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This study aims to determine the relationship between MP-ASI knowledge and undernourished status, the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding history and undernourished status, and the relationship between food intake and undernourished status. This study uses analytical observational research. The method used is survey and observational using a cross sectional approach, namely the researcher takes data on free variables and bound variables in the same time period. The research was conducted from March to May 2024. The place of research was carried out at the Posyandu of Klampok Village, Wanasari District, Brebes Regency. The population in this study is all mothers who have toddlers in Klampok Village, Wanasari District, Brebes Regency aged 1-5 years which totals 122 toddlers. The sample in this study was malnutrition in 13 Posyandu Klampok Village, Wanasari District, Brebes Regency with a purposive sampling technique, namely a sampling technique with certain considerations. The research sample was collected from 13 Posyandu in the object of the study, resulting in the prevalence of undernutrition status of 122 children under five in Klampok Village, Wanasari District, Brebes Regency in 2024 with an average Z score of -3 to <-2 elementary school. The results showed that there was no relationship between maternal knowledge and nutritional status in toddlers aged 1-5 years with a ρ-value of 0.75, there was no relationship between the history of exclusive breastfeeding of toddlers and nutritional status in toddlers aged 1-5 years with a ρ-value of 0.80 and there was a relationship between toddlers' food intake and malnutrition status in toddlers aged 1-5 years with a ρ-value of 0.028.

Hypertension is one of the chronic diseases suffered by many people in Indonesia, including in the Kebondalem Health Center area, Pemalang District. In its treatment, some patients choose to use herbal medicine as a complementary therapy in addition to medical treatment. However, patients' understanding of the benefits and risks of using herbal medicine is still not fully known. Objective: This study aims to examine the level of knowledge of hypertensive patients regarding the benefits and risks of using herbal medicine as a complementary therapy at the Kebondalem Health Center, Pemalang District. Method: This study uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The research sample was hypertensive patients who visited the Kebondalem Health Center and met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through a validated closed questionnaire, then analyzed descriptively. Results: The results showed that most patients had a moderate level of knowledge regarding the benefits of herbal medicine, but were still low in understanding the risks that might arise from using it simultaneously with medical drugs. Some patients also still believe in myths related to herbal medicine without a strong scientific basis.

Hypertension is a chronic disease that often attacks the elderly and can cause serious complications, including stroke and heart disease. This study aims to evaluate the use of antihypertensives and analyze drug interactions based on severity in hospitalized patients at RSU Royal Prima Marelan. The research method is descriptive retrospective of patient medical records in 2024. The results showed that the majority of patients were women (62.5%) aged 60–74 years (50%). The use of a combination of two antihypertensive drugs was most commonly found (40%), with the combination of amlodipine and candesartan being the most frequently used. The severity of the most drug interactions was in the moderate category (82.35%), followed by major (10.50%) and minor (7.14%). The most significant interactions occurred in the combination of candesartan and spironolactone (major), and amlodipine and bisoprolol (moderate).    

Social media provides benefits for teenagers, such as access to information, communication, and entertainment, but it also poses challenges, particularly addiction. This study analyzes its impact on mental health, sleep patterns, social interactions, academic performance, and consumer behavior through a literature review (2021–2025). The findings indicate that social media addiction increases the risk of anxiety, depression, and emotional disorders while also disrupting sleep patterns. Socially, direct interactions decrease, and communication skills decline. Academically, focus on learning weakens, and academic performance declines, while consumer behavior increases due to excessive social media exposure. In conclusion, uncontrolled use has significant negative effects, highlighting the need for proper management strategies.    

Nasab is a fundamental concept in Islam that determines a child's relationship with the father, which then affects guardianship rights, inheritance, and family relationships. The preservation of lineage is one of the main objectives of Maqāṣid sharia because it has significant legal, social, and moral implications. Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 recognizes the civil relationship between an extramarital child and his biological father if it can be proven by technology or other valid evidence. This decision is in accordance with the concept of nasab in Islam but is not recorded by the state. This study examines the concept of nasab and civil status of out-of-wedlock children in Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 from the Maṣlaḥah perspective. Using a juridical-normative approach and descriptive analysis, this research is based on sources, including court decisions and legislation, as well as secondary literature discussing Maṣlaḥah. The results show that the decision is in line with the concept of Maṣlaḥah in Islam. The suitability of the Constitutional Court's decision with the concept of maslahah is based on the status of the applicant's marriage as religiously valid. Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 is not appropriate when used as jurisprudence for children born outside a legal marriage or can be called adulterous children.

