skills of early childhood children with hearing impairments at PAUD Panyabungan. Hearing impairment often hinders both receptive and expressive language acquisition. The visual-auditory approach was chosen because it combines visual stimulation (images, lip movements, gestures) and auditory stimulation (sounds, music, pronunciation), providing a complementary strategy to support children's language abilities. The research used classroom action research with two cycles, involving 5 children with hearing impairments as the subjects. The results showed a significant improvement in children’s language abilities, including understanding simple instructions, recognizing vocabulary, and expressing ideas through simple sentences. Children responded positively to visual media and pronunciation exercises combined with movement. This study concludes that the visual-auditory approach is effective in fostering language development in children with hearing impairments at the early childhood education level.

The objectives of the research were to describe process of increasing students’ vocabulary using Jumbled Words Media of SMPN 3 Bambel. The research methodology was classroom action research (CAR). The implementation of classroom action research was conducted in cycles 1. There were cycle I consisted of four meetings. This research involved eighth grade students which consisted of 23 students. The instrument of the research was data collecting technique, the data were tests (pre-test and post-tests), and questionnaire. The result of this research showed that there was a significant difference of the students’ achievement in pre-test and post-test. The average score of pre-test was 42.60%, while, after giving treatment in cycle I, the students average score in post-test I was 70%. It proved that mean score of both are very different. It means that Jumbled Word Media improves students’ vocabulary ability. Moreover, based on the analysis of the questionnaire, most of the students gave positive response (90%). Almost all students agreed that Jumbled Word strategy improves their ability in vocabulary and most of them said that Jumbled Word strategy were very helpful.

This research focuses on improving English vocabulary and speaking confidence among students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms through the implementation of Alphabet Box Learning. Many EFL students struggle with limited vocabulary and a lack of confidence when speaking, which hinders their communicative competence. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Alphabet Box Learning in addressing these problems by providing an engaging and student-centered learning experience. The study employed a quasi-experimental method involving 65 students of SMP Kristen 1 Soe. Data were collected through pre-tests and post-tests, classroom observations, and student questionnaires to assess improvements in vocabulary mastery and speaking confidence. The findings revealed that students who participated in Alphabet Box Learning activities showed significant gains in vocabulary acquisition and their willingness to speak in class were increased. The interactive nature of the method, which combines visual, tactile, and verbal elements, created a supportive environment that encouraged active participation and reduced speaking anxiety. In conclusion, Alphabet Box Learning is an effective instructional strategy for enhancing both vocabulary and speaking confidence among EFL learners. Its implementation provides meaningful, engaging, and low-anxiety language learning experiences, making it a valuable addition to communicative language teaching practices.

This study explores the representation of women in the Indonesian and Javanese languages through a contextual linguistic approach. The analysis focuses on three main domains: the symbolic representation of women in nationalist discourse, gender representation in advertising language, and the semantic shift of domestic vocabulary in Javanese that manifests in the form of pejorative expressions. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the findings reveal that language functions not only as a tool of communication but also as a means of shaping gender ideology. Terms such as ibu pertiwi (motherland) and ibu kota (capital city) indicate a symbolic appreciation of women’s roles within the national framework. Conversely, diction such as cantik (beautiful) and elegan (elegant) in advertisements reflect socially constructed gender identities. Furthermore, in the Javanese language, the transformation of domestic vocabulary into derogatory expressions—such as kitchen-related terms becoming insults—illustrates a symbolic imbalance concerning women’s domestic roles. This study emphasizes the importance of critical awareness in language use, particularly in shaping inclusive and gender-equal narratives.

This research was conducted at the Foreign Language Laboratory of the Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Medan, with the aim of developing a student worksheet (LKPD) for learning the topic "Guten Tag" for Grade XI students in the first semester. The worksheet was designed based on the ADDIE development model, which consists of five phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The data for this research were sourced from the textbook Netzwerk Neu A1, specifically from pages 8–17, which cover the subtopics: greetings and farewells, introducing oneself and others, and asking about and responding to well-being. The developed worksheet was evaluated by a content expert and a media expert. The content expert assigned a score of 87.5, which falls into the “good” category, while the media expert assigned a score of 92.8, categorized as “very good”. The worksheet was also implemented and evaluated with a group of ten students from MAN 1 Medan, yielding an average score of 86.95, indicating it is “very suitable”. These findings suggest that the worksheet is appropriate for supporting A1-level German language instruction and can serve as an alternative teaching material for enhancing vocabulary, grammar understanding, and communicative competence in contextually relevant situations.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the “Aku Senang Belajar Membaca” book, de signed based on the Montessori method, for early childhood learners aged 3–7 years. Em ploying a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this research synthesizes findings from literature published between 2015 and 2025. The book, structured in four levels with culturally relevant Indonesian vocabulary and supported by Montessori materials like sandpaper letters, fosters reading interest, letter recognition, and confidence in early reading. Results indicate that integrating the book with Montessori media enhances phonological awareness, motivation, and engagement in literacy activities. These find ings underscore the importance of contextual and concrete learning materials for early childhood education, offering insights for educators and curriculum developers to improve literacy interventions in Indonesia.

This study explores the representation of women in the Indonesian and Javanese languages through a contextual linguistic approach. The analysis focuses on three main domains: the symbolic representation of women in nationalist discourse, gender representation in advertising language, and the semantic shift of domestic vocabulary in Javanese that manifests in the form of pejorative expressions. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the findings reveal that language functions not only as a tool of communication but also as a means of shaping gender ideology. Terms such as ibu pertiwi (motherland) and ibu kota (capital city) indicate a symbolic appreciation of women’s roles within the national framework. Conversely, diction such as cantik (beautiful) and elegan (elegant) in advertisements reflect socially constructed gender identities. Furthermore, in the Javanese language, the transformation of domestic vocabulary into derogatory expressions—such as kitchen-related terms becoming insults—illustrates a symbolic imbalance concerning women’s domestic roles. This study emphasizes the importance of critical awareness in language use, particularly in shaping inclusive and gender-equal narratives.

