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The purpose of this study is to analyze the psychological dynamics of the character Keke in the novel Surat Kecil Untuk Tuhan using the literary psychology approach developed by Sigmund Freud. The main focus of this study lies in the main aspects of personality possessed by humans that have been stated in the psychoanalytic theory approach of Sigmund Freud. These three approaches include the idea of ego and super ego, which in it represent the basic structure in the development of human personality. The results of this analysis indicate that the character Keke has a strong ID which is reflected through the instinctive drive to survive and avoid the suffering that comes from the cancer he has. The aspect of the elder brother's ego is seen from his rational attitude in facing the reality of life, such as in his decision to continue going to school and undergoing chemotherapy for his recovery. While the last aspect, namely the super ego, is stated to be more prominent than other aspects, the super ego aspect possessed by Keke stands out in the form of moral toughness, religious values and social responsibility, for example when he tells his family not to be sad and not to sacrifice all his wealth for the treatment of his illness. These three aspects of personality interact with each other and form a balanced personality between each other even though they are in a bad condition. Through the psychoanalytic approach of Sigmund Freud, the character of Keke in the novel Surat Kecil untuk Tuhan, the character of Keke is stated as a character who can inspire and has very high moral values. The analysis of this novel also proves that the psychoanalytic theory owned by Sigmund Freud is very effective in exploring the inner depths of a character and can understand the emotional and spiritual complexity in dealing with the suffering felt by a character in his story.

This study examines the use of nominee agreements as instruments of fraud within Indonesian foundations that operate private educations.  This research focuses on how foundation organs use the foundations to buy land assets for themselves and evade liability. The problem addressed is the gap between civil‐law façade and underlying criminal intent, whereby Patrons, Management, and Supervisors transfer land ownership out of the foundation’s name through a simulated agreement called nominee contracts. The research aims to analyze how these contracts facilitate systemic fraud and to propose a legal framework for holding both individuals and the foundation itself criminally accountable. A doctrinal‐normative method is employed, involving analyses of statutory provisions (Foundation Law, the old and the new Criminal Code), internal regulations, and key court decisions (e.g., Gunung Muria University, Al‐Hilaal Ambon, Morning Star). Findings reveal that nominee agreements consistently conceal intent to defraud, that existing legal provisions are underutilized or applied piecemeal, and that criminal courts have been reluctant to dissolve offending foundations despite clear evidence of strafbaarfeit (criminal act) by the foundation. The main synthesis highlights the necessity of a consistent approach by the law enforcement and the court to interpret nominee‐based transfers as criminal acts to prevent further asset diversion. The study concludes that integrating civil and criminal frameworks, along with strengthening oversight and enabling immediate dissolution of fraudulent foundations, is essential to safeguard public interest and restore trust in the nonprofit sector.

This study discusses law enforcement against corruption crimes that occur in the process of providing People's Business Credit (KUR) facilities at the BRI Bone Pantai Unit as well as the form of criminal responsibility from the management of the banks involved. Through a normative-empirical approach, this study illustrates the weak internal supervision system of banks and the inefficiency of coordination between law enforcement that causes state losses of billions of rupiah. The findings show that the modus operandi in the form of data engineering and abuse of authority is carried out by bank employees in collaboration with external parties. The law enforcement carried out has not touched the structural roots of the weaknesses of the banking system and business ethics in the distribution of KUR. In the context of Lawrence M. Friedman's theory of legal systems, aspects of the structure, substance, and culture of the law show a failure to guarantee accountability and prevention. Therefore, the reconstruction of law enforcement needs to involve systemic improvements, the strengthening of management's criminal responsibility, and the strengthening of the capacity of the bank's internal supervisory institutions so that public trust in the KUR program can be restored.

The development of the role and position of the Tunggu Tubang child in the Mayorat inheritance system in the Semende customary law community in Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra, this is influenced by factors such as education, migration, lifestyle changes, and religion such as working outside the village and hiring people to manage agricultural land, without violating customary provisions that are oral and inherited from generation to generation. The responsibility of the Tunggu Tubang children in resolving inheritance disputes in the majority inheritance system in the Semende indigenous people involves an important role in providing an understanding of the provisions of the Semende customary inheritance to the members of the Tunggu Tubang family, responsible for conducting deliberations with Payung Meraje in order to reach an absolute and binding decision.

