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The development of financial technology (fintech lending) in Indonesia has significantly facilitated public access to financing; however, it has also generated various legal issues, particularly concerning the protection of creditors. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection available to creditors in loan agreements based on fintech lending from the perspectives of civil law and commercial law in Indonesia. The research employs a normative legal method, utilizing both statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that legal protection for creditors in fintech lending still faces numerous challenges, particularly regarding the validity of electronic agreements, the risk of default, and the weakness of guarantee mechanisms. Existing regulations, such as the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) concerning information technology-based lending services, have not yet provided optimal legal certainty. Furthermore, the principles of prudence and transparency have not been fully implemented by fintech providers. Therefore, strengthening regulatory frameworks and harmonizing civil law and commercial law are essential to ensure more comprehensive legal protection for creditors. This study is expected to contribute to the development of business law in Indonesia, particularly in responding to the dynamics of the digital economy.

Social media has brought significant changes in the way humans interact, construct meaning, and shape social identities. In Indonesia, TikTok is the most widely accessed social media platform, reaching 32% of users. TikTok is not only a medium of entertainment but also a space for the production and reproduction of values, tastes, and social standards. The TikTok algorithm presents personalized content according to user preferences, creating a continuous flow of information that is visually and repetitively consumed. From an anthropological perspective, this article aims to analyze how algorithms influence the formation of digital identity and generate new status symbols in virtual spaces. This research uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods and literature studies on TikTok usage practices. The results of the study show that indicators of popularity such as the number of views, followers, likes, and interaction rates become new forms of status symbols that represent users’ social influence in the digital world. From an anthropological perspective, TikTok can be understood as a new cultural space where algorithms act as structural agents that influence social practices, identity production, and symbolic hierarchies within digital society. This study emphasizes that algorithms function not only as technical technologies but also as cultural forces that shape how individuals understand themselves and their social positions within the social media ecosystem.

The growth of digital transactions in Indonesia has raised important legal questions about the status of electronic agreements. Data from APJII (2024) shows that internet users in Indonesia reached 221 million people, while BPS (2023) recorded national e-commerce transactions at Rp 476.3 trillion in 2022. These figures indicate that electronic agreements have become a primary instrument in everyday legal interactions. This study aims to analyze: (1) whether an electronic agreement can be categorized as a private deed (akta di bawah tangan) as stipulated under Article 1874 of the Indonesian Civil Code in conjunction with Articles 5 and 11 of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE); and (2) the evidentiary strength of electronic agreements as private deeds in court proceedings. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this study finds that electronic agreements fulfill the requirements of a private deed when they contain an electronic document recognizable under Article 5 UU ITE and a certified electronic signature meeting the requirements of Article 11 UU ITE. As to evidentiary strength, the electronic agreement has perfect evidentiary force when acknowledged by the opposing party under Article 1875 of the Civil Code, but is subject to further verification when disputed. The study recommends harmonization between the Civil Code and UU ITE, and institutional strengthening of electronic certification bodies.

This study examines thee regulations governing the post-notification obligation for share acquisitions from the perspective of competition law in Indonesia, as well as efforts to optimise it as an effective supervisory instrument. Indonesia adopts a post-notification system as stipulated in Law No. 5 of 1999 and its implementing regulations, which require business entities to report acquisition transactions to the KPPU after the transaction has taken effect. Although this system provides flexibility for business entities, in practice there are a number of weaknesses, including its reactive nature, low levels of compliance, and limitations in the effectiveness of oversight in preventing anti-competitive effects. This study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches, as well as an analysis of KPPU decisions. The research findings indicate that the post-notification system is not yet optimal in maintaining healthy business competition. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen oversight mechanisms, improve business compliance, and update legal policies to be more adaptive, including the possibility of limited integration of pre-notification elements. It is hoped that these optimisations will enhance the effectiveness of acquisition control and prevent monopolistic practices and unhealthy business competition in Indonesia.

