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This study aims to determine the extent to which product innovation, brand image, and digital marketing influence the purchasing decisions of Scarlett Whitening consumers in the city of Batam. The subjects of this study are individuals who have used Scarlett Whitening products in Batam City in 2025. The population size could not be determined precisely, so the sample size was determined using the Lemeshow formula, with a total of 100 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression, supported by a series of tests, including data quality tests, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis tests. The analysis results show that product innovation has an influence of 27.7%, brand image of 28.4%, and digital marketing of 26.5% on consumer purchasing decisions. Meanwhile, the coefficient of determination (R²) value indicates that simultaneously, these three variables can explain 28.9% of the variation in purchasing decisions. Furthermore, the results of the t-test and F-test prove that product innovation, brand image, and digital marketing have a significant effect, both partially and simultaneously, on the purchasing decisions for Scarlett Whitening products in Batam City. Keywords: Product Innovation,Brand Image, Digital Marketing, Purchase Decision.

This study aims to analyze the influence of influencer marketing, brand image, and e-WOM on purchasing decisions on the Shopee marketplace. A quantitative descriptive approach was used, involving 204 Shopee consumers who had previously purchased specific products. They were selected using purposive sampling based on Jacob Cohen's calculation guidelines to ensure the sample accurately represented the population. Data were collected through a questionnaire, which was then analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption evaluation, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing using t-tests and F-tests. The regression analysis showed that influencer marketing had a 34.8% influence on purchasing decisions, brand image contributed 32.7%, and e-WOM had an influence of 20.0%. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R²) showed that these three variables together explained 86.9% of the variation in consumer purchasing decisions. The t- and F-tests confirmed that each variable had a significant and positive influence, both partially and simultaneously, on purchasing decisions on the Shopee marketplace.

This study was conducted to systematically explore the influence of the level of ease of transactions and the quality of e-commerce services on the process of determining consumer purchasing decisions in Batam City. The research framework was built with a descriptive-oriented quantitative approach through the involvement of 100 respondents who actively utilize digital transaction services, which were determined using a purposive sampling technique based on the Lemeshow formulation to ensure the adequacy and representativeness of the sample. Empirical data were collected through a structured questionnaire and then processed using statistical analysis stages that included testing the validity and reliability of the instrument, evaluation of classical assumptions, multiple linear regression modeling, and verification of hypotheses through t-tests and F-tests. The results of data processing revealed that the variable of ease of transactions contributed 18.8% to purchasing decisions, while service quality contributed an influence of 63.5%. The coefficient of determination (R²) reaching 73.3% indicates that both independent variables simultaneously have substantial explanatory power towards variations in consumer purchasing behavior. Both partial and simultaneous testing confirmed a significant influence, thus confirming that simplifying transaction mechanisms and strengthening digital service quality are strategic determinants in driving e-commerce consumer purchasing decisions in Batam City.

This study aims to comprehensively examine the role of brand image, trust, and promotional intensity in shaping purchasing decisions for Maybelline two-way cake cosmetic products in Batam City. The implemented research design adopted a descriptive quantitative approach involving 204 participants who had actual experience in purchasing the product in question. Respondents were determined through purposive sampling technique based on Jacob Cohen's calculations to ensure empirical representativeness of the research sample. Primary data were collected through the distribution of structured questionnaire instruments, then processed and analyzed using hierarchical statistical stages that included testing the validity and reliability of the instrument, verification of classical assumptions, multiple linear regression modeling, and hypothesis testing through partial (t) and simultaneous (F) tests. Empirical findings indicate that brand image contributes 23.9% to purchasing decisions, trust influences 39.1%, while promotion contributes the most dominant influence at 14.7%. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 82.9% indicates that the three independent variables are simultaneously able to explain variations in consumer purchasing decisions in a substantial proportion. The results of both partial and simultaneous tests confirm a positive and significant influence between brand image, trust, and promotion on purchasing decisions for Maybelline cosmetics in Batam.