The construction sector is one of the industries with the highest risk of workplace accidents in Indonesia, contributing approximately 32% of the total national incidents. This study aims to analyze the effect of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) training on worker performance in the construction sector. A literature review method was employed by collecting seven national research articles published between 2019 and 2025 through the Google Scholar database. The findings indicate that OHS training has a significant and positive impact on enhancing the performance of construction workers. It not only improves technical knowledge and skills but also fosters a stronger safety-oriented attitude, increases workers' sense of responsibility, and reduces the risk of workplace accidents. Structured and consistent training helps create a safer and more efficient work environment, ultimately contributing to improved work effectiveness and the overall sustainability of construction projects. This study underscores the importance of implementing OHS training programs as a key strategy to improve worker performance in the construction industry.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze: 1) Describe the implementation of academic supervision with coaching techniques carried out by the principal for Islamic Religious Education teachers; 2) Reveal the obstacles faced by the principal in implementing academic supervision with coaching techniques for Islamic Religious Education teachers; 3) Analyze the implications of implementing academic supervision with coaching techniques in improving the teaching performance of Islamic Religious Education teachers. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a type of field research. Data collection uses three techniques, namely: observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Data analysis techniques start from data collection, data presentation and the process of drawing conclusions. The data validity checking techniques used are triangulation and member check. Research Results focus: 1) Implementation of academic supervision with coaching techniques has been carried out regularly and in stages, namely: a) Designed in a structured and sustainable manner, b) The principal prepares assessment instruments, scoring guidelines, supervision schedules, and socialization to teachers, c) Academic supervision includes planning, implementation and evaluation activities, d) academic supervision with coaching techniques through pre-observation activities, observation actions and post-observation; 2) Constraints in implementing academic supervision with coaching techniques: a) Limited time for the principal to carry out academic supervision optimally, b) Lack of initial understanding of teachers regarding the concept of coaching in academic supervision, c) teacher commitment to their responsibility to carry out actions that have been agreed upon between the coach and coachee; 3) Implications of supervision with coaching techniques on teacher performance: a) coaching not only provides feedback, but also builds a deeper relationship between the principal and teachers, b) coaching helps teachers reflect on and change their teaching practices to be more effective, c) academic supervision with coaching techniques is an effective supervision to encourage professionalism in improving teacher performance.

This study aims to examine how the stories of the prophets in the Qur’an can serve as an effective medium for character building in children from an early age. The research is motivated by the growing need for character education amidst the moral challenges of modern times, and by the strong potential of prophetic stories to convey Islamic values such as honesty, patience, responsibility, and monotheism. A qualitative approach was employed through a literature review method. The findings indicate that the stories of Prophet Musa (Moses), Ibrahim (Abraham), Muhammad, and Yunus (Jonah) contain relevant and applicable character values for children. By presenting moral teachings through storytelling, these narratives allow children to internalize values in an engaging and meaningful way. When delivered according to the child’s developmental stage, prophetic stories become an educational tool that effectively nurtures religious, responsible, and noble character. This study is expected to contribute to the development of Islamic value-based character education models in both family and formal educational settings.

Instagram social media has become an effective platform for spreading positive messages, including messages of peace, to a wider audience. This study aims to analyze the communication methods used in spreading messages of peace through content on Instagram. With a qualitative approach, this study examines various communication strategies, such as the use of attractive visuals, inspiring narratives, and two-way interactions between content creators and audiences. The results of the study show that content that combines elements of visual aesthetics, relevant messages, and emotional engagement of the audience can create a significant impact in spreading the values ​​of peace. In addition, collaboration with influencers and the use of Instagram features such as Stories, Reels, and Live have also proven effective in expanding the reach of messages. This study provides recommendations for communicators, activists, and organizations to optimally utilize Instagram as a medium for spreading messages of peace, while still paying attention to ethics and social responsibility in communicating.

This article discusses the comparative law between Indonesia and Malaysia regarding bankruptcy of inheritance left by a deceased testator. In Indonesia, Bankruptcy of Inheritance and Responsibility of Heirs Based on the "Burgerlijk Wetboek", with 2 (two) main issues, namely bankruptcy petitions based on debts from the testator and the responsibility of heirs who have received inheritances from deceased debtors. The main focus of this discussion is how each country regulates the possibility of inheritance being declared bankrupt, as well as the position of the heirs in the bankruptcy process. The method used in this study is normative juridical with a comparative law approach. The results of the analysis show that although Indonesia and Malaysia have similar legal system roots (civil law influenced by the Netherlands and England), there are differences in principle in the treatment of bankruptcy of inheritance. Indonesia allows bankrupt inheritance assets to be subject to bankruptcy under certain conditions, while Malaysia emphasizes the inheritance administration process without a formal bankruptcy approach. This study is important to provide an understanding for legal practitioners in dealing with inheritance dispute cases burdened with debt.