This study uses a qualitative research design with a literature study approach to examine the theological meaning of the suffering of the righteous in the Book of Job, specifically chapters 1–2 and 38–42. The literature study method was applied by collecting primary data in the form of biblical texts and secondary data from relevant national scientific journals. The approach used includes narrative interpretation to understand the story's structure, Job's character, and the dynamics of events, and theological interpretation to interpret suffering from the perspective of God's sovereignty. The results show that Job is portrayed as a righteous man who is pious, honest, and fears God, so his suffering is not related to personal sin. Job's suffering is holistic, encompassing physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects, and occurs in the context of God's permission of Satan's actions, confirming that no event is outside His sovereignty. God's response in chapters 38–42 emphasizes His greatness and wisdom through revelation from the storm, rather than through a rational explanation of the cause of suffering. These findings confirm that the primary purpose of suffering is not to be explained intellectually, but to purify faith and deepen humanity's relationship with God. Its relevance for the church today lies in the need for sound theological teaching on suffering, pastoral care for those who suffer, and the development of communities that sustain the faith and hope of the congregation. Thus, suffering, from the perspective of God's sovereignty, serves as a means of forming spiritual character, strengthening the resilience of faith, and recognizing the sovereign God.

This research aims to analyze criminal acts that may be qualified as perpetrators of the crime of obstruction of justice from the perspective of the criminal law applicable in Indonesia, as well as to analyze the application of the law against perpetrators of obstruction of justice in Indonesia. The type of research used in this thesis is doctrinal research. The doctrinal approach has a normative character; therefore, its object of study consists of a set of legal norms (black letter law) at the level of application (professional constituency), or, at certain levels of analysis, this approach extends to the examination of legal theory. Based on the results of the research, the author finds that the provisions governing acts that may be qualified as the crime of obstruction of justice in Indonesia encompass all forms of interference, from the beginning to the end, with the entire ongoing legal and judicial process. A perpetrator of obstruction of justice is aware that a person has committed a crime or is undergoing a legal process and then deliberately commits acts that may hinder or obstruct law enforcement officials in conducting examinations of the criminal offender, with the purpose that the processes of investigation, prosecution, or examination before the court are impeded, cannot be carried out, or ultimately fail to be carried out. The forms of legal enforcement against perpetrators of acts obstructing the judicial process (obstruction of justice) in Indonesia include, among others, intentionally damaging, concealing, or destroying evidence before or after the commencement of the investigation process.

Floods are one of the most frequent hydrometeorological disasters in Indonesia and cause various social, economic, and environmental impacts on communities. In disaster situations, women often face greater vulnerability than men due to limited access to resources, high domestic responsibilities, and minimal protection in disaster policies. Although the government has adopted a gender mainstreaming policy in development, its implementation in disaster management policies remains suboptimal. This study aims to analyze how flood management policies integrate gender perspectives and identify the impacts of floods on women. The study used a qualitative approach using literature study methods and media content analysis to understand the dynamics of policies and women's experiences in disaster situations. The results show that disaster management policies still tend to focus on technical and infrastructure aspects, while women's specific needs are often overlooked, particularly regarding security in refugee camps, access to reproductive health services, and increased domestic burdens during crises. This condition indicates that the integration of a gender perspective in disaster policies still faces various structural and institutional barriers. Therefore, efforts are needed to strengthen the implementation of gender-responsive policies so that disaster management does not only focus on physical mitigation, but is also able to provide fairer and more inclusive protection for all community groups.

