Publication Search

67,732 articles from 582 journals · 1,699 citations tracked

Showing 101-120 of 619

Analytics

Noviana, Susi; Haryanti, Peni

Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi Syariah, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The development of Islamic banking in Indonesia faces challenges in attracting customers, especially younger generations who are more familiar with digital technology. Digital marketing has become an important strategy for reaching a wider market segment through social media, websites, and mobile applications. This study uses a literature review method to analyze the effectiveness of digital marketing in increasing customer interest in Islamic banking. The results of the study show that educational, interactive, and transparent digital marketing can increase customer awareness, trust, and emotional attachment to Islamic products. The factors for the success of this strategy include content quality, ease of access to digital services, content segmentation according to customer profiles, and multichannel communication integration. However, the effectiveness of digital marketing is still limited by the scarcity of educational content, human resource capacity, and the level of digital literacy among the public. This study concludes that optimizing creative, personalized, and educational digital marketing strategies is key for Islamic banking to increase customer interest and loyalty.

Uswatun Hasanah Sofyan; Sarah Sakhowah; Randy Zahran; Al Fathir Rahman Zulkarnain

Jurnal Manajemen dan Pendidikan Agama Islam 2025 Asosiasi Riset Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

This study aims to explore students’ perceptions of the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Reinforcement Project (P5) based on deep learning within the Islamic Religious Education (PAI) subject at SMA Fajrul Islam. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with data collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. Interviews were conducted with 10 students from grades X and XI. The findings indicate that students perceive the deep learning–based P5 as a more meaningful and enjoyable learning process. They reported feeling more motivated to participate in project activities. However, several students also mentioned challenges such as the need for more intensive guidance, differences in group members’ discipline, and project-related costs that they considered burdensome. Overall, students’ perceptions of this learning model are positive, as it is viewed as effective in enhancing understanding, participation, and character development in alignment with the goals of the P5 program.  

Nazwa Kusumawicitra; Salma Irdilah; Yona Wahyuningsih

SOSIAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan IPS 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

Advances in digital technology provide numerous opportunities to improve the quality of education, particularly in Social Studies (IPS) learning at the elementary school level. One important innovation is the use of digital interactive map media that enables students to learn geography in a visual, engaging, and relevant way. However, in practice, IPS learning in elementary schools is still dominated by conventional methods that rely on static printed maps, resulting in low student motivation and suboptimal understanding of geographic concepts, particularly those related to the ASEAN region. This study aims to evaluate the impact of using digital interactive map media on learning motivation and understanding of ASEAN geographic concepts among elementary school students. This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following the PRISMA 2020 procedure. The research findings indicate that consistent use of digital interactive map media can improve students' motivation in learning and their understanding of geographic concepts. Interactive visualizations encourage active engagement and enthusiasm, and help students better understand spatial concepts. Therefore, digital interactive maps can be an innovative and effective social studies learning option that aligns with the principles of the Independent Curriculum and the Pancasila Student Profile.

Agnes Belak Manehat; Yohana Febriana Tabun; Damian Puling; Marsela Luruk Bere

Aljabar : Jurnal Ilmuan Pendidikan, Matematika dan Kebumian 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Matematika dan Sains Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the impact of using learning media on the character development of Pancasila students in grade V of Manumuti Elementary School. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study. Data collection was conducted through observations that measured students' perceptions of the learning media and based on Pancasila student profile indicators. The qualitative approach allows researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon being studied by examining in detail different cases within the problem being studied. Information was collected directly from the field through verbal expressions and observation of actions. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of learning media in grade V of Manumuti Elementary School varied and presented. Meanwhile, the character profile of Pancasila students in grade V showed positive development in the dimensions of mutual cooperation, independence, faith, devotion to God Almighty, and noble character. This study concludes that the use of planned and relevant learning media is an effective strategy in strengthening the character profile of Pancasila students.

Imetrimawati Imetrimawati; Efata Emanuel Gulo; Lifertin Zebua; Wita Serlina Waruwu

Sinar Kasih: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat 2025 Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Injili Arastamar (SETIA) Ngabang

Religious moderation represents one of the fundamental values in shaping a tolerant, inclusive, and civilized national character. Integrating the values of religious moderation into the basic education curriculum serves as a strategic effort to instill moderate religious attitudes from an early age. This article aims to analyze the concept, urgency, and implementation of integrating religious moderation values within Indonesia’s basic education curriculum. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach through literature review, this study finds that the implementation of religious moderation can be realized through strengthening the Pancasila student profile, promoting interfaith learning, and embedding the values of tolerance and justice across all subjects. The findings indicate that a curriculum incorporating religious moderation not only develops students’ cognitive competencies but also fosters a religious character that appreciates diversity. The study concludes that religious moderation in the curriculum can significantly improve students' cognitive development, while simultaneously cultivating a religious character that embodies the values of tolerance, justice, and social responsibility. Such integration is vital to ensuring a peaceful and prosperous future for the nation.