Ethics in the business world is an important factor that every business entity, including online stores, must possess. The application of business ethics can shape a positive image and increase public trust in a business. This study discusses the role of business ethics in improving the image of the online store Alvasix. Observational results indicate that the online store Alvasix has implemented principles of business ethics, such as providing clear and honest product information, maintaining transparency in transactions, and displaying professionalism through friendliness, social responsibility, and prompt service to customers. With the implementation of good ethics, the online store Alvasix has successfully built customer trust, which indirectly impacts the overall improvement of the business image.

This study aims to analyze the personality competence of ninth-grade teachers at SMP Negeri 23 Medan based on students' perceptions. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach with data collected through observation and in-depth interviews involving nine purposively selected students. The findings reveal that most teachers demonstrated basic aspects of personality competence, such as punctuality and responsibility. However, several issues were identified, including emotional instability in handling classroom situations, favoritism, and the use of physical punishment as a disciplinary method. These findings indicate that teachers' personality competence still needs improvement, particularly in emotional regulation, fairness, and role modeling. The study recommends structured and continuous personality development programs for teachers to foster a positive classroom environment and support students' character development.    

The corruption that occurred at PT Pertamina reflects the weak integrity of public officials and the inadequacy of internal oversight systems. The positive legal approach has proven ineffective in addressing corruption in practice. Therefore, this study departs from the need for an alternative approach based on Islamic political values such as trustworthiness (amanah), justice, and supervision in addressing corruption within state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review method. Data were collected from academic journals, official reports by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the Audit Board of Indonesia (BPK), as well as credible media sources. The data were analyzed by categorizing them according to the principles of trustworthiness, justice, and supervision, and then interpreted through the framework of Islamic political thought to deeply understand the root causes of corruption. Corruption in PT Pertamina involves power protection, budget manipulation, and procurement fraud. Violations of trust, injustice in resource distribution, and weak supervision indicate the absence of Islamic principles in corporate governance. Ethical and spiritual values have not yet been internalized within the bureaucratic system and organizational culture of SOEs. This study concludes that corruption in PT Pertamina is a result of the loss of trust, the breakdown of justice, and weak oversight. An Islamic political approach that emphasizes ethics and spiritual responsibility is highly relevant to be applied. These values can help form a just and transparent governance system and rebuild public trust in SOEs.

This study discusses how corporate governance (Good Corporate Governance/GCG) plays a role in reducing and controlling financial risk in an organization. Financial risk is an inseparable aspect of business activities, especially when companies face unstable and challenging market conditions. Therefore, a governance system is needed that can help companies recognize potential risks early on, as well as set appropriate handling strategies to minimize their impact on business continuity. The method used in this study is a literature study, namely by collecting secondary data from scientific journals and trusted articles that are relevant to the topic. The discussion includes theoretical foundations related to GCG principles, corporate governance structures, and financial risk mitigation steps. In addition, the role of the government in providing regulatory support is also discussed as part of the external factors that affect the effectiveness of corporate governance. From the results of the analysis, it is known that the application of GCG principles such as transparency, accountability, and responsibility has a major influence on the company's resilience in facing financial risks. A clear organizational structure and strong supervision allow companies to manage risks systematically. In other words, GCG makes a real contribution to strengthening a sustainable and adaptive risk management system to changes in the business environment.

This article discusses the implementation of the Caring Class program (Kelas Peduli) as a means of cultivating responsibility among elementary school students. The program is carried out through daily routines such as rotating clasroom duties, journaling, weekly class discussions, and positive reinforvement. A descriptive qualitative method with a participatory approach was used, involving both teachers and students in value hanituation. The results indicate that this program enhances students’awarenes of personal and sosial responsibility, strengthens discipline, and fosterscommunication and colaboration within the classroom community. Therefore , Kelas Peduli can be considered a best practice model for character aducation in elementary schools.

This study aims to describe the behavior of the main character Ama Ola in the short story "Kabar di Malam Natal" by SilvesterPetaraHurint. This study uses a qualitative method with analysis using psychoanalysis. The results of the study are as follows, (1) behavior that shows moral responsibility. The behavior of the main character Ama Ola that shows moral responsibility includes, a high attitude of responsibility, good morality, mutual trust, mutual protection, mutual respect, awareness to persist in a good and honorable attitude, and surrender and believe in the goodness and love of God, and (2) behavior that shows inner conflict. Behaviors that indicate inner conflict include loneliness, solitude, longing, warmth and assertiveness, courage towards oneself and anxiety, restlessness, fear that continues to rage and social dilemmas regarding the situation and circumstances around, obedience to the principles of life to maintain cultural, moral and religious customs.