Business activities are essential for helping the economy of society function properly. When starting a business, people usually want to make money, but they are also supposed to follow good values, like being honest in their dealings. In real life, some businesses still do unfair things, like giving false information about products, changing prices unfairly, lowering the quality of goods, and using incorrect measurements when selling items. This research focuses on explaining what honesty means and how it should be used in business according to the principles of Islamic economics. The study uses a qualitative method called literature review, which involves looking at books, journal articles, and other sources that talk about Islamic business ethics. The results show that honesty is a key value in Islamic business because it helps build trust with customers, ensures fair deals, and creates positive relationships between sellers and buyers. The value of honesty in the business world can be demonstrated through transparancy of information about products, honesty in pricing, accuracy in measurement, and not hiding defects in the goods being sold. From an Islamic economics perpective, business activities should not only focus on material income, but also on the value of blessings, ethical responsibility, and mutual prosperity. Thus, the application of honesty in an important foundation for building fair, transparent bisuness practices that are in line with Islamic economic prinsiples.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Islamic marketing and digital-based Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at Pegadaian Syariah Surabaya from the perspective of maqashid sharia and assess how the integration of the two supports the sustainability of the institution and public trust. The background of the study departs from the development of digital technology that requires Islamic financial institutions to maintain transparency, fairness, data security, and sharia compliance in all marketing activities and social programs. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation analysis on digital services and CSR activities of Pegadaian Syariah. The results show that digital Islamic marketing not only functions as a promotional tool, but also as a sharia education medium that upholds the values ​​of shidq, amanah, and maslahah, thereby supporting hifz al-din, hifz al-mal, and hifz al-‘aql. Meanwhile, the implementation of CSR covers the fields of religion, health, education, and empowerment of MSMEs that are in line with the five dimensions of maqashid sharia. The integration of Islamic marketing and CSR creates a strategic synergy that increases public trust, strengthens the institution's legitimacy, and ensures the sustainability of Pegadaian Syariah in the digital era. This research provides theoretical contributions regarding maqasid-based marketing and CSR strategies, as well as practical recommendations for strengthening sharia governance and digital education programs.

Production is a fundamental component of economic activity that plays a strategic role in achieving human well-being. From an Islamic economic perspective, production is understood not only as a technical process aimed at creating or increasing the utility value of goods and services, but also as a manifestation of human responsibility as leaders on this earth. Using an Islamic economic interpretation of the verses of the Qur'an and hadith, this study aims to examine the concept of production in depth from an Islamic economic perspective. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this research technique utilizes a literature review to examine Islamic economic literature and relevant interpretations, in addition to primary sources such as the Qur'an and hadith. The results show that the Qur'an and hadith provide a framework for production that integrates moral, social, and spiritual values ​​into economic activities, utilizes natural resources optimally and sustainably, and produces halal goods and services. Along with material gain, Islamic manufacturing aims to promote social justice, individual well-being, and ecological harmony. Therefore, the concept of production from an Islamic economic perspective makes economic activity a form of worship and a tool for developing well-being that adheres to the principles of Islamic law.

The phenomenon of mafqud (missing heirs) creates complex legal issues within Islamic inheritance law, particularly regarding the realization of justice and legal certainty in the distribution of estate assets. This study examines the legal position of mafqud as a temporary impediment in inheritance allocation and analyzes the procedural mechanisms applied by religious courts in determining mafqud status. Employing a normative juridical method, this research relies on primary legal materials, including the Qur’an, Hadith, classical fiqh references, and relevant judicial decisions, supported by secondary materials such as academic books and scholarly journals. The findings indicate that mafqud serves as a temporary barrier to inheritance distribution, requiring careful judicial assessment to ensure the protection of all heirs’ rights while remaining consistent with Islamic legal principles and the applicable national legal system. Therefore, structured and systematic procedures implemented by religious courts play an essential role in guaranteeing both justice and legal certainty in inheritance disputes involving mafqud.

Illegal street racing is a persistent issue in Indonesia, including Bungo Regency, endangering road users and violating traffic laws. This study, based on a case study at the Traffic Unit of Bungo Police Resort, aims to explore the police's role in addressing illegal street racing from an Islamic criminal law perspective. Using a qualitative juridical-empirical approach, the study examines legal regulations, institutional practices, and Islamic jurisprudence. Data was gathered from legal sources and literature related to law enforcement and Islamic criminal law. The results reveal that the police play a strategic role in combating street racing through preventative, preemptive, and repressive tactics. Repressive measures include law enforcement based on the Indonesian Traffic and Road Transportation Law, while preventive actions involve community outreach, traffic education, and regular patrols. From an Islamic criminal law viewpoint, illegal street racing is categorized as jarimah ta‘zīr, where authorities impose sanctions to maintain public order and prevent harm (mafsadah), aligning with the maqasid al-shariah goals of preserving property and life. The study concludes that effective and sustainable action against street racing requires collaboration between law enforcement, communities, and religious perspectives.