Khairulisni Saniati; Silvia Finida Hannisa; Ngaisah Tri Rahayu; Dedy Siska

DIAGNOSA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Keperawatan 2025 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

In Indonesia in 2020, there were 28,158 infant deaths, of which 20,266 (72%) occurred during the neonatal period. Among these neonatal deaths, 27.4% were caused by neonatal asphyxia. In West Kalimantan Province, there were 682 neonatal deaths recorded in 2023. The leading causes of neonatal mortality in 2023 were Low Birth Weight (LBW) and prematurity (32%), followed by asphyxia (24%). Based on the 2023 Sintang Regency health profile, the infant mortality rate was 9.6 per 1,000 live births. This study aimed to determine the relationship between LBW and the incidence of neonatal asphyxia. The research used an analytical observational approach with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Ade M. Djoen Sintang Regional Hospital from January to December 2023 using secondary data. The population consisted of all newborns at Ade M. Djoen Sintang Regional Hospital, totaling 104 infants. A total sampling technique was applied, resulting in a sample size of 104 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The Chi-square analysis produced a p-value of 0.0241 (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant relationship between Low Birth Weight (LBW) and neonatal asphyxia. The Odds Ratio (OR) of 4.021 shows that LBW infants have a 4.021-fold higher risk of experiencing neonatal asphyxia compared to infants with normal birth weight.  

Widia Triana Sagala; Intan Nur Ilani; Rindi Anita; Ewit Diangsi

Merkurius : Jurnal Riset Sistem Informasi dan Teknik Informatika 2025 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Indonesia

The development of information technology requires public institutions to provide accessible and transparent information services. Polsek Kota Kisaran still faces limitations in delivering information to the public through digital media. This study aims to design and implement a profile website as a public information medium that supports service transparency. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through observation, informal interviews with police officers, and documentation. System development includes requirement analysis, system modeling using Unified Modeling Language (UML), interface design, and website implementation. The results indicate that the developed website is able to present structured information such as institutional profiles, organizational structures, SKCK procedures, SPKT services, news, and activity documentation. The implementation of this website facilitates public access to police information and improves the effectiveness of information dissemination. This study is expected to support digital-based public services at the local police level and strengthen public trust through transparent information delivery.

Andy Hermawan; Joni Apriyanto; Ahmad Yusuf Malik; Imam Himawan

Nusantara Mengabdi Kepada Negeri 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

The rapid development of information technology has encouraged various educational institutions, including non-formal education providers, to utilize digital media as an effective means of information dissemination and communication with the wider community. Taman Pendidikan Al-Qur’an (TPQ) Jabal Annur, located in Tambun Selatan, Bekasi Regency, still experiences limitations in delivering information to the public due to the absence of a website-based information medium. Currently, information related to the institutional profile, learning activities, schedules, and official announcements is conveyed through conventional methods, which are less effective and have limited reach. Therefore, this community service activity aims to assist TPQ Jabal Annur in developing a simple, functional, and accessible information website using HTML and CSS, as well as deploying it through the GitHub Pages platform. The implementation method consists of several stages, including initial observation to identify partner needs, website interface and content design, website development, and implementation and deployment. The result of this activity is an official TPQ website that can be accessed online and functions as a centralized information medium for students, parents, and the surrounding community. The availability of this website is expected to enhance the effectiveness, accuracy, and accessibility of information delivery, as well as to support the digital transformation process in non-formal religious education institutions in adapting to the demands of the digital era.

Andre Leto; Reza Aminullah; Ani Dijah Rahajoe

International Journal of Information Engineering and Science 2025 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Infomatika Indonesia