Corruption in Indonesia is very worrying and has a negative impact on almost all aspects of life. Efforts to eradicate corruption that have been carried out so far have not shown optimal results. Corruption still occurs as if it has become part of our lives. Therefore, efforts to eradicate corruption must be carried out comprehensively, integrally, and holistically. Law enforcers in carrying out law enforcement must be carried out firmly, consistently, and in an integrated manner, which is an important step in order to be able to produce just law enforcement, providing legal certainty. These steps can be taken by imposing the heaviest sanctions for perpetrators of corruption, both criminal sanctions and fines. This is expected to increase public trust, create a deterrent effect, and prevent potential corruptors. This study is entitled Thoroughly Examining the Increasingly Occurring Corruption Culture in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine and explain how to eradicate criminal acts of corruption in Indonesia.

This study aims to explore the role of metacognitive awareness in improving the speaking performance of hospitality vocational students. Using a mixed-methods design, this study involved 50 students of the Prasetiya Mandiri Polytechnic and combined quantitative data from the adapted Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) as well as role-play-based speaking tests, with qualitative data from in-depth interviews. The results of correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship (r = 0.65) between metacognitive scores and speaking performance. The most dominant metacognitive strategies reported by students included self-monitoring during speaking and post-task reflection. These findings reveal that students with high metacognitive awareness tend to be able to manage their communication more effectively in professional situations. Research implications include the importance of integrating metacognitive training in vocational curricula, such as through reflective journals and communication strategy guides. The study also highlights a curriculum gap, where only 32% of respondents reported having received explicit training related to metacognitive strategies. Limitations include small sample sizes, so it is recommended that follow-up studies be conducted longitudinally and across institutions.    

The increase in trade tariffs is a serious challenge for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in maintaining the competitiveness of their products in domestic and international markets. This community service activity aims to provide understanding and practical skills to MSMEs about adaptive and sustainable marketing strategy innovations. Socialization is carried out through workshops and interactive discussions involving MSMEs from various sectors. The material presented includes the use of digital media, increasing product branding, market diversification, and competitive pricing strategies. The activity results show an increase in participants' knowledge in implementing innovative marketing approaches and awareness of the importance of digital transformation in dealing with external pressures such as increasing trade tariffs. Thus, this activity is expected to strengthen MSME resilience and encourage sustainable business growth. This activity also opens up opportunities for further collaboration between academics and MSMEs in developing strategic solutions based on real needs in the field.

Catcalling, also known as street harassment, is a form of sexual harassment that occurs in public places. This form of harassment usually takes the form of unwanted, sexual, provocative or degrading comments or statements, and is often directed at other people, especially women. Many believe that catcalling is something common and normal, some even consider it a compliment or joke that usually occurs in public places. This research adopts a qualitative approach, collecting main data from hadiths contained in digital collections such as Maktabah Syamilah, Hadith Soft, and Hadith Encyclopedia Buku 9 Imams. Secondary data sources include literature related to catcalling cases. Data was collected through library research. This research uses thematic methods to analyze contemporary hadiths and applies grounded theory methods. This research reveals that catcalling has two types, namely verbal and non-verbal. The perpetrator often says words with the aim of teasing. And there are several precautions that we must take to prevent catcalling. These include guarding your words and actions, having the principles of ukhuwwah Islamiyyah, being silent, and not sitting on the side of the road.

The balance of rights and obligations in contracts is a fundamental basis for creating justice and legal certainty. With effective protection for all parties in the contract, be it in the realm of commerce or other social relations, it is expected to create a conducive legal environment, which in turn encourages social and economic development. The process of drafting contracts in various fields, such as micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), shows the importance of good design to guarantee the rights of each party In this context, it is important to explore how the contract structure can be designed in such a way that both parties can fulfill their rights and obligations fairly, as well as serve as a guideline in resolving disputes that may arise in the future. rights and obligations are basic principles in contract law that aim to create justice, legal certainty, and balanced protection for all parties to the agreement. In the process of contract formation, balance is achieved through the principles of freedom of contract, good faith, and transparent negotiations so that the rights and obligations of both parties are arranged fairly and proportionally.

