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Mathematical representative ability is a person's ability to express mathematical ideas, objects, and relationships in various forms of representation, both visually, symbolically, verbally, and contextually. This study aims to analyze the mathematical representative ability of students through counting operations in grade III elementary school in the form of story problems. The method used was descriptive qualitative research with written test instruments to assess cognitive abilities and observation to assess psychomotor skills. The research subjects consisted of five grade III elementary school students, by giving test questions on mathematical reasoning skills, observing students directly in solving and understanding story problems, conducting documentation to obtain accurate data when in the field by classifying students' mathematical representative abilities based on math scores. The results showed that most learners had a very good level of cognitive ability in completing arithmetic operations, but there were some learners who were still lacking in understanding story problems. This finding confirms that the importance of appropriate learning strategies so that learners are not only able to solve problems in the form of operations but also able to understand problems in the form of story problems that are applied in real life.

Sustainable development requires a superior generation that not only has technical knowledge, but also soft skills to face increasingly complex global challenges. Soft skills include abilities such as communication, leadership, teamwork, problem solving, creativity, and work ethics, which are very important in supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. A superior generation with good mastery of soft skills is able to become innovative and competitive agents of change, while contributing to creating social, economic and environmental balance. This research highlights the importance of integrating soft skills development in education and training systems, both formal and non-formal, as a strategy to build the capacity of the younger generation. A holistic approach is needed, involving collaboration between the government, educational institutions, community organizations and the private sector in creating a learning environment that supports the strengthening of soft skills. Through experiential learning, leadership training, and character development programs, young people can develop their potential in line with the needs of the world of work and the demands of sustainability. Research results show that generations who excel in soft skills have a greater ability to adapt to change, work in cross-cultural teams, and create innovative solutions to problems

This research aims to describe students' difficulties in solving equations and inequalities. This type of research is descriptive using a qualitative approach. Based on the discussion and research results, it can be concluded that the errors that students often make in this material are errors at the reading and transformation stages. In addition, students also often make mistakes at the process skill stage, namely errors in understanding the problem, understanding the concept, determining the correct formula, and performing the calculation process. The factors that cause students to make mistakes are that students are less precise in determining known and questionable information, less precise in compiling problem solving steps, less precise in using formulas, less precise in writing the steps of completion, less precise in performing correct calculations, not determining the conclusion of what is asked, and not re-examining the results of the answers that have been done.

Reading literacy skills are essential for all teachers, including mathematics teachers. Reading literacy is not only about the ability to comprehend texts but also plays a crucial role in supporting critical thinking, analytical reasoning, and problem-solving in the learning process. Acknowledging its importance, the author conducted a community service activity in the form of a training program aimed at strengthening reading literacy skills among junior high school mathematics teachers in Moa District. The training was held on Thursday, October 17, 2024, at the PSDKU Hall of Pattimura University, Southwest Maluku Regency Campus. A total of 17 junior high school mathematics teachers from Moa District participated in the activity.The training methods included the presentation of reading literacy materials in the context of mathematics learning, group discussions, and hands-on practice in analyzing and developing literacy-based math problems. The success of the training was measured using two instruments: a questionnaire assessing participants’ understanding of the material and a test measuring their reading literacy skills before and after the training. Data analysis revealed that participants generally felt they understood the material presented. Moreover, there was a noticeable improvement in their reading literacy skills following the training. These results indicate that the training was conducted effectively and achieved its intended objectives. This activity is expected to have a positive impact on improving the quality of mathematics instruction in schools by enhancing teachers' reading literacy as a key component in facilitating student learning.

In the midst of the digital era filled with various information, the ability to sort and understand accurate information is very necessary so that students can better understand Islamic teachings. The service of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning assistance by improving students' critical thinking skills aims to explore effective learning methods in PAI subjects in order to improve the critical thinking skills of grade XI students at SMK Hayatul Islam. This study applies the assistance method, which includes the stages of observation and coordination, implementation, and evaluation and reflection. Based on the results of the service, it shows that the use of discussion-based methods, problem solving, and analysis of religious texts helps hone students' critical thinking skills. They become more active in conveying ideas and are able to connect religious concepts with everyday life. However, there are several obstacles found, such as students' difficulty in constructing logical arguments and time constraints in the learning process. Therefore, more intensive assistance from teachers and the application of more varied methods are needed so that PAI learning is more effective in developing students' critical thinking patterns.

