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In educational research, identifying variables and determining data sources are essential components in designing a systematic and accurate study. Research variables refer to the elements that are observed and measured within a study. These variables can include student achievement, motivation, teaching strategies, or learning environment conditions. Generally, variables are categorized as independent, dependent, control, or moderator variables. The independent variable is the influencing factor, while the dependent variable is the outcome. Control variables are held constant to avoid interference, and moderator variables affect the strength or direction of the relationship. The process of identifying variables begins with formulating the research problem and objectives. By reviewing theoretical frameworks and previous studies, researchers can focus their investigation on measurable aspects. For instance, in a study about the effectiveness of online learning on student performance, the independent variable is online learning, while the dependent variable is student achievement. Beyond identifying variables, researchers must also determine the appropriate types of data sources. Data sources are generally divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary data are collected directly from research subjects, such as through interviews, observations, or questionnaires. Secondary data, on the other hand, are obtained from existing sources like documents, books, journals, or official reports. The choice of data source must align with the research approach—quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. In quantitative research, primary data such as test scores or survey responses are used to measure variables numerically. In qualitative research, in-depth interviews and observations are commonly used to explore meanings and context. Using both types of data in combination can enhance data validity through triangulation. Ultimately, researchers must ensure the validity and reliability of their data, while also maintaining ethical standards in data collection and reporting. By understanding how to identify variables and select appropriate data sources, educational research can yield credible findings that contribute meaningfully to educational theory and practice.

This research analyzes the efforts of Akidah Akhlak teachers in reducing smartphone addiction through classical guidance services in Islamic religious education (PAI) learning at MTsN 3 Magetan. The method used was qualitative observational, with data obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results show that classical guidance methods such as Team Game Tournament (TGT), Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD), and Jigsaw were effective in fostering student engagement and reducing smartphone use during class. Supporting factors include school regulations, teacher-parent collaboration, and interactive learning environments, though external environmental influences remain a challenge.    

Character-based learning assessment plays a crucial role in shaping the Pancasila Student Profile at the elementary school (SD/MI) level. This study aims to identify effective strategies for collecting character assessment data to ensure that students develop in accordance with Pancasila values. The research methods include analyzing various assessment techniques such as observation, reflection journals, interviews, and scenario-based instruments. Additionally, this study explores the role of teachers, parents, and the school environment in supporting the implementation of character assessment. The findings indicate that effective character assessment must be holistic, involve multiple stakeholders, and be conducted continuously. The main challenges in data collection include time constraints, lack of teacher training in using assessment instruments, and limited use of technology in the assessment process. Therefore, it is recommended that schools adopt a more systematic approach by integrating digital technology, strengthening teachers' capacity through assessment training, and increasing parental involvement in the assessment process. With the right strategies, character assessment can become an effective tool in strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile and shaping a generation that is ethical, independent, and critical-thinking.

The Social studies has an important role in education, namely understanding the wider social world so that students are able to face the challenges of global issues. This research explores the transformation of social studies learning in the modern era, focusing on contemporary global issues such as climate change, geopolitical conflicts, economic disparities, health problems, and human rights violations. Through a qualitative-descriptive approach and literature study, this research examines the urgency of social studies education transformation in responding to these issues. The results show that social studies education needs to adopt more interactive and technology-based learning methods, integrate character values, improve digital literacy, and incorporate global issues into the curriculum, the key role of teachers as facilitators and continuous evaluation to ensure the effectiveness of the transformation. This study concludes that a comprehensive transformation of social studies learning is essential to prepare the younger generation to be responsible global citizens and able to contribute to a better society.  

The issue of waste management remains one of the significant environmental challenges in Indonesia, mainly due to the lack of awareness and understanding from an early age. This article discusses the implementation of a community service program through innovative interactive learning using educational games "Reresik" and "Bersihkan Sampah di Laut" designed to enhance elementary school students' interest and understanding of waste management. The implementation method includes teacher training, the introduction of waste material, the application of educational games, and the evaluation of program effectiveness through satisfaction surveys. The results indicate that game-based learning methods significantly increase student enthusiasm, simplify understanding, and foster positive habits in maintaining environmental cleanliness. Moreover, the training provided to teachers improved their ability to integrate educational technology into the learning process. This program is expected to serve as a sustainable innovative learning model to raise environmental awareness among younger generations.