The low interest and engagement of lower-grade primary school students in literature serve as an important introduction to this study. The aim of this Community Service Program (PKM) was to enhance children’s literary abilities through the use of three innovative media: word cards, short story videos, and descriptive texts. The study employed an experimental method with a pretest–posttest control group design and a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach based on Kemmis & McTaggart (1988), carried out among grades I–III students at SD Katolik Roworeke 2, Ende (approximately 25–30 students per class). Results showed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group, especially in literary element comprehension and literary appreciation. Word cards enriched vocabulary, story videos increased visual appeal and understanding, while descriptive texts trained literacy and imagination skills. The interactive and contextual learning process proved effective in fostering reading interest, teacher creativity, and students’ literacy enthusiasm. In conclusion, this method is recommended for adoption by Indonesian Language and Literature teachers in lower grades. Future research should expand sample size, include diverse literary works, and explore supporting factors influencing method effectiveness.

The low interest and engagement of lower-grade primary school students in literature serve as an important introduction to this study. The aim of this Community Service Program (PKM) was to enhance children’s literary abilities through the use of three innovative media: word cards, short story videos, and descriptive texts. The study employed an experimental method with a pretest–posttest control group design and a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach based on Kemmis & McTaggart (1988), carried out among grades I–III students at SD Katolik Roworeke 2, Ende (approximately 25–30 students per class). Results showed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group, especially in literary element comprehension and literary appreciation. Word cards enriched vocabulary, story videos increased visual appeal and understanding, while descriptive texts trained literacy and imagination skills. The interactive and contextual learning process proved effective in fostering reading interest, teacher creativity, and students’ literacy enthusiasm. In conclusion, this method is recommended for adoption by Indonesian Language and Literature teachers in lower grades. Future research should expand sample size, include diverse literary works, and explore supporting factors influencing method effectiveness.

This Community Service (PKM) aims to increase the effectiveness of English language learning in second grade students of Mbomba Catholic Elementary School through the utilization of picture board media. The background of this activity is the low interest and participation of students in learning English due to the limitations of interesting learning media. The implementation method uses a participatory and educational approach that involves students actively in activities such as picture matching games, guessing pictures, storytelling, and singing. The results of the activity show that the use of picture boards is able to attract students' attention, increase engagement, and strengthen memory of English vocabulary. Despite the short implementation time, students still showed good understanding. Picture board media proved to be effective, simple, economical, and suitable to be implemented in schools with limited facilities. This activity illustrates that an attractive and interactive visual approach can be a solution in improving the quality of English language learning at the primary school level.

This study examined the role of mobile-based language learning applications, particularly Duolingo, in supporting self-directed English language learning. Using a qualitative approach through literature review, this research analyzed various academic studies published between 2018 and 2024 that focused on the effectiveness of Duolingo in improving vocabulary, grammar, and learning motivation. The results indicated that Duolingo helped learners develop consistent study habits and fostered autonomy through its gamified features. In addition, the app offered a flexible and engaging learning environment. However, limitations were found in speaking skill development and social interaction, which the application did not fully support. Overall, Duolingo serves as a useful supplementary tool in learning English, but it should be combined with other methods for more comprehensive outcomes.

This study aims to identify and understand the root causes of low student learning outcomes in writing descriptive texts in grade IV of elementary school. Based on the results of field observations, it was found that the majority of students scored below the Minimum Completion Criteria (KKM) in both cognitive and psychomotor aspects. In addition, student participation in learning activities is also relatively low, which is reflected in minimal interaction, lack of discipline, and lack of self-expression. This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, using observations in the form of tests and documentation as data collection techniques. The results of the study indicate that lack of understanding of the structure and characteristics of descriptive texts, interaction in learning, challenges in using learning media, and low student motivation are dominant factors in decreasing the quality of learning outcomes. Other factors are low interest in reading and limited student vocabulary. This study recommends that learning be carried out with a more communicative, applicable, and meaningful approach according to the characteristics of students in elementary schools.

This study aims to examine the effect of using audio-visual media on the mahārah istimā’ (listening skills) of grade VIII students at MTs Negeri 3 Deli Serdang. The background of this study is based on the importance of listening proficiency in Arabic language learning as a foundation for developing other language skills. This research employs a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental design, involving two groups: an experimental group taught with audio-visual media and a control group taught conventionally. The instrument used was a listening test administered as a pre-test and post-test. The results of the t-test indicate a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the experimental and control groups. This demonstrates that audio-visual media has a positive and significant impact on improving students' Arabic listening skills. Audio-visual media effectively enhances students’ motivation, focus, and understanding of vocabulary and utterance context in Arabic.

The development of mobile technology provides new opportunities for independent English learning through digital applications. This community service research aims to implement training on the use of Duolingo and HelloTalk English applications at Leona High School, Lotas Village, Rinhat District. The training was conducted in two weeks, combining lecture methods, demonstrations, direct practice, group discussions, and evaluation through pre-tests and post-tests. The results showed an increase in the average score from 55 to 78 (p < 0.001), with 72% of participants consistently studying daily during the training. In addition to improving basic English skills (vocabulary, reading comprehension, and sentence structure), the training also succeeded in building independent learning habits and digital literacy. Obstacles emerged, especially internet access and limited premium features on some applications. Advanced programs (advanced grammar & speaking), mentoring, and provision of digital infrastructure support are recommended