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Political participation is a right and not an obligation for citizens. Political participation is the involvement of citizens in making general policies and determining government leaders. There are many types of political participation, from conventional to non-conventional. However, in developing countries including Indonesia, voting in general elections is the main political participation. After that, there is no more participation. In fact, participation should be carried out as long as politics and government exist. Especially for students who are classified as novice voters as agents of change and future political leaders.

This research aims to explore the role of social media in Indonesia's digital democracy, by highlighting the tension between its function as a tool of hegemony or a means of emancipation. The background of this study is the increasing use of social media by political actors and civil society in voicing, shaping or criticizing public narratives ahead of the 2024 elections. This study uses a critical qualitative approach with a descriptive study design, and applies the Critical Discourse Analysis method and netnographic observation of political content on three main platforms: Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram. Data was collected through literature studies, digital documentation, and observation of user interactions in digital political campaigns. The results show that the digital space is dominated by hegemonic actors such as political elites, partisan buzzers, and platform algorithms that reinforce certain narratives. However, there are also spaces of emancipation formed by digital communities and independent content creators who use social media as a means of political education and symbolic resistance. Counter-narratives that emerge tend to be temporary and are often limited by distribution and visibility controls. These findings have important implications for the development of more critical and participatory digital literacy policies. In addition, this study contributes to the enrichment of critical communication theory, by affirming the importance of viewing social media as a complex pedagogical and ideological field in contemporary democratic practice.

Elections are a fundamental element of democratic systems, granting citizens te political right to vote and be elected. This study aims to compare the implementation of citizens’ political right in elections under presidential and parliamentary democracy systems. The research method used is normative/doctrinal/library research. This study analyzes the differences in the exercise of political rights in both systems and their impact on the quality of democracy and citizen participation. The findings indicate that the presidential system allows voters to directly elect the head of state, providing strong legitimacy but posing a risk of political deadlock. In contrast, the parliamentary system emphasizes the election of parliament members, who then determine the head of government, offering flexibility but potentially leading to political instability. This study concludes that both systems have advantages and challenges in ensuring citizens’ political rights. Therefore, mechanisms should be developed to enhance political participation and ensure more democratic and inclusive elections.  

This study examines public perceptions of the practice of "dawn attack" in the 2024 election, which is a form of money politics that is still rampant in Indonesia. This study aims to understand how the public assesses the impact of such practices on democratic integrity and voter behavior. This study involved 101 respondents with diverse backgrounds, the majority of whom were students, and some came from other professions such as civil servants, teachers, entrepreneurs, and medical personnel. Data collection was carried out through an open questionnaire, which was then analyzed using thematic methods to identify the main patterns in the community's view. The results of the study showed that the majority of respondents considered the dawn attack as a form of political manipulation that undermined the principle of fairness in elections. As many as 56.4% of respondents admitted that they had seen or knew of this practice, with the main impact in the form of temporary economic benefits and changes in voter behavior. This study highlights the importance of concrete steps in suppressing the practice of money politics, including through stricter law enforcement and political education for the public. Thus, this research is expected to contribute to efforts to create a fairer, more transparent, and democratic electoral system in the future.

Identity politics in Southeast Asia has had a significant impact on the legal and state planning system. The study analyzes how exploitation of religious, ethnic, and ideological identity in politics affects various aspects, including elections, public policies, and law enforcement. The impact includes social and political polarizations, the weakening of the rule of law, discriminatory policies towards minorities, and conflicts between identity politics and human rights international standards. The response in these regions is diverse, ranging from an inclusive approach that emphasizes pluralism to a repressive approach that limits civil liberties. The study highlights the challenges in balancing group interests with the national interests, as well as the need for legal reform and political education to address political threats on stability, justice and democracy in Southeast Asia. This research also recommends harmonizing regulations, strengthening yudiative institutions, and democratic and human rights education as a solution to overcome these problems.      

Political culture plays an important role in determining the dynamics of general elections, especially in the context of Regional Head Elections (Pilkada) in Indonesia. This research focuses on Ciwaringin Village in Ciwaringin District, Cirebon Regency, which shows low community political participation due to a parochial political culture. People in this village tend to be inactive in the election process, are influenced by the practice of money politics, and choose based on personal closeness and material lures, without understanding the vision and mission of potential leaders. This research uses a qualitative approach with literature study and interview methods to explore the factors that influence political participation, including social, economic, and educational aspects and the use of information media. Findings show that low political literacy and indifference to political issues result in apathy toward elections. Therefore, educational efforts and increasing political awareness are needed to encourage active community participation in the democratic process. It is hoped that this research can contribute to understanding political culture and community participation in Ciwaringin village and promote improvements in implementing the upcoming regional elections.

