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Sex education in schools is an important aspect in supporting the growth and development and reproductive health of children and adolescents. However, in Indonesia, there is cultural resistance regarding the open discussion of sex education. Sex education in schools plays an important role in shaping the character and knowledge of adolescents regarding reproductive health, responsible sexual behavior, and prevention of various risks such as HIV/AIDS, premarital pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases. This article reviews the importance of sex education as an integral part of the school curriculum, with an approach to preventing deviant behavior and building a healthy and responsible young generation. It is hoped that through appropriate education, adolescents will be able to make wise and responsible decisions, and reduce the number of incidents that are detrimental to them. This discusses the urgency of implementing sex education in schools with a preventive approach, not just theoretical teaching. Preventive sex education aims to equip students with the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to maintain reproductive health, prevent unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual violence. The implementation of sex education that is appropriate to the cultural context and involves various stakeholders in schools is crucial in creating an inclusive and safe learning environment.

Sex education is still taboo in society. Thus, it results in the implementation of sex education in schools not being optimal. The factor that influences the less than optimal implementation of sex education in schools is that many parents still have the wrong perception regarding sex education. Thus, through this study aims to review scientific articles in order to collect relevant sources related to the urgency of implementing sex education in schools. The method used in writing this article is a literature review. The study began by looking for articles related to the research topic to be carried out. The criteria for scientific articles used as data are in the form of scientific articles sourced from national and international journals with the latest 10 years, namely from 2015-2025. The results of the analysis of 12 journal articles obtained more developed types of literature review research and descriptive qualitative than other types of research. The results of the analysis show that sex education plays a major role in increasing self-awareness, maintaining the body, and forming good moral, social, and spiritual characters in children and adolescents. This education not only discusses the human body, but also teaches ethical values, responsibility, and how to control oneself, which need to be conveyed by paying attention to moral and religious values.

Sex education is still taboo in society. Thus, it results in the implementation of sex education in schools not being optimal. The factor that influences the less than optimal implementation of sex education in schools is that many parents still have the wrong perception regarding sex education. Thus, through this study aims to review scientific articles in order to collect relevant sources related to the urgency of implementing sex education in schools. The method used in writing this article is a literature review. The study began by looking for articles related to the research topic to be carried out. The criteria for scientific articles used as data are in the form of scientific articles sourced from national and international journals with the latest 10 years, namely from 2015-2025. The results of the analysis of 12 journal articles obtained more developed types of literature review research and descriptive qualitative than other types of research. The results of the analysis show that sex education plays a major role in increasing self-awareness, maintaining the body, and forming good moral, social, and spiritual characters in children and adolescents. This education not only discusses the human body, but also teaches ethical values, responsibility, and how to control oneself, which need to be conveyed by paying attention to moral and religious values.

This study aims to determine the effect of lecturers' teaching styles on student achievement at Stella Maris University, Sumba. The research method used is quantitative with a survey approach through questionnaires and observations. Lecturers' teaching styles are categorized into four types, namely facilitator, demonstrator, delegator, and authoritarian styles. The results of the observation show that the facilitator style is the most dominant style used (45%), followed by demonstrator (35%), delegator (15%), and authoritarian (5%). Data analysis using simple linear regression shows an R Square value of 0.468, which means that the lecturer's teaching style explains 46.8% of the variation in student achievement. In addition, a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05) is obtained, which indicates that there is a significant influence between the lecturer's teaching style and student achievement. This finding confirms that the application of the right and participatory teaching style can improve student learning outcomes.

The public's perception of teaching in SLB is a difficult thing because dealing with children in SLB, but teaching in SLB is not entirely difficult if we do it sincerely. The purpose of this study was to find out the experiences faced by teachers with non-specialized backgrounds teaching ABK in special schools. This study involved three teachers with the data collection technique in this study was semi-structured interviews. This research uses an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach regarding the experiences and difficulties of teaching for teachers with non-specialist backgrounds in teaching children with special needs. There are two main themes found: (1) Description of cognitive condition, (2) Description of emotional condition. The results of this study indicate that job constraints do not worsen the working conditions of the three subjects, making them feel grateful for their careers as non-PLB teachers. These three individuals can survive with 27 their jobs because they have a sense of attachment to the SLB children, a supportive workplace, family support, and support.

