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This research aimed to know how does puzzle game conduct in developing children cognitive in age 5 to 6 years old at TK Negeri Pembina of Sorong Regency. The result of this research indicated that there was an influence on puzzle game toward cognitive development of before and after using puzzle game. It meant that the use puzzle game can help to stimulate the childrens’ cognitive development, especially on the ability if problem solving for students in age 5 to 6 years old. For this research had function to describe the effectiveness of puzzle game ini increasing childrens’ cognitive development in age 5 to 6 years old. To collect the data, this researcy used observation sheet, interview and documentation. The result of observation sheets and interview, the research applied puzzle game to be able improve cognitive development of students class B in age 5 to 6 years old.

This study aims to explore the effectiveness of optimal hydration on brain activity and mental health in students and workers through a biopsychological approach. Five participants (three students and two workers) participated in a hydration intervention by drinking at least 8 glasses of water per day for seven days. The design used was a one-group pretest-posttest, with measurements using the PANAS (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule) scale and daily reflection. The results showed an increase in positive emotion scores and a decrease in negative emotion scores after the intervention was carried out in both groups. Participants' daily reflections supported these findings, although some experienced discomfort such as bloating or nausea. Biopsychologically, adequate hydration can contribute to cognitive function, emotional control, and daily productivity. This study confirms that regular drinking habits are a simple but effective strategy in improving mental health and brain function in both students and workers.

The River Basin (DAS) as a place of absorption and water source for living things, forms an ecosystem and a direct relationship between humans and nature. This study aims to determine the function of the Subayang River for the DAS community in Tanjung Belit Village, and to analyze the process of interpreting the river using the social construction theory of Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques in the form of in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis uses the Miles and Huberman model. The research subjects numbered eight people, consisting of six main subjects (selected purposively) and two key subjects. The results of the study show that the Subayang River has domestic functions (consumption and MCK) and non-domestic (interaction space, economic function, mobility, culture, conservation, and disposal). The process of the community interpreting the Subayang River consists of three processes, namely externalization (Knowledge) sources of community knowledge about rivers are formed through direct experience, family heritage, social interaction, norms or unwritten rules maintained by the community. Objectivation (Attitude) of Subayang River is not only seen as a water source but as a source of life, as a sacred object, river as identity and river as a place of purification. Internalization (Action) of society carries out various actions that come from the community's response to the river. The social construction process is influenced by internal factors (Personal Experience, Cognitive Awareness, Emotional) and external factors (Family, Norms/Rules, Community Culture, Environmental Conditions).

This study explores the aesthetic experience and user perception resulting from the use of minimalism in contemporary web design. As minimalism continues to shape modern digital aesthetics, understanding how users emotionally and cognitively engage with minimalist interfaces becomes increasingly relevant. The research aims to identify how visual simplicity, functional clarity, and negative space contribute to user satisfaction and usability. Employing a mixed-method approach, including user testing and surveys with a sample of 60 participants, this study evaluates responses to minimalist and non-minimalist website prototypes. The findings reveal that minimalist design enhances perceived elegance and ease of navigation, while also increasing the sense of trust and professionalism. However, the absence of visual cues can challenge some users in completing complex tasks. These insights highlight the importance of balancing visual simplicity with user guidance to optimize user experience. This research contributes to the evolving discourse on digital aesthetics and provides practical implications for designers seeking to integrate minimalist principles without compromising functionality.

Early childhood cognitive development is an important foundation for successful learning and further development. One of the factors that significantly influences this development is structured and continuous stimulation education. This study aims to analyze the effect of stimulation education on cognitive development in Kartika XXI-17 Kindergarten. Cognitive ability is the child's ability to think more complexly and to reason and solve problems, the development of this cognitive ability will make it easier for children to master broader general knowledge, so that they can function properly in everyday community life. However, in its development, not all children in Kartika XXI-17 Kindergarten can develop according to their stages. Stimulation education has been proven to be more effective when carried out early, with an approach that is appropriate to the child's developmental stage. In conclusion, stimulation education plays a crucial role in accelerating and optimizing the cognitive development of early childhood, so it needs to be an integral part of child care and education practices.