This study explores the development of integrated language skills assessment instruments for Korean as a foreign language (KFL) learners in higher education, addressing the need for tools that reflect real-world communicative demands. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Bachman and Palmer's Communicative Language Ability model[1] and Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory[2], the research employed a mixed-methods approach, including needs analysis[6], corpus studies, and pilot testing. The research process involved three primary phases: First, a comprehensive needs analysis was conducted among KFL instructors and students to identify assessment gaps and priorities. Second, authentic Korean language materials were collected to create a corpus that informed the development of contextualized assessment tasks. Finally, the instruments underwent rigorous pilot testing with 127 KFL students across three Indonesian universities.The developed assessment instruments integrate reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills through task-based scenarios that mirror authentic Korean language use contexts. These include collaborative problem-solving activities, multimedia-based comprehension tasks, and culturally situated role-plays. Statistical analysis demonstrated high inter-rater reliability (r=0.87) and construct validity when compared with established Korean proficiency measures.Results demonstrated the instruments' reliability, validity, and cultural relevance, fostering holistic skill development and promoting positive washback on teaching and learning practices. Implementation of these instruments led to significant improvements in students' integrated language performance and motivation. The study contributes to the field of Korean language assessment by providing empirically validated tools that bridge classroom learning with real-world language application in higher education contexts.

The rapid advancement of digitalization in the accounting field demands significant changes in the education process, particularly regarding the pedagogical competence of accounting educators. Pedagogical competence, which includes teaching skills relevant to modern technology, is crucial for preparing students to face challenges in the digital era. This study aims to analyze the development of pedagogical competence among accounting educators in higher education to address the challenges of accounting digitalization. The study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method, with primary data collected from interviews and observations, as well as an in-depth literature review. The results indicate that integrating technology into accounting education requires enhancing the ability to use information and communication technology (ICT), in addition to adopting problem-solving-based teaching methods. Support from higher education institutions, particularly in the form of technology training, is a key factor in improving the pedagogical competence of accounting educators.

This study aims to describe and analyze the magnitude of the direct and indirect influence of the effectiveness of organizational culture, laboratory assistant problem-solving ability, and Motivation on laboratory assistant performance. The study used a quantitative approach with a survey design. The population of lecturers was 608 and laboratory assistants 15, while the sample of lecturers 132 and laboratory assistants 15 were taken by purposive sampling. Data was collected through a Likert scale questionnaire, which was then analyzed using path analysis. The study's results showed that: 1) organizational culture directly affects laboratory assistant performance. This can be seen from the significance value of 0.000 <0.05. In addition, the t_count value = 11.254 > t_table = 1.970; 2) laboratory assistant problem-solving ability directly affects laboratory assistant performance. This can be seen from the significance value of 0.045 <0.05. In addition, the t_count value = 2.224 > t_table = 1.970; 3) The laboratory assistant's Motivation directly affects the laboratory assistant's performance. This can be seen from the significance value of 0.034 <0.05. In addition, the t_count value = 2.366 > t_table = 1.970; 4) Organizational Culture and the laboratory assistant's problem-solving ability simultaneously affect the laboratory assistant's performance. This can be seen from the significance of 0.031 <0.05; 5) There is a simultaneous influence of Organizational Culture and Motivation on the performance of the laboratory assistant, this can be seen from the significance value of 0.023 <0.05; 6) There is no simultaneous influence of the problem-solving ability of the laboratory assistant and Motivation on the performance of the laboratory assistant, this can be seen from the significance value of 0.116 > 0.05; 7) the problem-solving ability of the laboratory assistant has a direct effect on the work motivation of the laboratory assistant, this can be seen from the significance value of 0.000 <0.05. In addition, the t_count value = 10.595 > t_table = 1.970; 8) Organizational Culture does not have a positive effect on Motivation. This can be seen from the significance value of 0.252 > 0.05. In addition, the t_count value = -1.199 < t_table = 1.970; 9) There is a simultaneous influence of Organizational Culture and the problem-solving ability of laboratory assistants on Motivation, this can be seen from the significance of 0.00 < 0.05; 10) There is a simultaneous influence of Organizational Culture, problem-solving ability of laboratory assistants and Motivation on Laboratory Assistant Performance. This can be seen from the significance of 0.050 = 0.05.These results provide the conclusion that organizational culture, laboratory assistant problem-solving ability and Motivation have a direct and simultaneous effect on laboratory assistant performance.