Christian religious education plays a crucial role in shaping students' character and morals. Christian religious teachers are responsible for teaching God's Word with objectivity, without discrimination based on students' social, cultural, economic, ethnic backgrounds, or academic abilities. However, in practice, discrimination can still occur in various forms, both consciously and unconsciously. This study aims to analyze the competencies of Christian religious teachers in teaching God's Word objectively and to identify possible forms of discrimination in the learning process. Using a qualitative descriptive analysis method, this research examines religious education policies and teachers' experiences in the teaching process. The findings indicate that teachers with a deep understanding of theology, a neutral attitude in interpretation, discussion-based teaching methods, and high ethics and professionalism are better able to create an inclusive learning environment. To prevent discrimination, awareness and commitment from educators are needed so that the values of love and justice in Christian teachings can be realized in the learning process.

Merdeka Curriculum was created as an effort to increase learning flexibility by tailoring learning materials to the unique needs and characters of each student.  However, there are several obstacles that must be overcome before this curriculum can be implemented at the elementary school level, especially in terms of making learning modules.  The purpose of this study is to find out the challenges that teachers face when creating lesson plans based on Merdeka Curriculum and the solutions that can be done.  The research methodology used is a qualitative study by conducting a literature study.  Based on the findings, the main challenges faced are the teachers' lack of understanding of project-based learning methods, differences in the structure of learning plans, lack of resources, and heavy administrative burdens. Merdeka Mengajar platform, continuous training, and reducing teachers' administrative burden are suggested solutions.  This approach is expected to help teachers to create more creative and innovative teaching modules that are in line with Merdeka Curriculum principles.

The interaction between teachers and students plays a crucial role in creating an effective learning environment. Empathy-based communication is an approach that can enhance the quality of interaction by understanding students' emotional and academic needs. This study aims to analyze the role of empathetic communication in supporting the teaching process. A qualitative research approach was employed, with a case study conducted at SDN 060842 Sekip Medan. Data were collected through observations and interviews with homeroom teachers. The findings indicate that empathy-based communication can increase student participation, create a positive learning environment, and help teachers identify learning obstacles. However, the implementation of empathetic communication still faces challenges, such as teachers' workload and time constraints. Therefore, training and policies that support its implementation in schools are necessary. This study emphasizes that empathetic communication is not just a teaching strategy but also a means of building stronger and more harmonious relationships between teachers and students.

This study aims to determine the strength of the positive and significant relationship between the teaching attitude of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers and the learning motivation of class X students at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in the 2024/2025 academic year. This research uses a quantitative method with descriptive inferential statistical analysis. The population of the study consists of all class X students of SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in the 2024/2025 academic year, totaling 281 students. The sampling technique used is random sampling, selecting 25% of the population, which is 65 students. The research instrument used is a closed-ended questionnaire. The data analysis results show that: a) The calculated r value = 0.560 > the r table value = 0.244, indicating a positive relationship between variable X (the teaching attitude of PAK teachers) and variable Y (the students' learning motivation). b) Hypothesis testing showed that t count = 5.365 > t table = 1.980, so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between the teaching attitude of PAK teachers and the learning motivation of class X students at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon in the 2024/2025 academic year. These findings are expected to contribute to the improvement of the quality of learning in the school.

This study aims to examine the influence of organizational culture, work environment, and leadership style on loyalty in Volunteers Teaching of the Jakarta Window Community. Sampling in this study used the slovin formula for 86 respondents. Data was collected through a questionnaire with a Likert scale processed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS version 22. The research method used is multiple linear regression. The results of this study show that Organizational Culture has a significant effect on Loyalty, while Work Environment and Leadership Style have no effect and are not significant to Loyalty.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) on teaching readiness of prospective Teacher Professional Education Program (PPG) students at Prof. Dr. Hamka Muhammadiyah University (UHAMKA). This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method to PPG students at UHAMKA. the population in this study were PPG Teacher Candidate Class 2 students in 2024 at Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka University. For this reason, the sample taken from the population must be truly representative (representative). Researchers conducted research with 2 classes at UHAMKA, namely PGSD 06 and PGSD 05 classes. Based on the test results above, it can be concluded that the results show the value of F count = 14,974 with a significance level of 0.000 <0.05, so there is an influence of the PCK variable (X) on Teaching Readiness (Y). Based on the results of the constant (a) of 66.056 indicates that if PCK is 0 then, the level of teaching readiness is 66.056 while the PCK coefficient is 0.417 positive value. These results can be interpreted that every time there is an increase in PCK by 1 time, the level of teaching readiness increases by 0.417.Based on the test results above, the R correlation value is 0.441 while the R square is 0.195 x 100% = 19.5%. This shows that Teaching Readiness can be influenced by 19.5% by the independent variable, namely Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). While the remaining 80.5% of teacher professionalism is influenced by other variables outside the research model used in this study.