This study aims to examine customer segmentation through K-Means clustering from a customer data management perspective, emphasizing the interpretive value of analytical results rather than solely their computational outcomes. The research addresses a critical issue in contemporary data-driven organizations, where customer analytics is often reduced to technical modeling without sufficient translation into managerial insights. To respond to this gap, the study adopts a qualitative interpretive approach embedded within a quantitative clustering process, positioning clustering as part of a broader information management cycle. The empirical analysis is based on the Mall Customers Dataset obtained from Kaggle, consisting of 200 customer records with numerical attributes representing age, annual income, and spending score. Quantitative processing using K-Means clustering was employed to identify customer segments, while qualitative interpretation was applied to analyze the managerial meaning of each cluster. Data interpretation was supported by analytical documentation, visualization outputs, and reflective analysis of cluster characteristics. The findings reveal four distinct customer segments with different behavioral and economic profiles, each carrying specific strategic implications for customer relationship management and marketing decision-making. The study demonstrates that the primary value of clustering lies not merely in segment formation, but in its ability to transform raw customer data into actionable managerial knowledge. In conclusion, this research contributes to customer analytics literature by integrating data mining techniques with qualitative interpretation, offering a more human-centered and decision-oriented framework for customer data management. Future research is encouraged to extend this approach using organizational case studies or participatory decision-making contexts.

Muhammad Reza Pahlevi; Muhammad Rizqi; Damas Bhanuarta; Muhammad Akhsan Daffala; Ito Setiawan

Merkurius : Jurnal Riset Sistem Informasi dan Teknik Informatika 2025 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Indonesia

This study aims to formulate an information technology development strategy for CV. Situsindo Prima using the VRIO (Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization) and SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) approaches. CV. Situsindo Prima is a company engaged in Software Development and IT Consulting, focusing on providing technological solutions for both public and private sectors in Purwokerto, Indonesia. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach by utilizing secondary data obtained from the company profile, literature reviews, and previous studies relevant to strategic information systems management. The results indicate that the company possesses several competitive advantages derived from its competent human resources, strong project reputation, and well-established relationships with public institutions. The VRIO analysis reveals that these resources have significant strategic value and potential for sustainable competitive advantage if supported by an effective organizational system. The SWOT analysis further identifies that internal strengths can be leveraged to capture external opportunities, such as the increasing demand for digital transformation and government support for technological innovation. The formulated strategies include developing a knowledge management system, implementing Service Level Agreements (SLA) for after-sales services, innovating products based on cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT), and enhancing human resource capabilities through training and certification programs. In conclusion, this research successfully achieved its objectives by producing a comprehensive and applicable IT development strategy for CV. Situsindo Prima. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for strategic planning and strengthening competitive advantage within the digital transformation era.

Ficky Adi Kurniawan

Dinamika Pembelajaran : Jurnal Pendidikan dan bahasa 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Indonesia is a country with a high level of disaster vulnerability due to its location at the meeting point of three world tectonic plates and the Pacific Ring of Fire region. The Merdeka Curriculum provides a strategic opportunity in integrating disaster education to equip students with understanding, skills, and responsive attitudes to disaster risks. Through a contextual and participatory approach, schools can become centers of preparedness that not only train students but also strengthen collective awareness in dealing with emergency situations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the synergistic relationship between the Merdeka Curriculum and disaster education to strengthen preparedness in educational units in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a literature study. The results of the study show that the Merdeka Curriculum opens great opportunities for strengthening disaster education through integration in various subjects and strengthening student character in accordance with the Pancasila Student Profile. Although there are still implementation challenges, such as limited teacher understanding and lack of national standards, holistic strategies, policy support, and cross-sector collaboration can encourage the realization of effective, sustainable, and contextual disaster education in educational units.

Muhammad Jitu; Wahyuni Fitri; Elsi Fitrianis; Aprizal Ahmad

Jurnal Manajemen dan Pendidikan Agama Islam 2025 Asosiasi Riset Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

This study aims to compare the Merdeka Curriculum in Indonesia and the National Curriculum in Japan from both conceptual and practical perspectives. The analysis focuses on the fundamental principles, educational goals, learning approaches, and classroom implementation. Indonesia’s Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes flexibility and autonomy for teachers and students, highlighting competency development, character building, and the Profil Pelajar Pancasila (Pancasila Student Profile). Meanwhile, Japan’s National Curriculum centers on fostering a well-balanced personality through integrated moral, social, and academic education. Conceptually, both curricula share similarities in promoting holistic learning and character education, yet they differ in implementation and assessment systems. In Indonesia, project-based and differentiated learning approaches are key features, whereas Japan emphasizes collaborative learning, discipline, and hands-on experience in daily life. Practically, Indonesia faces challenges in ensuring equal access to resources and teacher readiness, while Japan has established a stable and standardized national education system. This comparative analysis reveals that Indonesia can learn from Japan in terms of consistency, learning culture, and the integration of moral and social values. Thus, the study provides valuable insights for enhancing Indonesia’s curriculum to become more globally responsive while preserving national identity and character.