The principle of proportionality plays an important role in ensuring the balance of rights and obligations between the parties in a reciprocal agreement. In the context of Indonesian contract law, this principle functions as a mechanism to prevent inequality that can harm one of the parties, especially in commercial and complex contracts. As stated by Hernoko (2016), the application of the principle of proportionality in commercial contracts aims to create substantive justice through a balanced exchange of rights and obligations between the parties. This study uses a normative legal approach with a literature study method, which involves an analysis of related laws and regulations and case studies. This approach allows researchers to explore the application of the principle of proportionality in various types of reciprocal agreements, including franchise agreements and construction service contracts. For example, a study by Susanto et al. (2021)1 highlights how the principle of proportionality is applied in construction service contracts to ensure a fair distribution of responsibilities between contractors and clients. The results of the analysis show that consistent application of the principle of proportionality can improve justice in contractual relationships. In franchise agreements, for example, Rahmawan et al. (2020)2 found that the application of this principle helps create a balance between the rights and obligations of franchisors and franchisees, who often have different bargaining positions. Thus, the principle of proportionality functions not only as a legal principle, but also as a practical tool to achieve justice in contractual practices.

There are several developments in the practice of pawn gates, on the condition that pawn gates can also be done for the educational needs of nephews or business capital. Developments in the use of transaction tools can now use money. Pagang gadai is known to have no redemption period, and the Wali Nagari Parik Panjang does not want to sign the pawn letter because it is against positive law in Indonesia. There is no legal protection for the implementation of the practice of pawning in the Minangkabau customary law community. This is because land pawning is carried out without registration. The settlement of the problem of pawn disputes in Nagari Parik Panjang, Matur District, Agam Regency using the principle of bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun means that it is resolved from the lowest level, namely deliberation and consensus, then the Nagari Customary Density, to the highest level, namely the court level.

Earnings performance is seen as one of the main indicators in assessing the company's financial performance, which can influence investor decisions and be reflected in market reactions through abnormal returns. Meanwhile, internal control is considered as an internal control mechanism that can strengthen investor confidence in the quality of earnings information submitted by the company. This study aims to examine the effect of earnings performance on cumulative abnormal return (CAR) and the role of internal control as a moderating variable in the relationship. The focus of this research is on real estate and property sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019-2023 period. The sample of this study consisted of 44 companies and 199 observations selected through purposive sampling technique with certain criteria. Hypothesis testing was carried out using moderated regression analysis. The results showed that earnings performance has a positive and significant effect on cumulative abnormal return, which indicates that the better the company's earnings performance, the higher the positive market reaction to the information. In addition, other findings show that internal control moderates positively and significantly the relationship between earnings performance and cumulative abnormal return. This means that the effect of earnings performance on CAR will be stronger in companies that have a good internal control system.

 This research is motivated by the problem of customer receivables that are delayed in payment, so that an accounting information system is needed as a means of control to ensure that the collection procedure runs effectively and efficiently. Using a qualitative descriptive method with observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the Indihome and Indibiz collection procedures by the Billing and Payment Collection unit are in accordance with the company's SOP.

The Final Project is an official work that consists of a thesis or an artwork, which is the result of research or scientific creation by students, conducted through a series of steps and procedures in accordance with the Final Project (TA) guidelines set by each faculty. One strategy to encourage students to complete their studies as quickly as possible is to require students who are working on their Final Project (TA) to attend campus at least once a week to report on their progress while bringing their Final Project guidance card. Interviews are conducted with students to find a supervising lecturer, students hold proposal guidance, after which the proposal is validated, students then register for the proposal seminar, students conduct the proposal seminar, a decree (SK) is issued, students continue with Final Project guidance, the documentation of the Final Project is validated, students register for the results seminar and final defense, as well as students undergoing plagiarism checks. This is due to the lack of application platforms that can monitor students' completion of their final projects online. Therefore, research on an information system application to supervise students' final projects is very much needed.

The implementation of personal data protection in information systems at financial services companies is an important issue in this digital era. This study aims to analyze the implementation of personal data protection in information systems at financial services companies in Indonesia after the enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (UU PDP). The main focus of the study is to identify the level of company compliance with the principles of personal data protection, the challenges faced in its implementation, and the legal and business implications that arise. The research method used is normative law with a qualitative approach, supported by literature studies and analysis of related documents. The results of the study show that although the PDP Law has been enacted, the implementation of personal data protection in the information systems of financial services companies still faces various challenges, including system complexity, varying stakeholder awareness, and the need for significant technology investment. This study concludes that more comprehensive efforts are needed from all relevant parties to ensure the effective implementation of the PDP Law and provide concrete suggestions for future improvements.