Based on the findings of the Indonesian Nutritional Status Study Survey (SSGI), the growth rate of stunting in toddlers in East Java reached 19.2%. The prevalence of stunting in Wedoroanom Village is included in the highest category in Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency, reaching 36%. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of stunting, growth of gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and cognitive abilities, and to determine the relationship between these factors and the development of these skills in toddlers in Wedoroanom Village, Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency. This study used a cross-sectional technique and was quantitative. The sample consisted of 110 children aged between 12 and 60 months who were selected through a convenience sampling approach. Anthropometric measurements, interviews, and observations were used to obtain data. The chi-square test and odds ratio were used in data analysis to determine the relationship between variables. The study findings showed that the incidence of stunting and gross motor development were not related. However, there was a relationship between the incidence of stunting and cognitive and fine motor development. Chronic malnutrition, maternal education, maternal occupation, and history of exclusive breastfeeding are some of the factors that can cause developmental disorders in children. The findings of this study indicate that the incidence of stunting in Wedoroanom Village, Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency, is related to fine motor and cognitive development but not related to the development of gross motor functions.

The role of the teacher as a leader in PAUD learning is very important to create an effective and quality learning process. Teachers not only function as teachers, but also as leaders who direct, motivate and create a learning environment conducive to children's cognitive, social and emotional development. Through experiential and game-based learning approaches, teachers are able to develop independence and leadership skills in students from an early age. In addition, teachers also act as facilitators, motivators, and inspirers who provide examples and support to optimize children's potential. Teacher leadership in PAUD is essential to improving the quality of learning and shaping children's character as a whole. 

The curriculum for education and training is a plan, objectives, content, and learning approach that is structured to direct the education process in order to achieve certain abilities in students or training participants. In a formal education environment, the curriculum serves as the main guide for institutions and educators in setting learning targets, compiling teaching materials, choosing teaching techniques, and assessing educational outcomes. On the other hand, in training programs, the curriculum focuses more on achieving specific skills needed in the work environment, with materials and strategies adapted to the needs and character of the participants. The main elements of the curriculum include objectives, content, methods, and evaluation, all of which must reinforce each other to ensure the achievement of the desired results, both in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. The process of developing an education and training curriculum requires needs analysis,es goal setting, content development, selection of learning experiences, and preparation of appropriate evaluation instruments. Therefore, the curriculum in education and training not only functions as a tool for planning and organizing learning, but also as a driver of change and improvement in the quality of human resources that are responsive e, and needs in the world of work.

Play for early childhood is very important in the development of his personality. Playing for a child is not just filling time, but a medium for children to learn. Every form of play activity in children has a positive value for the development of their personality. However, free play is often the key to unlocking the creative talents that every human being possesses. Playing with children is useful for exploring their world, developing their competence to cope with it, and fostering their creativity. The function of play for early childhood can be used as an intervention that, if implemented properly, whether equipped with tools or without tools, will greatly assist social, emotional, cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development in general, and develop children's creativity.

This study aims to analyze the role of psychological assessment in improving the effectiveness of guidance and counseling services in educational settings through a qualitative literature review. Psychological assessment is a fundamental component in counseling practice that allows counselors to understand clients in depth and comprehensively. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a literature review that analyzes journal articles, textbooks, and relevant academic publications from 2015- 2025. The results of the study indicate that psychological assessment has two main roles: first, helping counselors understand the internal dynamics, cultural context, strengths, and resources of clients; second, providing various types of assessment instruments that can be selected according to needs, including personality, cognitive, emotional, behavioral, projective, multicultural, and technology-based assessments. Appropriate assessment not only functions as a diagnostic tool but also as a therapeutic intervention that encourages client self-awareness. The implementation of quality psychological assessment is the foundation for designing effective and responsive counseling services to the individual needs of students, so that it can improve the overall quality of guidance and counseling services in educational settings.