According to (Aufa, 2016: 232) Mathematics is one of the subjects taught at every level of education, from early childhood education to higher education. Mathematics is also a science that underlies the development of science and technology, so that mathematics is seen as a structured and integrated science, the study of patterns and relationships, and the science of thinking to understand the world around us. From the explanation of Ansari and Aufa, it can be concluded that mathematics is one of the subjects taught in every education which is useful for helping to clarify and simplify abstract situations through language and mathematical ideas so that it makes it easier to understand problem solving that exists in everyday life.

Students are individuals who have graduated from high school/high school and are currently pursuing higher education at a university. The study period is an important period to look forward to, even though new students often face challenges in the form of academic stress. The transition period from high school to college, busy schedules, new environments, and homesickness are factors that cause stress (Ajeng Febrianti Rahayu et al., 2021). Adaptation is an important skill to help students face these changes. According to Adimiharja (1993), adaptation is the process of a person adapting to the environment and using resources to solve problems. In the first year of college, the ability to adapt is the basis for success in studying for the next few years (Rahmadani & Mukti, 2020). According to Sarafino (2012),stress is the body's response to demands that exceed an individual's capabilities (Hasanah, 2019). How to deal with stress is different for each person, from avoiding the source of stress to solving the problem that causes it. For new students, this stress occurs because of major changes, especially in the learning system (Paramita et al., 2022).

This study aims to determine the achievement of students‘ critical thinking skills in solving HOTS-based Mathematics problems in terms of students’ learning styles at SD Negeri Gembira, Nangahale Village. This type of descriptive qualitative research aims to present in-depth information about a subject. The research was conducted at SD Negeri Gembira Desa Nangahale in even semester on 10 April-17 May 2023. Primary data sources were obtained from observation. While secondary data sources were obtained from tests, questionnaires, and interviews. Data collection techniques using tests, learning style questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis in this study used miles and huberman model data analysis, namely data presentation, data reduction and conclusion drawing. The results showed that subjects with visual learning styles revealed that the thinking process on each indicator of critical thinking ability smoothly so that the subject could solve the problem correctly. Subjects with auditory learning styles reveal well the critical thinking process on each indicator of critical thinking ability.

The realization of learning that actively involves students is the hope of all parties, both the community and education practitioners. Increasing student activity is highly dependent on the teacher's ability to plan effective teaching and learning activities to achieve learning objectives. In the learning process at school, teachers need to encourage students to make optimal observations in order to obtain maximum learning outcomes. Therefore, teachers should provide students with the widest possible opportunity to observe in depth. The application of learning strategies with an activity-based approach in Islamic Religious Education subjects for grade V students of SDN 027 Labuhan Tangga Baru is expected to be able to increase motivation, achievement, creativity, and problem-solving abilities in learning.

Literacy is an individual's ability to manage and understand information through reading and writing activities. This skill is closely related to language skills because it includes aspects of speaking, reading, writing, counting and problem-solving skills. In other words, literacy includes language abilities and skills, including reading, writing, speaking, counting, and problem solving at a certain level needed in everyday life. This research uses a literature study approach as the main method of data collection. In the process, the researcher conducted an in-depth study and understanding of various relevant theories from literature sources.Today, in the digital era, digital literacy is a very important ability for elementary school students to have. The development of information and communication technology has changed learning methods, so it is important that students have sufficient ability to access, evaluate and use digital information effectively. Digital literacy of primary school students includes various important elements. First, digital literacy enables students to develop skills in utilizing digital technology, including surfing the internet, understanding hardware and software, and using productivity applications. Second, digital literacy teaches students about the safety and ethical aspects of using technology, such as maintaining online privacy, protecting personal data and avoiding cyberbullying.

The application of algorithms in the mentoring activity scheduling system is an innovative solution to overcome the complexity of time and resource management. This study aims to develop a mentoring activity scheduling system for Reading and Writing the Qur'an (BTQ) using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PSO algorithm was chosen because of its ability to find optimal solutions efficiently through a particle population approach. This system is designed to meet the schedule preferences of students and supervisors, taking into account the limited time available and the interrelationships between schedules. This study makes a significant contribution to improving the efficiency of BTQ mentoring activity scheduling, as well as demonstrating the potential of PSO in solving other scheduling problems.