This study aims to elaborate on the determinants of consumer purchasing decisions by emphasizing the role of social media, trust levels, and product quality in the Blibli e-commerce ecosystem in Batam City. The applied methodological framework is based on a descriptive quantitative approach involving 204 respondents with active transaction track records, selected through a purposive sampling technique based on the Jacob Cohen formula to ensure proportionality and validity of sample representation. Empirical data were collected through a structured questionnaire, then processed using comprehensive statistical analysis stages that include instrument validity and reliability testing, classical assumption evaluation, multiple linear regression modeling, and hypothesis testing through partial (t) and simultaneous (F) tests. The analysis results revealed that social media intensity contributed 14.1% to purchasing decisions, trust influenced 36.0%, while product quality influenced 40.4%. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 86.4% indicates that the three exogenous variables simultaneously have substantial explanatory power towards variations in purchasing decisions. The t-test and F-test findings consistently confirm the significant influence of both individual and collective factors, thus confirming that strengthening digital presence, platform credibility, and consistent product quality are strategic foundations in guiding the preferences and purchasing intentions of Blibli consumers in Batam City.

This study aimed to examine the influence of promotional strategies and user-friendliness on consumer purchasing decisions on the ShopeeFood platform in Batam City. The research used a descriptive quantitative approach, involving 100 actively transacting respondents, selected through purposive sampling based on Lemeshow's calculation guidelines to ensure sample representativeness. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using a series of validity and reliability tests, classical assumption checks, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing using t- and F-tests. The research findings indicated that promotions contributed 42.4% to purchasing decisions, while user-friendliness contributed 26.0%. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 78.9% confirmed that these two variables collectively explained most of the variation in purchasing behavior. The results of the t- and F-tests confirmed that promotions and user-friendliness had a significant influence, both partially and simultaneously, emphasizing the importance of integrating effective digital marketing strategies and an intuitive application interface to drive consumer decisions on ShopeeFood in Batam City.

This study aims to explore the extent to which brand image, product quality, and trust influence purchasing decisions for Pixy two-way cake through the Blibli platform in Batam City. The approach used is quantitative descriptive, involving 100 consumers who previously purchased Pixy two-way cake on Blibli, selected through purposive sampling with Lemeshow calculation guidelines to ensure sample representativeness. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire, then analyzed through validity and reliability tests, classical assumption evaluation, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing using t-tests and F-tests. The results of the regression analysis indicate that brand image has a 24.7% influence on purchasing decisions, product quality contributes 34.0%, and trust plays a role of 29.2%. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R²) shows that these three variables collectively explain 74.0% of the variation in purchasing decisions. The t-test and F-test confirm that the influence of each variable is significant and positive, both partially and simultaneously, on consumer purchasing decisions at Blibli in Batam City.

This study aimed to uncover the extent to which eWOM, perceived brand image, and platform ease of use influence consumer purchasing decisions for Skintific moisturizer on Tokopedia. The method employed was descriptive quantitative, selecting a sample of 96 consumers who had purchased Skintific products, using a purposive sampling technique based on the Lemeshow formula to ensure representativeness. Data were collected through a questionnaire and then analyzed using a series of tests including validity, reliability, classical assumption checking, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing using t- and F-tests. The analysis showed that eWOM contributed 13.9% to purchasing decisions, brand image 23.4%, and ease of use 46.1%. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 75.4% indicates that these variables collectively explain most of the variation in purchasing decisions. The t- and F-tests confirmed a positive and significant influence, both individually and simultaneously, on consumer purchasing behavior on Tokopedia.

This study aimed to examine the extent to which trust, perceived security, and ease of use of the GrabFood platform influence consumer transaction decisions in Batam City. The method used was descriptive quantitative, involving 204 respondents who had made purchases through GrabFood, selected through purposive sampling based on Jacob Cohen's formula to ensure representative results. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed through a series of procedures, including validity and reliability testing, classical assumption checking, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing using t-tests and F-tests. The study findings revealed that trust contributed 22.0%, security 38.9%, and ease of use 23.2% to purchasing decisions. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 65.6% confirmed that these three factors simultaneously explained a significant portion of the variation in consumer purchasing behavior. Furthermore, t-tests and F-tests confirmed a positive and significant influence, both individually and collectively, on consumer decisions to use GrabFood.