Summarizing Arabic texts plays a crucial role in understanding and disseminating knowledge. In Arabic language learning, there is a concept known as Naht, which is the process of simplifying or condensing lengthy and complex texts into a shorter form without diminishing the core meaning contained within them. However, in reality, many students still struggle to summarize Arabic texts due to less interactive teaching methods, resulting in passive attitudes and a lack of self-confidence among students. This study aims to develop more interactive teaching techniques to enhance student participation while supporting their critical thinking skills, particularly in the ability to summarize after reading Arabic texts. This research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive methods through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the application of interactive methods such as group discussions and mind mapping positively impacts students' ability to summarize Arabic texts and develop critical thinking skills. Group discussions help deepen understanding and boost students' confidence, while mind mapping facilitates the identification of core material and makes learning more engaging and easier to remember. This technique has proven effective in improving summarization skills and sharpening critical thinking, thus it is recommended for teachers to implement and further develop it in order to create an optimal learning process for students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Izzul Islam.

The urgency to strengthen the pedagogical competence of Islamic Elementary Teacher Education (PGMI) teachers has increased in line with 21st-century learning demands, which emphasize critical thinking, collaboration, and meaningful learning. However, in practice, many PGMI teachers still face significant gaps in understanding and applying constructivist approaches effectively. This article aims to analyze these gaps and evaluate the potential for developing pedagogical competencies within the framework of constructivist theory. This study adopts a qualitative approach using library research methods, gathering secondary data from scholarly literature, educational policies, and previous relevant studies. Data analysis was conducted through content analysis, applying the Miles and Huberman model. The findings reveal a persistent reliance on conventional teaching methods, limited pedagogical literacy regarding constructivism, and insufficient integration of theory into teacher education curricula and training. The study concludes that systemic reforms are required in curriculum design, teacher training, and institutional partnerships to bridge these pedagogical gaps. This article contributes both conceptually and practically to the development of constructivist-based learning models in Islamic elementary education. Field-based follow-up research is recommended to empirically strengthen these findings.

The integration of solar powered IoT irrigation systems in precision agriculture offers a sustainable solution to address water scarcity and enhance crop productivity. By leveraging real time data from soil sensors, weather APIs, and machine learning algorithms, these systems optimize irrigation schedules and improve water use efficiency. This research explores the potential of integrating renewable energy sources, such as solar power, with edge computing in smart irrigation systems to promote sustainable agricultural practices. The study aims to evaluate the performance of the proposed system in terms of water savings, crop yield, energy efficiency, and adaptability to varying climate conditions. Literature Review: Previous studies highlight the importance of smart irrigation systems in reducing water waste and improving crop yield through real time monitoring and automated decision making. However, existing systems often lack the integration of renewable energy and edge computing, which are critical for ensuring sustainability and operational efficiency in rural agricultural settings. The combination of renewable energy with IoT devices offers a promising solution to reduce energy costs and carbon emissions, while edge computing enhances real time data processing, ensuring prompt and accurate irrigation adjustments. Materials and Method: The proposed system integrates solar powered IoT devices, soil moisture sensors, weather data APIs, and edge computing devices to manage irrigation. Machine learning algorithms and evapotranspiration models are used to predict irrigation needs and optimize scheduling based on real time data. The system's performance is evaluated through metrics such as water savings percentage, crop yield improvements, and energy consumption, with a comparative analysis against traditional irrigation methods. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the system successfully reduces water usage by 30% to 40%, increases crop yield by 25%, and operates with energy autonomy, powered entirely by solar energy. The system's adaptability to varying climate conditions ensures optimal crop growth, even under environmental stresses. The integration of renewable energy and edge computing significantly enhances the sustainability and efficiency of irrigation systems.

Image classification is a key field in digital image processing with broad applications, such as object recognition and disease detection. The use of artificial neural network architectures, such as MobileNetV2, has significantly advanced pattern recognition in large datasets. However, in small datasets, challenges related to accuracy and generalization are often encountered. This study explores an RGB-based approach utilizing MobileNetV2 for image feature extraction and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the classifier. MobileNetV2 is applied to extract features from RGB images, which are then further processed by SVM to determine image classes. The results indicate that this model achieves an accuracy of 91.67%, precision of 0.9163, recall of 0.9167, and F1-score of 0.9161. Based on the confusion matrix analysis, the model effectively distinguishes between classes, despite slight overlaps. This research contributes to the development of intelligent image classification systems that can be applied in various fields, including the food industry. With these achievements, the RGB approach integrating MobileNetV2 and SVM has proven effective in enhancing image classification accuracy, even with relatively small datasets. These findings open opportunities for applying similar methods in other image processing tasks that require high accuracy in object or disease detection and classification.