The command to learn and teach has a great correlation with the development of technology. However, in reality, the development and progress of technology that is currently happening does not provide a guarantee to humans, especially Muslims, to become better individuals. The concepts brought by the Qur'an are always relevant to the problems faced by humans, because it comes down to dialogue with every person it meets, while also offering solutions to the problems it faces, whenever and wherever they are. More clearly, it will be explained in this paper about learning and teaching in the perspective of the Qur'an, This study uses a literature review method to explore the concept of learning and teaching in the perspective of the Qur'an. The ability to learn is a gift from God that is able to distinguish humans from other creatures. God gave humans reason to be able to learn and become leaders in this world

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis gambaran penerapan metode bernyanyi terhadap kemampuan keaksaraan awal pada anak usia dini 5-6 tahun dan menganalisis faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat penerapan Metode Bernyanyi Terhadap Kemampuan Keaksaraan Awal pada Anak Usia Dini 5-6 Tahun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah kualitatif. Subyek penelitian yaitu peserta didik. Data dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, verifikasi dan penarikan simpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode bernyanyi terhadap kemampuan keaksaraan awal pada anak usia dini didesain sedemikian rupa, sehingga membuat suasana belajar yang menyenangkan. Metode bernyanyi dilakukan pada satu topik pembelajaran, metode tersebut lebih membantu dan memudahkan anak dalam mengenal, menghafal, menyerap dan memahami huruf dan mempraktekkan bunyi hurufnya. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu cara mengemas pembelajaran yang inovatif dalam menyampaikannya kepada anak, anak-anak senang dengan bernyanyi, guru harus memahami apa yang disukai oleh anak, dengan mengemas topik-topik dalam bentuk lagu, diharapkan anak dapat dengan mudah menerima. Guru menjadi kunci utama dalam kelancaran pembelajaran dengan metode bernyanyi, karena sebelum guru mengajarkan lagu sebaiknya guru benar-benar paham akan lagu yang diajarkan.

This research was designed with the aim of examining in depth the motivation in increasing the teaching creativity of tutors at the ASIEQ Educare tutoring institution. This research used qualitative methods with a descriptive research model by describing objects as they are. The research results show that motivation in increasing the teaching creativity of tutors at the ASIEQ Educare tutoring institution can be said to be good. This can be seen from the system created by the institution so that it can bring out the enthusiasm or intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation that tutors have in teaching so that the tutor's creativity in teaching also increases. Apart from that, the model used by the ASIEQ Educare tutoring institution in motivating its tutors is to use a human resources model which focuses on providing feedback not only obtained through material but also immaterial things and meaningfulness in teaching as well as supporting motivation which can increase the teaching creativity of tutors in ASIEQ Educare tutoring agency. The strategies used by the ASIEQ Educare tutoring institution include; a) get to know all members of the ASIEQ Educare family well, b) assign tutors according to their respective interests and abilities, c) all members of the ASIEQ Educare family are considered work friends, d) activate regular discussions in order to carry out self-development with each other in the learning process.

This study explores efforts to improve literacy and numeracy through collaboration between teachers and students in the Teaching Campus Program at SD Negeri 03 Geragahan. Literacy and numeracy are essential skills in primary education, but many schools in remote areas still face challenges in achieving expected standards. The study aims to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of this program. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that the Teaching Campus Program has a significant positive impact on improving students' literacy and numeracy. There was an increase in reading ability, reading comprehension, reading interest, arithmetic ability, understanding of mathematical concepts, and interest in learning mathematics. The implications of this research highlight the importance of support and commitment from all parties involved in the program to ensure its sustainability and success. This research makes a significant contribution to efforts to improve the quality of education in remote areas and can serve as a reference for similar programs in the future.

This study aims to describe the teaching method of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. From pedagogical and sociological studies. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method. The results of this study indicate that the teaching method of the Prophet Muhammad SAW is a perfect example in educating and conveying Islamic teachings. The teaching method of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Including by example, teaching in stages, through advice, dialogue and questions and answers, parables, demonstrations, and rewards and punishments. Pedagogically, the teacher is a source of values, of course he is a person who must always be obeyed and followed, while the obligation of students is to respect their teachers, sociologically, education should form good morals, and provide skills and knowledge that are useful in everyday life. Soft skill development is highly prioritized in the process of a person's education.   Keywords: teaching methods, pedagogical, sociological

