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This study concentrates on the design and construction of a laboratory-scale centrifuge for the separation of gum from crude palm oil (CPO). The extraction of gum from CPO is essential in the palm oil sector to guarantee that the finished product adheres to quality standards and is safe for consumption. We engineered the prototype centrifuge to accommodate six 600-mL bottles and achieve a maximum rotational speed of 1400 rpm. The design procedure utilised Autodesk Inventor software for CAD modelling and computations to ascertain the centrifugal force, power capacity, and shaft diameter. The process of manufacturing entailed cutting and shaping stainless steel into the necessary components, subsequently followed by drilling and milling operations for mounting points and interfaces. We implemented surface treatment to augment corrosion resistance and elevate visual appeal. The assembling procedure encompassed component integration, motor incorporation, and control system configuration. The experimental configuration involved centrifugal testing utilising 600-mL glass bottles with time intervals of 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes at an average rotational speed of 924 rpm. The experiment showed that the centrifuge worked well to separate the gum and other contaminants from the CPO. The best separation happened after 40 minutes of centrifugation.

In the digital era, food literacy—an essential competency for making informed dietary choices—has gained significance in enhancing not only individual health but also communication skills. This study investigates the role of the Google Fit application in improving food literacy and its subsequent impact on positive communication among university students. Utilizing a qualitative case study approach, we explored how the use of Google Fit influenced the understanding of food literacy and fostered supportive, constructive interactions among 20 English Literature students at UNIMED. Findings reveal that Google Fit’s features, such as calorie tracking and activity monitoring, significantly enhance students' awareness of nutrition and healthy eating behaviors. Furthermore, improved food literacy encouraged participants to engage in data-driven, empathetic dialogues, thus fostering positive communication. The results highlight the potential of mobile applications to serve as effective educational tools, not only for promoting health literacy but also for cultivating essential interpersonal skills. These findings underscore the importance of integrating digital tools into academic practices to bridge the gap between personal health education and broader social competencies.

This study examines the construction and methodology of knowledge in the scope of Islamic Religious Education (PAI). This study explores five main aspects: (a) Sources of knowledge in Islamic Religious Education, (b) Scientific paradigms between revelation and reason, (c) Integrative research methodology in Islamic studies, (d) Deconstruction of the boundaries of scientific disciplines in Islamic Religious Education, and (e) Episteme of contemporary Islamic knowledge: between tradition and modernity. With this approach, Islamic Religious Education can continue to develop, be understood, and practiced in the life of society, so that a harmonious and orderly order of life is created. The study of concepts in the scope of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) must continue to be developed along with the emergence of complex problems amidst the development of globalization, as a basis for contemporary studies. This study is expected to be a reference for educators and education practitioners in developing more effective and relevant Islamic Religious Education (PAI) materials.

This article discusses the importance of building students' interest in learning Islamic Cultural History (SKI), which is often considered less interesting due to monotonous conventional methods. The research aims to explore creative and innovative learning strategies that can increase students' interest in SKI. Using qualitative descriptive methods and literature studies, researchers analyzed the relevance of learning interests and the development of interesting teaching modules. The findings show that teaching modules that integrate visual media and interactive technology can increase the attractiveness of learning, creating active and relevant learning experiences for students. Apart from that, the teacher's role is very crucial in using a variety of methods and providing constructive feedback. The implications of this research emphasize the need for a more creative approach in education to not only convey historical knowledge, but also shape students' character and identity. In this way, it is hoped that SKI learning will be more meaningful and help students understand cultural heritage in the context of modern life.

The increasing need for buildings and land has the effect of increasing construction in the housing sector. However, it must be understood that a company is able to regulate the structure of its funds. The maximum fund structure has an effect on the size of the fund and its value. This lesson will explain each variable raised as a study topic. This learning takes a quantitative approach through purposive sampling. The analysis uses classical assumption testing, descriptive statistics, as well as hypotheses using multiple linear regression methods using SPSS 25.0. The total study sample was 110 samples. Personally shows that the scale has a good effect on the fund structure. LiquidityProfitability is bad for the structure of funds. Then, together with the independent variables, they have a significant effect on the structure of the funds.  