Mental resilience is a crucial psychological asset that determines the performance consistency of athletes under competitive and training pressures. This study aims to analyze the mental resilience of karate athletes at SMAN 3 Tana Toraja from the perspective of guidance and counseling. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, data were gathered through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation involving eight karate athletes and two coaches selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis followed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña encompassing data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that athletes generally demonstrate moderate to high levels of mental resilience, characterized by adaptive emotional regulation, positive self-talk, and effective coping strategies. Supporting factors include intrinsic motivation, coach social support, peer cohesion, and cumulative competitive experience. Inhibiting factors comprise unmanaged pre-competition anxiety, absence of structured post-defeat psychological recovery, and limited institutional counseling support. From the guidance and counseling perspective, these findings underscore the critical need for integrating psychological skills training into the karate coaching program, including counselor-facilitated group counseling sessions and individual psychological development plans tailored to each athlete.

Etos kerja dan kewirausahaan ialah aspek penting dalam membangun kesejahteraan individu dan masyarakat, namun dalam praktiknya belum sepenuhnya berlandaskan nilai-nilai keislaman. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai konsep kerja dan kewirausahaan yang bersumber dari ajaran Islam. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsep etos kerja dan kewirausahaan berdasarkan tafsir al-Qur’an dan hadits Nabi sebagai landasan moral dan spiritual dalam aktivitas ekonomi. Studi ini memakai metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan melalui penelaahan berbagai literatur berupa buku tafsir, kitab hadits, serta artikel jurnal ilmiah yang relevan dengan tema penelitian. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif dan tematik untuk menemukan nilai-nilai utama yang terkandung dalam ajaran Islam terkait aktivitas kerja dan usaha. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa Islam menekankan nilai kerja keras, kejujuran, tanggung jawab, kemandirian, disiplin, serta orientasi keberkahan sebagai prinsip utama dalam bekerja dan berwirausaha. Kesimpulannya, etos kerja dan kewirausahaan dalam perspektif Islam tidak hanya berorientasi pada pencapaian materi, melainkan juga pada pembentukan akhlak mulia sekaligus kepatuhan kepada Allah sebagai tujuan utama kehidupan.

In Indonesia, illegal gold mining (PETI) is still a persistent environmental crime, especially in resource-rich areas like Bungo Regency, Jambi Province. The efficacy of local law enforcement is still in doubt, despite the fact that Article 158 of the modified Mining Law (Law No. 3 of 2020) offers a solid legal foundation for criminal penalties. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of criminal law enforcement in Bungo Regency against PETI from the standpoint of Islamic law based on maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. This study uses a juridical-empirical approach, combining pertinent court rulings, field data from law enforcement, and normative legal analysis. The results show that although legal measures like arrests and convictions have been carried out, they have not had a major deterrent effect. The overall effect of enforcement operations is weakened by structural issues, such as the economic dependence of local populations, the scarcity of alternative livelihoods, and the difficulties of prosecuting informal financiers. According to maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, illicit mining is incompatible with the defense of basic principles, especially the preservation of life (ḥifḍ al-nafs), property (ḥifṢ al-māl), and environmental sustainability. The study comes to the conclusion that effective law enforcement necessitates an integrated strategy that combines preventive and rehabilitative tactics, such as economic empowerment, legal awareness campaigns, and regular supervision, with repressive measures. A more equitable, long-lasting, and socially conscious form of environmental criminal law enforcement is provided by combining positive law with the ethical framework of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah.