Sleep disturbances in infants can cause significant physiological and psychological impacts, such as decreased immune function, impaired cognitive development, and an increased risk of emotional problems (Tanty & Pramesti, 2023). Poor sleep not only inhibits physical growth but also affects infants’ mental development, including attention disorders, anxiety, and low cognitive abilities (Hendri & Sari, 2021). Therefore, it is important to provide effective interventions to improve infants’ sleep quality. This study aimed to determine the effect of baby massage on infant sleep quality at BPM Aida Nospita, Manunggal Village, Labuhan Deli Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, in 2025. This research employed a quasi-experimental method with a pretest–posttest design using an experimental group and a control group, also known as a pretest–posttest with control group design, which is a form of quasi-experimental research design. The population of this study consisted of all infants aged 3–6 months at BPM Aida Nospita, Manunggal Village, Labuhan Deli Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, totaling 32 infants, with 16 infants in the experimental group and 16 infants in the control group. The results of the statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test showed a significant probability value of 0.001 (p < 0.05). This indicates that the null hypothesis (H₀) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H₁) was accepted, meaning that baby massage had a significant effect on sleep quality among infants at BPM Aida Nospita, Manunggal Village, Labuhan Deli Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, in 2025.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent, non-progressive motor disorder that occurs due to brain damage experienced before, during, or after birth. This condition is generally characterized by activity limitations and can be accompanied by various other disorders, such as delayed cognitive development, visual impairment, speech disorders, and neuromuscular disorders. Management of cerebral palsy is usually multidisciplinary, including physiotherapy, behavioral therapy, speech therapy, nutritional management, pharmacotherapy, and surgical intervention, with the aim of improving the patient's quality of life. This case report discusses a male patient, An. AZ, aged 4 years and 6 months, who was brought by his parents to the Emergency Department of Cut Meutia General Hospital, North Aceh with the chief complaint of seizures that had occurred two days before admission and had worsened in the past day. The patient had been diagnosed with cerebral palsy since early childhood and regularly underwent physiotherapy. From the anamnesis, it was revealed that the patient experienced weakness on the left side of the body, which was more dominant than the right side. This condition is consistent with the manifestation of hemiplegia in cerebral palsy patients. Physical examination revealed delayed motor development, increased muscle tone on the left side, and enhanced pathological reflexes. Acute seizure management included administering anticonvulsant medication according to protocol, monitoring vital signs, and close observation in the inpatient ward. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the patient was advised to continue regular physiotherapy to maintain motor function, prevent contractures, and support the development of daily activities. This case emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to the management of cerebral palsy, particularly when complicated by seizures. Integration of acute medical care, rehabilitative therapy, and family support plays a crucial role in improving the patient's quality of life.

Assessment is an integral part of the learning process that functions to determine the extent to which learning objectives have been achieved. This article discusses the assessment of cognitive and psychomotor domains in reading comprehension material with a focus on evaluative thinking. The main focus in evaluative reading is the ability of students to assess, criticize, and provide responses to information or texts read. Cognitive assessment is directed at measuring analytical, synthesis, and evaluation skills, while psychomotor assessment touches on aspects of real skills such as delivering oral responses or making written summaries. This study is expected to be a reference for educators in compiling holistic and balanced assessment instruments.

Emotional intelligence is greatly influenced by the environment, is not permanent, can change at any time. For that, the role of the environment, especially parents in childhood, greatly influences the formation. Emotional intelligence. EQ skills are not the opposite of IQ skills or cognitive skills, but both interact dynamically, both at the conceptual level and in the real world. In addition, EQ is not so influenced by hereditary factors With interactive teaching and learning activities, teachers teach students with the hope that students learn. By learning, students’ abilities increase. The cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains of students are increasingly functioning.

This literature review examines the effectiveness of Brain Gym as an intervention to improve children's learning concentration. Brain Gym is a series of physical movements developed to enhance brain function. Several studies in the last decade have suggested that Brain Gym activities can positively influence children's attention span and cognitive performance, particularly in educational settings. Through a review of 20 empirical studies published between 2015 and 2024, this study finds consistent evidence of improved focus and academic engagement among children who participated in regular Brain Gym exercises. The findings suggest that Brain Gym can serve as a complementary approach to conventional teaching strategies, especially for elementary-level learners. Implications for educators and future research are discussed.