Background: Class II restoration according to the classification of Greene Vardiman Black is one of the procedures in dental conservation that often presents a challenge for operators or dentists during treatment. Class II restorations have their own level of difficulty, particularly during the placement of restorative materials into the cavity. One of the possible failures in Class II restorative treatment is marginal leakage, which can lead to microleakage at the restoration margins. Purpose: To report the success of class II restoration with composite resin using tofflmire matrix. Case report: A 23-year-old female patient came with a complaint of cavities, the complaint was felt since 1 year ago in the lower left back tooth, there was no pain and had never been treated. In the case, preparation and restoration were carried out using composite resin with isolation using tofflmire matrix, applied using an Incremental technique. Discussion: Class II posterior tooth restorations have challenges such as leakage due to the techniques and materials used. Composite resin is chosen because of its good adaptation, esthetics, and wear resistance. Incremental techniques are preferred because they reduce polymerization stress and provide optimal curing results. Tofflemire matrix is ​​used for stability and soft tissue protection.Conclusion: The selection of composite resin with an Incremental technique and the use of a Tofflemire matrix provides more optimal, aesthetic, and minimal risk of failure results for class II posterior tooth restorations.

This research purposes to improve the critical thinking skills of fifth-grade students at UPT SDN 274 Gresik regarding local culture for the 2024/2025 academic year. The methodology used is classroom action research. Data collection techniques were conducted through tests to assess students’ critical thinking skills and observations to assess student and teacher activities. The data analysis used included calculating the average scores from the tests and the results of the observations. The sample used in this research comprised of fifth-grade students at UPT SDN 274 Gresik during the 2024/2025 academic year. The results of the research indicate that the average score on the critical thinking skills test increased from 50.36 in the pre-action phase to 67.14 in Cycle I, and reached 86.43 in Cycle II. The findings of the teacher activity observations displayed an increase from 3.89 in Cycle I to 4.00 in Cycle II. The average results of student activity observations also increased from 68.21 in Cycle I to 86.43 in Cycle II. These results lead to the conclusion that the contextual approach proved effective in improving students’ critical thinking skills regarding local cultural material.

The development of modern armed conflicts shows the increasing involvement of civilians in hostilities, which has given rise to the phenomenon of civilian combatants and created ambiguity in the classification of subjects in International Humanitarian Law. This study aims to analyze the legal status of civilians involved in armed conflicts and the limits of legal protection inherent to them. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach, through an analysis of international legal instruments and relevant doctrines. The results show that civilian combatants are not explicitly recognized in international humanitarian law, thus creating uncertainty in determining their legal status. Furthermore, protection for civilians is conditional and can be temporarily lost when individuals engage in direct participation in hostilities, with limits determined by the principles of distinction and proportionality. These findings confirm that the limits of legal protection are dynamic and depend on individual actions in conflict. The implications of this study indicate the need for strengthened legal interpretation and more consistent implementation to ensure legal certainty and protection for civilians in modern armed conflicts.

Psychological conflicts often arise intensely, as illustrated in Usmar Ismail’s play Ayahku Pulang. The character Gunarto experiences inner turmoil and trauma from family disputes, which trigger various defense mechanisms. This study aims to describe the forms of defense mechanisms exhibited by Gunarto and identify the factors behind their emergence.  Using a literacy  psychology approach, specifically Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the research elaborates on the character’s psychological dynamics. The qualitative method employed the read-and-record technique, with data analyzed through the Miles and Huberman model involving reduction, classification, and inference. Findings reveal eight defense mechanisms used by Gunarto: denial, repression, avoidance, compartmentalization, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, and identification with the aggressor. Their emergence is influenced by psychological factors such as past trauma, economic hardship, and disharmonious family relationships. In conclusion, Gunarto’s defense mechanisms reflect symptoms of individuals facing trauma and family disharmony. This study demonstrates how a literary-psychological approach enriches understanding of literature as a reflection of the human psyche and reveals more about a character’s inner world.