Kandriasari, Annis; Cahyana, Cucu; Fadiati, Ari; Agniya, Balqish Fatra

Manfaat : Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat Indonesia 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Tanaman Dan Hewan Indonesia

This training supports the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). The community service activity follows the UNJ Community Service Strategic Plan (PPM Renstra) 2021–2025, focusing on education and environmental initiatives. A needs analysis conducted at SMAN 1 Muara Gembong, particularly in the school canteen, revealed that many food items sold lacked attention to health and hygiene, and did not optimize local food products. Based on this, training on personal hygiene education for the school community is needed to support school entrepreneurship programs. The training uses a practical approach integrated with digital technology through poster creation. Results showed that participants increased their awareness of health and hygiene, which improved the quality of their entrepreneurial products. The training included material on personal hygiene in entrepreneurship, with educational posters as the output. Evaluation was done using questionnaires, with data analyzed descriptively. Expected outcomes include the publication of an article, mass media exposure, YouTube video, partnership recognition, intellectual property rights registration, educational posters, and a profile of personal hygiene education for the school community in canteen management.

Yulia Ima Riswati; Tutut Suryaningsih

Dinamika Pembelajaran : Jurnal Pendidikan dan bahasa 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This study aims to describe the implementation of 21st-century skills oriented toward the Merdeka Curriculum through the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5) at SMAN 1 Rejotangan. A qualitative research approach was employed, with data collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and triangulation. The research subjects included Grade X students, homeroom teachers, and the vice principal of curriculum affairs. The findings reveal that the implementation of 21st-century skills—critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, and digital literacy—has been effectively integrated into the P5 project under the theme Sustainable Lifestyle. The project activities fostered students’ environmental awareness, independence, creativity, and social responsibility. The planning, implementation, and evaluation stages were conducted systematically, with teachers serving as facilitators and students as active participants. Optimization efforts were carried out through teacher capacity building, technology integration, and collaboration with external partners. The study concludes that implementing the Merdeka Curriculum through P5 effectively cultivates adaptive, innovative, and character-driven learners based on the values of Pancasila

Siti Kholifatun; Tutut Dewi Astuti

Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Terapan 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This community service activity was motivated by the still low ability of business owners to maintain financial records and digital promotions. Pak Joko Chicken Slaughterhouse is one of the MSMEs experiencing challenges in financial management due to its manual system and lack of use of digital media for business promotion. The objective of this activity was to improve managerial capacity through Microsoft Excel-based digital bookkeeping training and online marketing training with Google Maps and Instagram. The method used was a participatory approach through three stages of activities: field surveys, training, and evaluation of results. The results of the activity showed an increase in partners' understanding and skills in maintaining more structured and accurate financial records using Excel. Partners also succeeded in creating business profiles on Google Maps and business Instagram accounts used to promote products digitally. The tangible impact of this activity is increased awareness of the importance of financial records and digital promotions, as well as increased business competitiveness. In conclusion, digital bookkeeping and digital marketing training has proven effective in driving the transformation of traditional businesses to modern, technology-based management.

Ilawati Ilawati; Eko Suroso

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Bahasa 2025 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing a descriptive writing learning model based on digital literacy and local wisdom in improving writing skills, learning motivation, and cultural character among junior high school students. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design, the research was conducted at SMP Negeri 2 Kroya, Cilacap Regency, during the 2025–2026 academic year. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, and were subsequently analyzed using the interactive model developed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. The findings indicate that the application of this model effectively enhances students’ writing abilities in terms of content, structure, language style, and digital literacy ethics. The integration of digital technology fosters the development of cognitive, technical, and social literacy, while the reinforcement of local wisdom cultivates cultural awareness, regional identity pride, and reflective thinking skills. Writing activities evolved into collaborative and creative processes that combine cultural exploration with the ethical use of digital technology. From a pedagogical perspective, this model aligns with the principles of deep learning promoted by the Kurikulum Merdeka and contributes to strengthening the Eight Dimensions of Graduate Competencies, particularly in critical reasoning and problem-solving, creativity and innovation, collaboration and mutual cooperation, as well as the development of the Pancasila student profile and global citizenship. Therefore, the descriptive writing learning model based on digital literacy and local wisdom can be regarded as an innovative strategy in Indonesian language education to realize a contextual, reflective, creative, and culturally grounded learning process.