This study developed a Discovery Learning model with a Meaningful Learning approach to improve students' critical thinking skills in Economics at SMAN 2 Tulang Bawang Udik. The study used the ADDIE model and produced a conceptual model, lesson plans, student worksheets, and HOTS assessment instruments. Expert validation results showed that the products were feasible, practicality tests obtained a very practical category, and effectiveness tests with a Nonequivalent Control Group design showed that the critical thinking of students in the experimental class was higher than that of the control class. These results confirm that this learning model is feasible, practical, and effective, and can be a guide for teachers for active, contextual, and high-level thinking skills-oriented learning. Additionally, the integration of Discovery Learning and Meaningful Learning provides a structured and student-centered learning process that encourages learners to construct knowledge independently while connecting concepts to real-life contexts. The resulting learning tools also support teachers in implementing systematic instruction that fosters student engagement and deeper understanding. Overall, the developed model contributes to improving instructional quality in Economics education and offers an innovative alternative for enhancing students’ cognitive abilities, particularly in critical thinking.

This research explores the use of Virtual Reality (VR) storytelling in language learning, focusing on its impact on speaking fluency, narrative skills, and student engagement. As traditional language teaching methods often face challenges such as limited speaking practice and learner anxiety, VR offers a promising alternative by creating immersive, interactive environments that encourage active participation. The objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of VR storytelling in enhancing these language skills, particularly in second language learners. The study utilized an action research methodology, involving language learners who participated in VR-based storytelling interventions. Pre- and post-assessments, along with surveys and student feedback, were used to evaluate speaking fluency, narrative construction, and overall engagement. The findings indicated significant improvements in all three areas, with students reporting increased confidence, reduced anxiety, and enhanced motivation to engage with the language. The use of VR not only improved grammatical and lexical aspects of speaking but also fostered creativity and coherence in storytelling. These results support the potential of VR to transform traditional language education by providing an engaging, low-pressure environment for learners. The study concludes by recommending the integration of VR in language classrooms to enhance language acquisition and suggests further exploration into long-term effects and content diversity.

Still today, Indonesia's agricultural industry provides the bulk of the country's GDP. Agricultural output and job prospects are deteriorating as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is particularly severe from 2020 to 2022. These underlying causes highlight the need of having a framework to estimate and anticipate output for the next year. The objective is to examine how the transition of farm and non-agricultural labour has affected family welfare in the districts of West Aceh and South Aceh. Shift Share and Location Quotient (LQ) are the tools used in this study. Using the contribution criterion in particular, LQ analysis is a powerful analytical technique for revealing an area's economic foundation. One way to look at regional economic development is via shift share analysis, which tracks how a key indicator of regional economic growth changes or increases over a certain time period. Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries make up the basic sector in South Aceh Regency's LQ calculation. The manufacturing industry, construction, financial and insurance services, and government administration, defence, and compulsory social security make up the other three subsectors. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing make up the backbone of West Aceh Regency's LQ calculation. The quarrying and mining industry. All sectors in South Aceh Regency had a negative value in the GRDP of South Aceh Regency shift share study, which suggests that overall, the sectors in South Aceh Regency are not expanding faster than their counterparts in Aceh Province and West Aceh Regency. All of the sectors in West Aceh Regency's GDRP are positive, which indicates that overall, the South Regency's sectors are developing at a quicker rate than both Aceh Province and South Aceh Regency's sectors.

This research aims to improve the understanding of Fiqh subject on mandatory bathing material for fourth-grade students at MI At Thayyibah Banjar Regency through the implementation of the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative learning model with audiovisual media integration. The research subjects were 15 fourth-grade students consisting of 8 male and 7 female students. This study used a classroom action research approach with the Kemmis and McTaggart spiral model conducted in two cycles. Data collection techniques included participatory observation, comprehension tests, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. The results showed a significant improvement in student understanding, marked by an increase in classical mastery percentage from 40% in the pre-cycle to 67% in the first cycle and 87% in the second cycle. The class average score also increased from 68.7 in the pre-cycle to 75.8 in the first cycle and 83.2 in the second cycle. Student learning activities increased from 39.2% in the pre-cycle to 65.4% in the first cycle and 85% in the second cycle. The implementation of the STAD cooperative learning model with audiovisual media proved effective in improving student understanding through creating a collaborative learning environment, concrete material visualization, and active student involvement in knowledge construction. This research provides important implications for developing more innovative and contextual Fiqh learning strategies at the Islamic Elementary School level.