This study aims to (1) identify the effect of using the Direct Instruction learning model on the discipline character values of students in the special sports class at SMA Muhammadiyah Wonosobo, (2) identify the effect of using the Inquiry Learning model on the discipline character values of students in the special sports class at SMA Muhammadiyah Wonosobo,  (3) identify the effect of using the Project-Based Learning model on the discipline character values of students in the special sports class at SMA Muhammadiyah Wonosobo, and (4) determine the most effective learning model among Direct Instruction, Inquiry Learning, and Project-Based Learning in improving the discipline character values of students in the special sports class at SMA Muhammadiyah Wonosobo. This research is an experimental study using a quantitative method with a pre-experimental design, namely the one-group pretest–posttest design. In this design, a single group is given a pretest (O), followed by a treatment (X), and then a posttest. The effect of the treatment can be identified more accurately by comparing the pretest and posttest scores. The stages of the One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design include determining the sample, conducting a pretest to measure students’ initial conditions, administering the treatment, and finally conducting a posttest to identify the results of the treatment. The results of the analysis indicate that all three learning models have a positive effect on improving students’ discipline. The improvement is reflected in the overall mean score, which increased from 114.03 (pretest) to 117.99 (posttest). The improvement scores for each learning model are as follows: Direct Instruction showed a 4% increase by improving compliance through structured learning; Inquiry Learning encouraged independence and self-control through discovery processes with a 3% increase; while Project-Based Learning resulted in a 4% increase in discipline. Thus, it can be concluded that all learning models contribute to the development of discipline character values. These findings provide practical implications for physical education teachers in selecting character-based learning models that are more appropriate.

The discipline of Qur'anic Studies (‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān) has experienced a significant paradigm shift from the classical textual-normative approach to a modern contextual and hermeneutic framework. This systematic literature review aims to map the dynamics of this growth by evaluating the ontological, epistemological, and teleological boundaries of Qur'anic studies within contemporary Islamic scholarship. Utilizing a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) design, data were gathered from reputable academic journals published over the last decade and analyzed through thematic synthesis. The findings reveal four major transformations. First, an ontological redefinition where the Qur'an is no longer viewed merely as a static written text, but as a performative living discourse, necessitating a strict demarcation between the Qur'an and Hadith to prevent the sacralization of the profane. Second, an epistemological reconstruction that shifts the discipline from mechanistic auxiliary sciences to a holistic-interdisciplinary methodology integrating social sciences and humanities. Third, an expansion of scope beyond textual analysis into applied realities, notably the emergence of Living Qur'an and Digital Qur'an sub-disciplines responding to the disruption of religious authority. Fourth, a teleological shift where the ultimate goal of studying the Qur'an transitions from individual piety to social transformation, serving as an intellectual defense mechanism against post-truth populism and promoting emancipatory theology. The implication of this study suggests that contemporary Qur'anic studies must proactively offer ethical frameworks for global challenges rather than merely preserving historical dogma

This study aims to comprehensively examine the concept of intention and the recitation of Surah Al-Fatihah in prayer from the perspective of the four imams of the schools of jurisprudence: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, and Hanbali. The background of this study is based on the existence of differing opinions among scholars, which often cause confusion among the public regarding the correct practice of prayer. The method used is qualitative research in the form of a literature review (library research), through data collection from classical fiqh texts, scientific journals, and other relevant literature. The data analysis technique employs a descriptive-comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences in the views of each school of thought. The results of the study indicate that all schools of thought agree that intention is an act of the heart that constitutes a valid condition for prayer, yet they differ regarding the timing of its performance and its verbalization. Regarding the recitation of Surah Al-Fatihah, the Shafi’i school mandates it as a pillar in every rak’ah, whereas the Hanafi school does not consider it a pillar. The Maliki and Hanbali schools adopt a moderate stance by granting leniency under certain conditions. These differences reflect the richness of Islamic jurisprudence, which is dynamic and flexible. This study is expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding and foster an attitude of tolerance in addressing differences in worship practices.