Environmental education plays a crucial role in modern curricula, emphasizing sustainability and ecological responsibility to address global challenges. This study compares faith-based and secular environmental education strategies, focusing on how theological reflection and ecological consciousness are integrated into teaching frameworks. Faith-based schools, particularly those rooted in Christianity and Islam, incorporate ecological ethics within religious teachings, framing environmental stewardship as a moral and spiritual duty. In contrast, secular models prioritize scientific literacy and environmental problem-solving. The study reveals that faith-based models promote both scientific understanding and moral engagement with environmental issues through religious values like Imago Dei (in Christian schools) and khalifah (in Islamic schools). These values instill a sense of moral accountability, motivating students to act sustainably. The research also highlights how curriculum design, teacher involvement, and experiential learning contribute to the effectiveness of both models in fostering ecological responsibility. By comparing these approaches, the study proposes an integrative eco-theological pedagogical framework that combines the strengths of both methods to promote long-term commitment to sustainability. The findings have implications for educational policy, curriculum development, and teacher training, especially in pluralistic school settings where diverse perspectives must be considered. Integrating ecological ethics into education can cultivate a generation committed to sustainability and ethical responsibility.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Jarimatika method in enhancing elementary school students’ multiplication skills. The research stems from the issue of students’ limited understanding of multiplication concepts, often caused by monotonous and less engaging teaching methods. A literature review approach was employed by examining eight relevant previous studies. Data analysis was conducted by comparing findings across various sources. The results indicate that the Jarimatika method significantly improves student learning outcomes, both in terms of average scores and mastery levels. Moreover, it boosts students’ motivation and active participation during the learning process, proving effective across different grade levels. The use of fingers as a counting tool helps make the learning experience more tangible, enjoyable, and accessible for students. Therefore, Jarimatika is recommended as a viable alternative strategy for teachers in teaching mathematics at the elementary level, especially for multiplication topics.    

Introduction: Achieving carbon neutrality in industrial systems is essential for mitigating climate change and promoting sustainability. The increasing demand for energy optimization and carbon emission reduction has driven the development of advanced technologies, particularly hybrid machine learning (ML) models. These models, combining ensemble learning and reinforcement learning (RL), offer significant promise in optimizing industrial processes, reducing energy consumption, and improving environmental performance. This study explores the application of hybrid ML models in achieving carbon neutral goals through dynamic process optimization and energy control in industrial settings. Literature Review: Hybrid ML models integrate different machine learning techniques to handle complex and dynamic environments effectively. Ensemble learning methods, such as boosting, bagging, and stacking, combine multiple algorithms to improve predictive performance and robustness. Reinforcement learning (RL), on the other hand, enables real time decision making and adaptation based on trial and error interactions with the environment. In energy optimization, these models are used to reduce energy intensity and carbon emissions, enhancing overall operational efficiency. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ML models in energy management, but challenges such as data quality, model integration, and computational complexity remain. Materials and Method: The study applies hybrid ML models combining ensemble learning and RL to optimize energy consumption and minimize carbon emissions in industrial processes. Data from real time sensors and operational parameters are used to train the models. The ensemble learning component improves the accuracy of energy predictions, while RL ensures dynamic process adjustments in response to fluctuating energy demand. The models were tested in various industrial settings, including manufacturing processes, smart grids, and microgrid systems. Performance metrics such as energy efficiency, carbon emissions reduction, and operational costs were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of the models.  Results and Discussion: The hybrid ML models achieved significant reductions in energy intensity (15-20%) and carbon emissions (18-25%). The real time adaptability of the RL component allowed the models to adjust energy consumption patterns dynamically, improving energy efficiency and reducing waste. The models demonstrated their ability to adapt to varying operational conditions, ensuring optimal energy use. A cost-benefit analysis showed that the hybrid models provided substantial energy savings and reduced operational costs, with a return on investment (ROI) of 30-35% within the first year of deployment. However, challenges such as computational complexity and data quality issues were identified, highlighting the need for further refinement in model development.

Islamic education has a very important role in shaping the character and morals of individuals, as well as in developing quality human resources. Evaluation of Islamic educational institutions is one of the most crucial aspects in efforts to improve the quality of Islamic educational institutions as a whole. This article discusses the importance of institutional evaluation in Islamic education to measure the extent to which institutions can fulfill the vision, mission, and goals of Islamic education. Evaluation does not only cover academic aspects, but also character, morals, management, curriculum, human resources, facilities, and relations with the community. In addition, this article also identifies the basic principles in evaluating Islamic educational institutions, namely objectivity, transparency, and justice. This study uses a library research method by collecting and analyzing related literature, such as books, scientific journals, and academic articles. The results of the study indicate that evaluation of Islamic educational institutions functions as a tool for continuous improvement, supports accountability, and adapts the curriculum and learning methods to the needs of the times. In addition, the role of leaders in the evaluation process is vital to ensure the successful implementation of the evaluation. It is hoped that this article can contribute to the development of an effective and efficient institutional evaluation system in Islamic education.    

Revitalizing the Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum is an important step towards improving the standard of Islamic Religious Education in line with contemporary demands. This research seeks to analyze the limitations of doctrinal methods and proposes a humanistic approach as a more appropriate alternative. Utilizing a literature review and qualitative methods, this article finds that the humanistic approach can effectively support the assimilation of values, encourage active engagement from students, and make learning more relevant and impactful. The development of Islamic Education curriculum through this humanistic approach paves the way for a more transformative model of Islamic Education that is in tune with students’ personal dimensions.    