Deepfake technology, a product of artificial intelligence, is widely discussed by the public because of its sophistication in replacing the face of the original subject with the face of another subject in the form of a video or photo. This has been misused to create non-consensual pornographic content that has claimed many victims. Over time, this abuse has been facilitated by the spread of the Telegram conversation application. The abused content is then disseminated by the perpetrators on social media and traded. The research method used in this research is normative juridical research which aims to analyse existing regulations, as well as regulations needed to fill the legal vacuum. Moreover, in the case of crimes using AI, there is no specific regulation, so the vacuum has an impact on the lack of security and comfort for victims of deepfake porn. However, the ITE Law describes AI as electronic agents and electronic systems. Criminal law considers that AI is not a legal subject, so the responsibility for AI crimes is imposed on the users of AI technology itself, especially in the crime of deepfake porn.

The role of hadith in Islamic economics holds fundamental significance, particularly in shaping the ethics of consumption and production rooted in Islamic spiritual and moral values. In the face of increasing consumerism and unsustainable production systems, the sayings of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him offer practical guidance that emphasizes simplicity, honesty, and social responsibility. This study employs a literature review approach to explore the contribution of hadith in constructing an economic system that is not only halal but also ethical and sustainable. The findings indicate that integrating hadith values into economic activities can serve as a normative solution to contemporary economic challenges.

Article 340 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) regulates the crime of premeditated murder, which is characterized by the element of “with prior planning”. This element serves as the principal distinction between ordinary murder and premeditated murder. However, in judicial practice, this element is often interpreted inconsistently by judges, potentially resulting in disparities in verdicts and injustice in criminal adjudication. This research aims to restate and clarify the meaning of “prior planning” in Article 340 KUHP to promote a more consistent and fair application of the law. The research employs a normative juridical approach by analyzing a number of court decisions from the Kotamobagu District Court related to premeditated murder cases. The theoretical framework includes sentencing theory as the grand theory, legal interpretation theory as the middle theory, and criminal responsibility theory as the applied theory. The findings reveal inconsistencies in how judges assess the element of “planning”, particularly regarding the psychological state of the perpetrator and the existence of a cooling-down period between intention and execution. Based on these findings, a more explicit and standardized formulation of the term “prior planning” is necessary to ensure proportional legal enforcement, legal certainty, and substantive justice in applying Article 340 KUHP.

This study aims to improve students’ interest in learning in the subject of Islamic Cultural History (SKI) in class VII B MTsN 4 Karawang through the application of the Relay method. The main problem found is the low interest in learning of students, which causes them to tend to be passive and do not understand the material. By using the Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach carried out in two cycles, this method aims to create a more active and enjoyable learning atmosphere. Students are divided into several groups and take turns answering questions, so that all students are involved and motivated. The results of the study showed a significant increase in interest in learning between the first and second cycles. In the first cycle, the average student interest in learning was at 67.5%, and increased to 88.75% in the second cycle. This proves that the application of the Relay Method is effective in increasing enthusiasm, cooperation, sense of responsibility, and student activity during learning.

This research aims to analyze the role of Abraham Kuyper's cultural mandate in the context of Christian Religious Education. Abraham Kuyper, a Dutch theologian and statesman, emphasized the importance of the cultural mandate as an integral part of the Christian faith, where believers are called to transform all aspects of life, including education, according to the principles of the Kingdom of God. This research uses a qualitative method with a theological-philosophical analysis approach to Kuyper's thought and its relevance to CRE. The research findings indicate that Kuyper's cultural mandate provides a strong theological foundation for CRE, emphasizing the integration of faith, science, and daily life. The concept of sphere sovereignty proposed by Kuyper also promotes a holistic approach in Christian Religious Education), where education focuses not only on spiritual aspects but also on the development of character, ethics, and social responsibility. Additionally, this study found that the implementation of the cultural mandate in CRE can strengthen Christian identity amidst pluralism and secularization. The implication of these findings is the importance of a CRE curriculum based on the Kuyperian vision, which emphasizes cultural transformation through education. This research contributes to the development of CRE that is relevant and contextual in addressing the challenges of the times.