This study aims to describe the strategies of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in increasing the learning participation of low-ability students at SDN 008 Tebing Karimun. Learning participation is an important indicator of learning success, but in reality there is still low student involvement in the learning process. Inhibiting factors come from internal aspects such as low confidence and limited cognitive abilities, as well as external aspects in the form of less varied learning strategies and less supportive classroom environments. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type, involving PAI teachers as the main informants and students as supporting informants. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed with an interactive model that included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn, and tested for validity through triangulation. The results of the study showed that teachers' strategies include active learning, group discussions, individual approaches, and the use of learning media. The obstacles faced include low student confidence, cognitive limitations, and lack of variety of methods. The solutions carried out by teachers are in the form of providing motivation, applying innovative methods, and creating a conducive learning environment. This study concludes that PAI teachers' strategies play an important role in increasing the learning participation of low-ability students through innovative, interactive, and student-centered learning.

This study aims to examine the authority of Islamic Education teachers as a form of moral capital in shaping character education among elementary school students. The research employed a qualitative method using a case study approach at SD Negeri 104267 Pegajahan. The primary subjects of the study were Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers, while the informants consisted of students, fellow teachers, and the school principal. Data were collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies, then analyzed thematically to identify patterns related to teacher authority and character formation. The findings indicate that the authority of Islamic Religious Education teachers functions as a moral force recognized and respected by students, making it an important asset in the internalization of character values. This authority was formed through exemplary behavior, consistency in attitudes, and the establishment of humanistic pedagogical relationships between teachers and students. Through these qualities, teachers became moral role models who positively influenced students’ character development both inside and outside the classroom. The study concludes that strengthening teacher authority as moral capital is an effective strategy for realizing authentic, meaningful, and sustainable character education in elementary schools, as teacher authority should not only be viewed institutionally but also as a moral resource that significantly contributes to students’ personal and social development.

The expression “God regretted” in Genesis 6:7 is one of the most theologically problematic statements in the Old Testament, as it seems to contradict the classical doctrine of God’s immutability. This study aims to examine the meaning of this expression through an exegetical approach, emphasizing the analysis of the Hebrew text and the lexical use of the word nāḥam. The method employed is qualitative-descriptive with a historical-grammatical and biblical-theological approach. The primary data are derived from the Hebrew text in the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and supported by lexical sources. The results indicate that the word nāḥam in Genesis 6:7 does not imply regret in the sense of wrongdoing, but rather refers to divine sorrow over the moral corruption of humanity. The expression represents a form of anthropomorphism used to depict the relationship between God and humans in language comprehensible to human beings. From an Old Testament theological perspective, this text affirms that God is relational and active in history, without compromising the consistency of His character. Therefore, the “regret of God” does not contradict the doctrine of divine immutability, but rather enriches the understanding of His involvement in human life.

Islamic education in this era of disruption faces a double challenge: the demand for complex professional competencies and the moral degradation of students. Law No. 14 of 2005 has established four pillars of teacher competency, but this framework is often interpreted administratively and has not touched on the deeper ethical-spiritual foundations. This study aims to revitalize the concept of teacher competency by synthesizing the values of adab mu'allim from the book At-Tibyan by Imam An-Nawawi into modern teacher competency standards. This study uses a qualitative method with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Data were collected through documentation of classical texts and indexed journal articles (2015-2025), then analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. The results show a strong overlap between the values of At-Tibyan and the Teacher and Lecturer Law. Personal Competence is strengthened by sincerity and muraqabah; Social Competence is deepened by rifq (gentleness); and Professional Competence is perfected by the concepts of itqan (validation of the chain of transmission of knowledge) and hirshu (fighting spirit). This integration offers a “Complete Teacher” paradigm who is not only technically professional but also has spiritual authority in shaping students' character in the digital age.