Fatihatul Makia, Fina; Amin, Saeful

Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

This paper presents a narrative review focusing on the significance of in silico methodologies in identifying and evaluating natural bioactive compounds as promising antidiabetic agents. By examining scientific publications from 2020 to 2025, the review highlights substantial evidence that various plant-derived metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and glycosides from Orthosiphon stamineus, Moringa oleifera, Syzygium polyanthum, Tinospora crispa, and Albizia saman demonstrate notable affinity toward several crucial enzymes implicated in type 2 diabetes, including DPP-4, SGLT-2, α-glucosidase, and PTP1B. Findings from molecular docking analyses and ADMET simulations indicate that many of these compounds exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic behavior, strong receptor interactions, and minimal toxicity, suggesting their potential as multitarget natural therapeutics with synergistic modes of action. Utilizing in silico screening as an initial step effectively predicts biological activity and pharmacological profiles prior to experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo testing, thus reducing both time and research expenditure. The synergy between computational modeling, medicinal chemistry, and phytochemical exploration establishes a scientific framework that supports the advancement of rational, safe, and sustainable herbal-based antidiabetic drug development derived from Indonesia’s vast biodiversity and encourages self-reliance within the national pharmaceutical sector.

Sarah Salsabila Putri

Jurnal Pengabdian dan Perubahan Sosial 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The Community Service Program (KKN) was implemented with the aim of fostering and enhancing the entrepreneurial spirit and skills of Junior High School (SMP) students through an Entrepreneurship Workshop at SMP PAB 23 Bandar Klippa. This program was designed using a practice-based participatory learning approach (learning by doing), which positions students as active subjects in all stages of the activity, from planning, production, to product marketing. A total of 39 seventh grade students were directly involved in this activity. Through this experiential learning process, students had the opportunity to develop creative thinking, teamwork, and problem-solving skills in a real-life setting. The evaluation results showed a significant increase in several entrepreneurial indicators, namely student self-confidence increased from 55% to 85%, communication skills from 60% to 88%, and interest in entrepreneurship from 50% to 83%. These findings prove that the practice-based learning method is effective in fostering an entrepreneurial mindset and independent character in students. Furthermore, this Community Service Program (KKN) activity demonstrates collaboration between universities and schools in implementing contextual and applicable entrepreneurship education. It also has the potential to be developed as a sustainable learning model to support the achievement of the Pancasila Student Profile, particularly in the dimensions of creativity, independence, and mutual cooperation.

Raudhatul Hanifa; Rahadian Zainul

Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia, Fisika dan Biologi 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the levels of reducing sugars and sucrose in Trigona honey using the Luff Schoorl method as a key parameter for assessing honey quality and authenticity. Trigona honey, produced by stingless bees, possesses unique physicochemical characteristics that differ from Apis mellifera honey, thus requiring further scientific investigation of its sugar profile. The analysis was performed at the BSPJI Pekanbaru Laboratory using a titrimetric procedure based on the Luff Schoorl reagent, involving the determination of reducing sugars and sucrose following hydrolysis. The results revealed that the reducing sugar content of the Trigona honey sample was 31.75%, while the sucrose content was 9.6%. These values do not comply with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 8664:2018), which requires a minimum of 55% reducing sugars and a maximum of 5% sucrose in honey. The non-conformity is presumed to be influenced by factors such as nectar source, high moisture content, premature harvesting, and storage conditions. Nevertheless, the deviation from the standard does not necessarily indicate adulteration but may reflect the natural characteristics of stingless bee honey. This research provides scientific evidence that may contribute to the evaluation of specific quality standards for Trigona honey in Indonesia and serve as a reference for future studies related to authentication and standardization of stingless bee honey products.

Ayu Handayani; Noor Hujjatusnaini; Rita Sukaesih

Jurnal Pengabdian dan Perubahan Sosial 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The reading This community service activity aims to improve students' environmental skills and science literacy through training in the production and application of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) made from Morinda citrifolia fruit at MTsN 1 Kota Palangka Raya. The activity was carried out in September 2025 using an educational participatory method that actively involved MBKM UIN Palangka Raya students and students in each stage of the activity. The implementation of the activity consisted of four main stages, namely preparation, socialization, POC production practice, and evaluation and reflection. Students were trained to process noni fruit into liquid fertilizer through a fermentation process using additional ingredients of brown sugar, clean water, and EM4 solution as a microbial starter. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of the scientific concepts of the fermentation process, organic waste management, and the application of science in everyday life. The application of POC on pakcoy plants showed better vegetative growth compared to untreated plants, characterized by greener leaves and sturdier stems. This activity not only strengthened the critical and collaborative thinking skills of the students but also fostered an environmentally conscious attitude in line with the values of the Pancasila Student Profile. Thus, the training in making POC from noni fruit can be considered a best practice in the application of contextual learning based on ecology.