Protection of well-known trademarks is a crucial aspect of intellectual property systems, especially in the face of global trade dynamics and the development of digital technologies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for owners of well-known trademarks from the perspective of court decisions in Indonesia. Using a qualitative method based on a normative juridical approach and case studies of court rulings (including the Hugo Boss and Superman cases), this research reveals that trademark protection in Indonesia remains reactive, dependent on litigation, and has not fully prevented the registration of confusingly similar trademarks by parties acting in bad faith. Moreover, the absence of objective standards for defining well-known trademarks and indicators of bad faith weakens legal certainty. On the other hand, courts have begun to show consistency in rejecting trademark registrations that violate the principles of well-known trademark protection, although this has yet to be supported by an adequate administrative system from the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DJKI). The study recommends the establishment of technical regulations, strengthening DJKI’s capacity, and integrating protection systems with international norms as strategic steps to reinforce legal protection for owners of well-known trademarks in Indonesia.

This study examines the legal consequences and liability arising from actions taken by the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners of a limited liability company (Perseroan Terbatas PT) after their official terms of office have expired. Employing a cross-sectional quantitative survey design, a Likert-scale questionnaire was distributed to 270 respondent comprising corporate managers of publicly listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (large-, mid-, and small-cap) and corporate law practitioners in Greater Jakarta. Construct validity (KMO = 0.68; Bartlett’s Test p < 0.001) and reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.78–0.84) confirmed the adequacy of the instrument. Descriptive analysis showed moderate mean scores for legal status of actions (Mean = 3.12) and reappointment mechanisms (Mean = 2.75). Pearson’s correlation revealed a significant positive relationship between “ultra vires” actions and civil liability risk (r = 0.582; p < 0.001) as well as criminal liability risk (r = 0.314; p < 0.001), whereas reappointment via the General Meeting of Shareholders (RUPS) correlated negatively with civil (r = –0.423; p < 0.001) and criminal (r = –0.287; p < 0.001) risks. Multiple linear regression reinforced these findings (R² = 0.52 for civil risk; R² = 0.31 for criminal risk). ANOVA indicated that small-cap firms faced the highest civil risk and that practitioners with over ten years of experience reported the lowest concern for criminal risk. These results underscore the need for proactive RUPS scheduling, multi-layered authorization systems, and strengthened compliance functions to mitigate ultra vires risks and reinforce good corporate governance.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has a strategic role in Indonesia's economic development. However, the realization of foreign investment is not free from challenges related to legal certainty and protection. This study aims to analyze legal protection for foreign investors in Indonesia, both in terms of applicable legal norms and from the aspect of implementation in the field. Through a literature review, information was collected from various sources in the form of journals, articles, and relevant laws and regulations to gain a broad understanding of legal protection for foreign investors at the normative and implementation levels in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that Indonesian laws and regulations, especially Law No. 25/2007 concerning Investment, various Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), and FTAs ​​provide a comprehensive legal protection framework for foreign investors. In the field, legal uncertainty still arises due to overlapping regulations, frequent policy changes, and different interpretations between institutions. Slow and less transparent licensing bureaucracy, as well as the risk of extortion practices, reduce the attractiveness of investment. Reform efforts such as simplifying licensing through OSS, establishing BKPM as a one-stop shop, and ratifying the Omnibus Law on Job Creation have shown progress in increasing certainty and ease of investment.

This study aims to analyze the violation of professional accounting ethics in the case of PT Hanson International Tbk (MYRX), a public company involved in financial statement manipulation and bond default. The research adopts a qualitative approach using a case study method, based on secondary data from financial reports, media coverage, and official documents from financial authorities. The findings indicate serious breaches of ethical principles in the accounting profession, including integrity, objectivity, and professional competence. These violations had significant impacts on investor trust, capital market stability, and the reputation of the accounting profession. Moreover, the case highlights the urgent need for stronger supervision, reforms in financial reporting practices, and the integration of ethical values in accounting activities. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the importance of ethics in maintaining transparency and accountability in financial reporting.