Fear of divine punishment is a spiritually charged form of distress that appears in ordinary religious struggle, moral injury, shame-based faith formation, and, in some cases, scrupulosity. This article examines pastoral accompaniment for Christian congregants who interpret suffering, intrusive thoughts, moral imperfection, or ordinary uncertainty as evidence that God is angry and punitive. The study addresses a constructive problem: many pastoral responses either normalize fear as evidence of seriousness before God or dismiss it as irrational anxiety, yet both responses can intensify spiritual distress. Using a conceptual qualitative design, the article synthesizes peer-reviewed studies on religious and spiritual struggles, scrupulosity, spiritually integrated care, moral injury, and practical theology. The analysis proposes that pastoral care should neither dilute theological seriousness nor reinforce punitive images of God. Its main synthesis is a threefold pastoral framework, differentiated assessment, grace-oriented theological reframing, and collaborative accompaniment that includes referral when symptoms suggest obsessive-compulsive disorder, trauma, depression, or suicidal risk. The article concludes that effective pastoral accompaniment moves congregants from retributive anxiety toward secure attachment to God, morally responsible agency, and communal practices of confession, assurance, lament, and restoration. The contribution is a constructive model for churches that treats fear of divine punishment as a theological-psychological struggle requiring discernment, doctrinal care, ethical boundaries, and interdisciplinary cooperation.

This article examines pastoral counseling strategies for congregants whose Christian faith is weakened by sustained exposure to secular digital content. The problem is not framed as a deterministic claim that digital media directly destroys faith, but as a practical-theological concern: algorithmic personalization, secular moral imaginaries, online doubt communities, entertainment habits, and fragmented attention can reshape belief, practice, belonging, and trust in church authority. The study aims to construct a counseling model that is theologically responsible, psychologically informed, and pastorally usable in local churches. Using a conceptual qualitative design, the article synthesizes literature from digital religion studies, mediatization theory, adolescent and emerging-adult religiosity, media psychology, religious coping, and spiritually integrated counseling. The analysis identifies three main findings. First, faith degradation should be diagnosed as a layered process involving cognitive doubt, affective dryness, moral dissonance, ritual discontinuity, and communal displacement. Second, pastoral counseling must move beyond prohibition toward discerning digital habits, rebuilding spiritual attention, and restoring relational trust. Third, an integrated strategy is proposed: assessment of digital-spiritual formation, narrative and theological reconstruction, communal re-embedding, and digital rule-of-life practices. The article concludes that pastoral counseling in the digital age should function as a ministry of interpretive accompaniment rather than merely corrective instruction.

The construction industry is one of the sectors that has a significant impact on environmental damage due to high energy consumption, exploitation of natural resources, and carbon emissions. In response to these challenges, this study aims to analyze the potential for implementing sustainable construction materials to support the development of green infrastructure. Using qualitative methods through literature studies, documentation, observation, and in-depth interviews, this study evaluates the advantages, challenges, and economic and environmental impacts of various innovative materials, such as foam glass, green wall systems, bamboo composites, eco-cement, and mycelium-based blocks. The results show that these materials are able to reduce carbon emissions, increase building energy efficiency, and offer long-term cost savings. Mycelium-based blocks, in particular, are recorded as the most effective material in reducing construction costs by up to 25% and CO₂ emissions by 250 kg per project. However, the implementation of sustainable materials in Indonesia still faces obstacles such as cost, material availability, and technical regulations. Therefore, synergy is needed between the government, academics, and industry in encouraging research, preparing technical standards, and public awareness campaigns to expand the adoption of environmentally friendly materials in the national construction sector.

Rumah Panggung Walewangko is a traditional traditional house of the Minahasa tribe in North Sulawesi which is artistic and needs to be preserved. Overall, this house is made of hard and sturdy wood. This research reviews the general shape and materials used with the aim of providing more detailed information. This method is carried out by conducting studies from several literature and references. From this research, it was concluded that the Walewangko stilt house needs to be preserved by continuing to support its construction because it has the ability to withstand earthquakes, is practical, natural, and costs less to build than a brick/wall house.

Conflict is an inevitable phenomenon in organizational dynamics. Differences in perceptions, goals and resources often trigger conflict. This research aims to examine the importance of conflict management in maintaining organizational sustainability and performance. Through literature studies, this research concludes that effective conflict management can change destructive conflicts into constructive ones, increase productivity, and strengthen relationships between organizational members. In addition, this research also identifies various conflict management strategies that can be applied in the context of modern organizations. Organizational conflict is a conflict that occurs when the goal-oriented behavior of one group clashes or is threatened by the group's goals.