When someone enters old age, symptoms such as senility or difficulty remembering new information often appear. This condition is known as dementia, a syndrome characterized by decreased cognitive function, behavioral changes, memory impairment, disorientation, and difficulty communicating and making decisions. This community service program aims to provide information and understanding about how to handle dementia that can be done at home. Activities are carried out through a counseling method consisting of a pre-test, education, and post-test, using leaflets and questionnaires containing questions to measure the level of understanding of participants. The results of the counseling showed an increase in participant knowledge, as seen from the comparison of the graph between the pre-test and post-test results. Education accompanied by brain gymnastics practices has been shown to have a positive impact on increasing participants' understanding of dementia and how to handle it. It is hoped that this counseling will continue to provide benefits to participants and can be applied in everyday life.

Kwashiorkor is a form of protein energy malnutrition (MEP). Malnourished toddlers have short and long term effects, in the form of impaired growth and development, including impaired cognitive function, morbidity, risk of degenerative diseases in later life and death. The male patient aged 1 year and 2 months was brought by his parents to the emergency room of Cut Meutia Hospital on Tuesday, June 4, 2024 at 20:07 WIB with complaints of swelling on both backs of legs and hands and face. On the antopometric examination on the first day of treatment, the patient's nutritional status was found to be poor. Patients are given malnutrition management which is divided into 3 phases, namely stabilization, transition and rehabilitation.   Kata kunci: Antropometri, Kwashiorkor, Malnutrisi Energi Protein

Hajj pilgrimage is a 30-day religious journey in Saudi Arabia undertaken by Muslims, with waiting times often exceeding 5 years, and many of them are elderly individuals requiring stable mental and physical conditions. Mental health is a crucial factor for the well-being of the elderly, with over 20% of them suffering from disorders such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Gender also plays a role, with women being more vulnerable to depression and anxiety. Education level and cognitive function also influence mental health. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) is used to assess individual mental health and the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress. This research aims to understand how factors such as age, gender, and education are related to the mental health of prospective Hajj pilgrims from Palembang in 2023 using the DASS instrument. The study found a significant relationship between age and the occurrence of depression but not with gender or education. These factors also did not have a significant relationship with anxiety. In the case of stress, a significant relationship was found between gender and age, while education level did not affect it.

Neurocognitive disorders, particularly dementia, affect various cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, learning, and problem-solving, with the elderly population being the most impacted. The prevalence of dementia is projected to rise to 131 million cases by 2050, posing significant social and economic implications. This study employed a cross-sectional method to evaluate the role of Apolipoprotein A (APOA) and Apolipoprotein B (APOB) in the diagnosis and prevention of dementia in older adults. The results showed that Apolipoprotein A was not significantly correlated with MMSE scores, indicating no clear relationship between APOA and cognitive function. In contrast, Apolipoprotein B demonstrated a significant negative correlation with MMSE, suggesting that increased APOB levels are associated with cognitive decline. Elevated ApoB, linked to increased LDL and oxidative stress, correlated with reduced cognitive function, whereas ApoA, the main component of HDL, is associated with neuroprotective effects. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring lipid profiles, including ApoA and ApoB, in the prevention and management of dementia in the elderly.    

The elderly period carries a negative perception because it is considered one of the vulnerable groups in society. They often experience changes in physical health, reduced social support, and the possibility of decreased quality of life. In this case, empowerment of the elderly is important to improve the quality of life and achieve successful aging, as is the empowerment carried out for the elderly at the Al-Falah Health Post Dompet Dhuafa. This study aims to determine what empowerment model is carried out at the Al-Falah Health Post and what programs are carried out in achieving successful aging for the elderly at the Al-Falah Health Post as well as the obstacles and what efforts are made to overcome these obstacles. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection was carried out by interviews, observations, and documentation. And the determination of informants used purposive sampling. The results of this study show a picture of empowerment at the AL-Falah Health Post involving various training for elderly cadres, the achievement of successful aging in the elderly at the Al-Falah Health Post in the forms of achievements include: a) minimizing and low risk of disease, the elderly have awareness and commitment to maintain their health, b) physical and cognitive function that is still maximal allows the elderly to continue learning, maintain physical and mental health, and increase their independence in everyday life, c) social relationships in life at the Al-Falah Health Post create an environment that supports active and beneficial social relationships.