Task scheduling in cloud computing environments is a crucial aspect in optimizing resource allocation and improving system efficiency. This research aims to analyze trends in task scheduling algorithms in cloud computing using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach on various scientific publications published between 2018 and 2025. The results of the study show that Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Genetic Algorithm (GA) algorithms are the most commonly used methods in solving task scheduling problems. PSO stands out as an effective algorithm due to its ability to find global optimal solutions, handle non-linear and multimodal problems, and its efficiency in managing computational resources. Additionally, various studies have shown that optimization of scheduling algorithms can be achieved through a combination or modification of existing methods to improve system performance. This study provides in-depth insights into the development of scheduling algorithms in cloud computing and opens up opportunities for further research in developing more innovative and adaptive approaches.

This study aims to describe the visual thinking of high school students in understanding three-dimensional problems. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Two students with medium and high mathematical skills of the female gender were selected as research subjects. Data was collected by giving three-dimensional problem-solving tasks according to Polya's steps and interviews. Students' visual thinking is described based on seeing, recognizing, imagining, and showing. The results of the study show that at the comprehension stage, students with medium and high mathematical skills do looking and seeing, recognizing and imagining at the planning stage, and showing the steps to implement the problem-solving plan appropriately but in a different way, students with medium ability use more concise steps and vice versa for high-ability students; At the re-examination stage, the two subjects showed (showing) the conclusion of the solution solution, but did not show (showing) re-checking.

This research aims to identify challenges and solutions in implementing discussion learning methods in Indonesian language subjects. Through a literature review, it was found that the main challenges lie in low student participation, teachers' lack of ability to manage discussions, and limited time and resources. Apart from that, the heterogeneity of students' abilities is also an obstacle. To overcome these challenges, this research presents several solutions, including: creating a conducive learning environment, providing space for exploration for students, improving teacher skills, motivating students, and improving classroom management. By implementing these solutions in an integrated manner, it is hoped that discussion learning can become more effective and achieve the desired learning goals. This research concludes that the successful implementation of the discussion method is very dependent on the joint efforts of various parties, including teachers, students and schools. Thus, discussion learning can be an effective means for developing students' language, critical thinking and collaboration skills. 

This research aims to identify challenges and solutions in implementing discussion learning methods in Indonesian language subjects. Through a literature review, it was found that the main challenges lie in low student participation, teachers' lack of ability to manage discussions, and limited time and resources. Apart from that, the heterogeneity of students' abilities is also an obstacle. To overcome these challenges, this research presents several solutions, including: creating a conducive learning environment, providing space for exploration for students, improving teacher skills, motivating students, and improving classroom management. By implementing these solutions in an integrated manner, it is hoped that discussion learning can become more effective and achieve the desired learning goals. This research concludes that the successful implementation of the discussion method is very dependent on the joint efforts of various parties, including teachers, students and schools. Thus, discussion learning can be an effective means for developing students' language, critical thinking and collaboration skills. 

This study aims to analyze students' mathematical problem-solving abilities in the topic of Systems of Three Linear Equations (SPLTV) at SMA PGRI 4 Jakarta. The research employs a qualitative method with an approach that includes interviews and written tests. The subjects of the study consist of eleventh-grade students selected purposively. The results indicate that students have varying levels of understanding regarding SPLTV problems, with some students facing difficulties in comprehending word problems and applying appropriate solving methods. Nevertheless, most students are able to utilize substitution, elimination, and combination methods in solving problems. The study also finds that students tend not to check their answers, which can affect the accuracy of their results. Therefore, it is recommended that students adopt a more systematic approach in problem-solving and perform checks to enhance their confidence and answer accuracy.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the problem-based learning model (PBL) in improving the understanding of fiqh material and its implementation in class XI students of MA Plus Anas Bin Malik Lekong Rembuk. The PBL model was chosen because it is considered capable of encouraging active student involvement and developing critical thinking skills through solving real problems that are relevant to everyday life. This study uses a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach which is implemented in two cycles, each consisting of the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. Data collection techniques include tests, observations, and interviews. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the understanding of fiqh concepts and active participation of students during the learning process. Students became more enthusiastic, able to express opinions, and demonstrate the ability to apply fiqh values in everyday life. Thus, the PBL model has proven effective in improving the quality of fiqh learning in madrasas and can be used as an alternative innovative learning strategy to improve learning outcomes and student character simultaneously.