This study aims to explore the role of school principals in enhancing teacher performance through the utilization of the Platform Merdeka Mengajar, a digital tool introduced by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture to improve the quality of teaching and learning. The research was conducted at SMP N 4 Jombang, employing a qualitative approach with a case study design to gain an in-depth understanding of how principals support teachers in using this platform effectively. Data were collected through interviews with principals and teachers, as well as classroom observations. The findings indicate that the principal’s leadership, underpinned by managerial competencies such as planning, organizing, supervising, and human resource development, plays a critical role in facilitating the integration of technology into teaching practices. Principals provided technical support, organized training sessions, motivated teachers, and created a collaborative environment to enhance the use of the platform. Additionally, the study found that the Platform Merdeka Mengajar positively impacted teacher creativity and the quality of learning interactions. However, the study also highlights challenges, such as limited technological infrastructure and the varying levels of digital literacy among teachers. The results underscore the importance of strong leadership in educational technology implementation and offer insights into effective strategies for enhancing teacher performance through digital platforms. The study also identifies limitations related to its sample size and scope and suggests avenues for future research on long-term impacts and the role of external factors in educational technology adoption.

This research aims to examine how to optimize the learning management system (LMS) to support cadets' teaching and learning activities at the Naval Academy. It investigates the issues and analyzes the problems and constraints related to LMS learning. This research employs a qualitative methodology. E-learning (Smart class) has been developed to support all teaching and learning activities for cadets within the scope of the Naval Academy. One of its supporting components is an Electronic Learning application with a web-based Learning Management System, which serves as the software used by educators in universities and schools as an online learning medium based on the Internet. This application aids lecturers/instructors in learning and facilitates information sharing through virtual classrooms, allowing cadets to access materials within a specified timeframe. This Learning Management System assists both lecturers and cadets in conducting their online classes, enabling virtual interactions for discussions, solving questions both online and offline, and accessing materials available in cadets’ classrooms. The LMS model significantly supports the teaching and learning activities at the Naval Academy. Cadets can access it anytime and anywhere with just an internet connection and a laptop or computer.

This research is motivated by the lack of teacher performance in utilizing the Merdeka Mengajar platform application. Therefore, PAI teachers are required to be able to operate the Merdeka Mengajar platform application. This study aims to obtain clear information about: 1) Planning the Merdeka Mengajar platform in improving the performance of PAI teachers at SMP Negeri 5 Jawai. 2) Steps of the Merdeka Mengajar platform in improving the performance of PAI teachers at SMP Negeri 5 Jawai. 3) Evaluation of the Merdeka Mengajar platform in improving the performance of PAI teachers at SMP Negeri 5 Jawai. The subjects of this research are PAI teachers and the principal of SMP Negeri 5 Jawai. To obtain data related to the research focus, researchers conducted interviews, observations, and documentation. The data validity checking techniques used are: 1) Triangulation technique, 2) Member Check technique. The results of the research can be concluded: 1) Planning the Merdeka Mengajar platform in improving the performance of PAI teachers at SMP Negeri 5 Jawai is done by preparing activity programs, scheduling, preparing materials based on the Merdeka Mengajar platform application, and evaluating the program implementation. 2) Steps of the Merdeka Mengajar platform in improving the performance of PAI teachers at SMP Negeri 5 Jawai are done by: forming facilitators, analyzing the level of school readiness, designing dimensions to be used, themes, time allocation, and compiling project modules and reporting strategies, introducing and guiding teachers who have not been able to operate the Merdeka Mengajar platform application. 3) Evaluation of the Merdeka Mengajar platform in improving the performance of PAI teachers at SMP Negeri 5 Jawai includes: increased teacher engagement in using various PMM features, improved pedagogical and professional competence of teachers, increased ability of teachers to adopt innovative learning approaches, and a balance between accurate evaluation and realistic workload for teachers.

Suci Nopida (20120034) studied the influence of infrastructure on the smoothness of the teaching and learning process at MA Darul Ikhlas, Dalan Lidang, Panyabungan District. This research aims to answer three problem formulations: 1) Is there an influence of infrastructure on the smoothness of teaching and learning? 2) What is the condition of the infrastructure at MA Darul Ikhlas? 3) What are the factors that influence the smoothness of the teaching and learning process?. The research method used was a mixed method with a stratified proportional random sampling technique, involving 252 students. The use of a Likert scale-based questionnaire produced 23 valid statements for infrastructure and 22 for the smoothness of the teaching and learning process. The research results show that the infrastructure at MA Darul Ikhlas is not yet complete, with deficiencies such as laboratory equipment and projectors. Three factors that influence the teaching and learning process are infrastructure, teacher professionalism, and student interest in learning. The influence of infrastructure on the smoothness of the teaching and learning process is 44.5%. Hypothesis testing shows significance, so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between infrastructure and the smoothness of the teaching and learning process.