In community service, elementary school children are invited to understand the process of the rice grain chain and how the rice reaches the dining table. This activity not only teaches elementary school children about the rice supply chain, but is also expected to foster a sense of gratitude and appreciation for the food they eat every day. This activity is carried out using interactive storytelling methods using props, discussions and using interactive games. Evaluation is also carried out informally through observations during discussions and games, and by giving short questions to children about their stages and their respective roles. This learning activity contains values ​​from the SDGs, namely ending hunger (SDGs 2) and sustainable consumption (SDGs 12). The purpose of this service is for elementary school children to know the journey of rice from the rice fields to the dining table by using pictures and telling stories for each group, in addition to elementary school children to work together and need each other..    

This study aims to describe the strategies used to increase students' interest in reading through the selection of interesting Arabic texts at the Darut Tauhid Patemon Islamic Boarding School. The low interest in reading Arabic texts among students is the background to the importance of selecting reading materials that suit their interests and needs. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach with observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The results of the study indicate that the selection of texts that are relevant to the daily lives of students, accompanied by the use of interactive learning methods, can significantly increase reading interest. In addition, teacher involvement in selecting and presenting contextual materials is also a major supporting factor.

The interaction between genetic and environmental factors plays a crucial role in determining phenotypic traits in organisms. This study aims to analyze these interactions using computational approaches, including statistical models and machine learning algorithms. The data used include genetic factors (genotypes) and simulated environmental factors. Results indicate that machine learning models such as Random Forest can detect interaction patterns with high accuracy, as demonstrated by significant R² values. Additionally, heatmap visualizations provide deeper insights into the non-linear effects of genetic-environment interactions. This study highlights the potential of computational methods in exploring complex interactions, with broad applications in health, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Education is one of the basic needs in human life which can be said to be good if it is integrated with the needs and developments of the times. Information and communication technology has an important role in the world of education, especially in the learning process. One part of the learning process is evaluation activities. So far, conventional evaluation activities tend to be boring and not innovative. One of the things that can be done to overcome this problem is the development of innovative questions by utilizing information and communication technology (ICT). Therefore, the aim of this community service activity is to improve the ability of teachers in utilizing ICT at Madrasah AIiyah Negeri (MAN) Fakfak in making innovative question instruments using the Hot Potatoes application. This training activity uses lecture, discussion, question and answer and practice methods. Through this training, it is hoped that teachers will have the skills to create innovative question instruments using the Hot Potatoes application. This activity is also expected to improve teachers' abilities in the field of ICT in teaching. Apart from that, this activity is also expected to increase students' motivation in participating in learning evaluations due to innovation in the use of ICT in the learning evaluation process. The results of the questionnaire showed that the teachers were very enthusiastic about the activities carried out and helped them in developing a variety of innovative questions using the hot potatoes application with an average score of 89.78.

This journal discusses the role of Islamic education management in educational institutions and how to develop them. This research uses qualitative methods, with data collection through observation, interviews, and in-depth literature review. The main findings of this study involve various important components in educational management, including curriculum management, human resources, infrastructure, financing, public relations, and special services. One of the educational institutions analyzed, MAN 4 Bantul, identified four main points in the development of educational institutions. First, the use of the independent curriculum to provide freedom in the learning process; second, the application of Islamic character to shape students' morals; third, increasing individual worship and faith to always be grateful according to Islamic teachings; and fourth, developing branding through information management in the field of public relations. In addition, MAN 4 Bantul also improves the quality of human resources through learning innovation workshops for educators. The results of this study indicate that Islamic education management integrated with religious principles can create a more effective, relevant, and sustainable learning environment, as well as strengthen the competitiveness of educational institutions in the digital era.

This study aims to identify the teaching approach and methods used by teachers at TK Pembina 1 Medan in developing the social skills of children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), specifically in the B Inovatif class. This research employed a qualitative approach with data collection techniques including interviews, observations, and documentation. The subjects of the study consisted of two teachers and one child with ASD, identified as Z. The results show that the teacher applies a student-centered learning approach, allowing children the freedom to choose activities that align with their interests and comfort. This approach is intended to facilitate the social development of the child by providing a more enjoyable and meaningful learning experience. Additionally, six teaching methods were employed, namely role-playing, cooperative learning, singing with movement, social activities based on real-life experiences, the use of media such as videos, and storytelling. Although some methods, such as role-playing, are still difficult for children with ASD to follow, the teacher adapts these methods to suit the child's needs and abilities. This study reveals that structured and flexible teaching approaches and methods are crucial in helping children with ASD gradually develop their social skills.