Bankruptcy is a legal mechanism used to resolve a debtor's inability to fulfill debt obligations collectively, orderly, and fairly through a court decision. In the Indonesian bankruptcy system, the curator has a central role in managing and settling bankrupt assets to protect the interests of creditors while providing legal certainty for debtors. This study aims to analyze the regulation of the curator's authority in managing and settling bankrupt assets and to examine its implications for the protection of creditors’ and debtors’ rights from a business law perspective. The research method employed is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, conducted through a literature review of various relevant primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results indicate that the curator’s authority is expressly regulated in Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, which provides a legal basis for the curator to manage, secure, sell, and distribute bankrupt assets to creditors in accordance with legal provisions. However, in practice, several obstacles remain, such as difficulties in tracking assets, potential conflicts of interest, and a lack of transparency, which may affect the effectiveness of legal protection. Therefore, the professionalism of the curator and the supervision of the supervising judge are crucial factors in ensuring legal certainty, fairness, and efficiency in the bankruptcy process.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Mohammed Ghaly's thoughts from a theological and legal perspective on disability and its implications for social inclusion. This research uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies with in-depth analysis of primary Islamic sources such as the Qur'an, hadith, and tafsir, kalam, and fiqh literature from various periods. Ghaly seeks to reveal the normative attitude of this religion towards persons with disabilities and its implications for social inclusion. The analysis utilizes contemporary disability studies to examine Ghaly's concepts in Islamic theology and law regarding the inherent nature and fundamental rights of persons with disabilities. However, he also emphasizes the need for new interpretations and contextualizations of this textual heritage based on the values of justice, inclusion, and empowerment. The findings of this study show that there is a stigma associated with disability due to the conflict between Islamic idealism and social reality. Nevertheless, the main principles and laws of Islam provide strong normative guidance for the dignity of persons with disabilities.

This research aims to examine in depth the essence of social moral values in QS. Ibrahim verses 44–47 are based on the interpretation of Buya Hamka in Tafsir Al-Azhar. This research uses a qualitative method with a library research approach and thematic interpretation analysis (maudhu'i). Primary data sources are in the form of the Qur'an and Tafsir Al-Azhar by Buya Hamka, while secondary data sources include relevant books of tafsir, books, and scientific journal articles. The data analysis technique is carried out through content analysis with the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and interpretive conclusions. The results of the study show that QS. Ibrahim verses 44–47 contain the main social moral values, including moral awareness, personal and collective responsibility, social justice, honesty, integrity, and belief in the certainty of Allah's promises (sunnatullah). Buya Hamka emphasized that tyranny, arrogance, and rejection of the truth are the main factors in the destruction of individuals and society, as shown through the stories of the previous people. These values are not only normative, but also applicable in social life. This study concludes that the internalization of the social moral values of QS. Ibrahim verses 44–47 are very important as an ethical foundation in building a just, responsible, and truth-oriented society.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Mohammed Ghaly's thoughts from a theological and legal perspective on disability and its implications for social inclusion. This research uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies with in-depth analysis of primary Islamic sources such as the Qur'an, hadith, and tafsir, kalam, and fiqh literature from various periods. Ghaly seeks to reveal the normative attitude of this religion towards persons with disabilities and its implications for social inclusion. The analysis utilizes contemporary disability studies to examine Ghaly's concepts in Islamic theology and law regarding the inherent nature and fundamental rights of persons with disabilities. However, he also emphasizes the need for new interpretations and contextualizations of this textual heritage based on the values of justice, inclusion, and empowerment. The findings of this study show that there is a stigma associated with disability due to the conflict between Islamic idealism and social reality. Nevertheless, the main principles and laws of Islam provide strong normative guidance for the dignity of persons with disabilities.

Evidence is a fundamental element in the legal proof process that serves as the basis for judges to examine, assess, and decide cases in court. Along with the advancement of information technology, the form of evidence has evolved, including digital evidence such as screenshots of conversations through digital communication applications like WhatsApp. This study aims to analyze the legal position and evidentiary value of digital conversation screenshots within the Indonesian legal system. The research method uses a normative juridical approach by examining laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions. The results indicate that screenshots of conversations have legal recognition as electronic evidence; however, their evidentiary strength is limited and requires support from other forms of evidence. Judges apply the principle of Unus Testis Nullus Testis, meaning that screenshots cannot stand alone as sole evidence and must be supported by additional legal proof to fulfill the requirements of valid, complete, and convincing legal evidence.