The road paving and ditch construction project in Balun Ijuk Village, particularly from Sahpire Boarding House Lane to Jerambah Gantung Road, aims to enhance transportation infrastructure to support mobility for local residents and students of Bangka Belitung University. This study employs a quantitative method with a financial feasibility analysis approach. Findings indicate that the total project cost is IDR 988,153,778 with an implementation duration of 2 months and 3 weeks. The financial analysis yields a Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 481,705,602.62 (15%) and IDR 326,419,561.97 (20%), an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 18%, a Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.48, and a Payback Period (PP) of 2 years and 7 months. Based on these results, the project is deemed economically viable with significant positive impacts on the community, including improved accessibility, reduced flooding risks via effective ditches, and enhanced connectivity and local economic activities. Additionally, the project implementation is expected to create temporary job opportunities and support sustainable infrastructure development in the region.

Assertive communication plays a key role in building positive and productive working relationships in an organization. This research aims to explore the influence of assertive communication on work effectiveness and productivity in the context of work relations in companies. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach by collecting data through interviews and observations in various organizations. The research results show that assertive communication, which prioritizes respect for the rights and feelings of other people while expressing opinions openly and firmly, can reduce conflict, increase cooperation, and improve the work atmosphere. Apart from that, assertive communication also contributes to reducing stress, increasing self-confidence, and clarifying expectations between team members. By implementing assertive communication techniques, such as active listening, stating expectations clearly, and providing constructive criticism, work productivity in an organization can increase significantly. This research provides recommendations for organizations to develop assertive communication skills among all members to create a more harmonious work environment and support the achievement of common goals.

In the era of globalisation and rapid technological development, developing the competencies of teachers and education staff is key to improving the quality of education. This article discusses various strategies for competency development in education human resource management (HRM), with a focus on teachers and education staff. Adopting an evidence-based approach identifies effective methods for training and professional development, including the utilisation of technology, online courses, and experiential learning. In addition, it explores the critical role of constructive feedback and continuous evaluation in the competency development process. The research underscores the importance of integration between HRM theory and daily educational practice to achieve optimal results. The results of this article are expected to provide practical guidance for educational institutions in designing effective development programmes to improve teacher and staff performance and advance the education system as a whole.

Porous asphalt is an open graded hot mix asphalt with a small percentage of fine aggregate and a large percentage of coarse aggregate. Porous asphalt is an asphalt mixture that is being developed for wearing course construction. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of adding rubber tire powder on the performance of the Asphalt Porous-Wearing Course. In this research two standard gradations for porous asphalt were used, namely Australian gradation (AAPA) and California gradation (CalTrans) with the addition 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of rubber tire powder. Based on the research carried out, it can be seen that the addition of rubber tire powder to a mixture with AAPA gradation is better in terms of its ability to accept loads without experiencing deformation (stability) and the possibility of the mixture being able to withstand maximum loads to prevent traction failure (ITS). Meanwhile, mixtures with Caltrans gradations are better in terms of resistance to wear (CL), homogeneous mixing of asphalt and aggregate (AFD), and ability to resist cracking (TSR). The addition of rubber tire powder was not able to improve the strength due to immersion at extreme temperatures (IRS) in a mixture of both gradation specifications.  

This research aims to understand in depth about mathematics and how teaching aids in learning, especially in mathematics subjects, help students understand abstract mathematical concepts. The literature study method (qualitative approach) in this research was also used for the ability to obtain information from various sources related to mathematics learning theory, the benefits of using teaching aids, and so on. This research also briefly explains how behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism can enable students to build their understanding by increasing motivation by teachers and ensuring that the teaching aids used are effective both over time and in the learning process.

Work safety is an important aspect in the construction industry, especially in girder erection work that involves high risks due to the installation of large beams and the use of heavy equipment. This study aims to assess the implementation of work safety on the Solo-Yogyakarta-YIA Toll Road construction project by referring to safety standards from the Ministry of Public Works and related regulations. The research data consisted of 28 project photos covering girder erection preparation work, girder erection, and girder bracing. The assessment was conducted by three certified construction OHS experts using a checklist of work safety standards. The results of the Bayes Theorem analysis showed that all girder erection preparation work (7 photos) and girder erection (15 photos) were performed safely with a value of P(H|Ecomb) = 1. On girder bracing work, five out of six photos were rated as safe, while one photo showed unsafe work. This finding indicates that although most of the work has met safety standards, there are still aspects that require improvement. This study recommends a thorough implementation of safety attributes, especially on aspects that have not met the standards, to minimize the risk of occupational accidents on girder erection work in construction projects. This step is important to ensure worker safety and support the creation of a safer work environment.