This study aims to examine the implementation of political campaign regulations in broadcast media (television and radio) in the Election of Governor and Deputy Governor of East Kalimantan. The main focus of the study is on the effectiveness of coordination between policy implementing institutions—KPU, Bawaslu, and KPID—as well as communication patterns between supervisory institutions and broadcast in implementing campaign regulations. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of regulations has not reached its intended purposes. The absence of a Task Force as a coordination forum and one-way institution communication are the main obstacles. This study recommends the establishment of a cross-institutional coordination forum for the upcoming governor elections. This step also needs to be balanced with the improvement of regulation understanding among media crews, and the active involvement of all broadcast media, including communities. Those are all fundamental to strengthen supervision and promote fair and transparent political campaigns.

The highest sovereignty lies in the hands of the people and is carried out based on the Constitution". Likewise, Article 1 paragraph (3) which reads: "The State of Indonesia is a State of Law". Previously known as a state based on law (rechtsstaat). This concept is an elaboration of the Rule of Law concept, guided by the continental European legal system. From the perspective of understanding people's sovereignty, the highest sovereignty lies in the hands of the people. The highest power in the hands of the people is limited by the agreement that they themselves determine together which is stated in the rules of law which culminates in the formulation of the constitution as a product of the highest agreement of all the people. The democratic system as stated in Article 1 Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, that: "is marked by direct democracy by the people, from the people, and for the people". So the head of state who before the amendment was elected by the MPR RI has changed where he is elected directly by the people through the election of the president and vice president and even regional heads (regional elections). Government for the people means that the power given from and by the people to the government must be exercised for the benefit of the people.Therefore, there needs to be government sensitivity to the needs of the people and to the aspirations of the people which need to be accommodated and then followed up through the issuance of policies or through the implementation of government work programs. This paper uses normative legal research conducted with a statutory and conceptual regulatory approach which will later assess the Indonesian General Election in the Pancasila.

In the 2024 Tanjungpinang City Pilkada, the Rahma-Rizha pair competed with Lis-Raja in the mayoral and deputy mayoral elections. Both candidate pairs have previous mayoral experience. The campaign was conducted directly to the public and utilized digital media. This study aims to compare the political marketing process between the Rahma-Rizha and Lis-Raja candidate pairs with the 4P theory by Philip B. Neffinegger and using qualitative methods. Based on the results of the product indicator study, the Lis-Raja pair excelled in active campaign programs and approaches, while Rahma-Rizha relied on the incumbent's experience and specific religious programs. Although their strategy was less than optimal, the program was an advantage over their political opponents. The promotion indicator showed the Lis-Raja pair's superiority in campaign effectiveness through social media and community support, while the Rahma-Rizha pair was stronger in direct meetings although less optimal in digital promotion and involvement of supporting figures. The price indicator explained that the Lis-Raja pair had greater financial capacity than the Rahma-Rizha pair. Finally, the place indicator shows that the Lis-Raja pair was more effective in approaching the community by involving religious figures as an effort to strengthen the religious brand by changing their appearance as a religious figure in the public eye, while Rahma tried to improve her image and support through Rizha, who has a background in preaching, to strengthen the mass base among religious figures, but this did not achieve the expected results. Although the Lis-Raja pair has an advantage in several political marketing indicators, such as a more active campaign program and effective use of social media, the Rahma-Rizha pair still has the potential to gain support, especially among voters who prioritize experience and personal strength in leadership.

This study explores the political communication strategies of Islamic parties in facing elections during the digital era in Indonesia. Using a qualitative normative approach, the research focuses on literature analysis, regulatory review, and interpretation of relevant legal documents. Findings show that Islamic parties actively utilize social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, along with official websites and digital applications to deliver political messages. Their communication strategies integrate religious messages with social, economic, and national issues, adopting a moderate and inclusive narrative to attract young, digitally active voters.Collaboration with influencers, religious leaders, and online communities also plays a significant role in expanding their outreach. However, challenges remain, including unequal technology access in rural areas, low digital literacy among certain groups, and the threat of disinformation that could damage political reputations. Additionally, digital campaign regulations in Indonesia are still inadequate.The study concludes that the success of Islamic political communication in the digital era depends on the ability to manage digital identity, engage with online communities, and respond adaptively to emerging issues. It recommends strengthening party cadres’ digital capacities, improving public digital literacy, and enhancing regulatory frameworks to support a more inclusive and democratic political participation.

The purpose of this journal is to provide socialization and education to the people of Sumberejo Village about political violations and the role of society in organizing regional elections. Participatory supervision plays an important role in realizing democratic leaders. Community participation that takes part in this regional election can produce integrity, credibility of organizers, transparency of organizers and accountability of election results. The method used by students is to use the socialization method by inviting members of the KPU, the people of Sumberejo Village, the Sumberejo Village apparatus, the Sub-district Panwas, and the Sumberejo Village PPS. The communication tools used by students to deliver the material are using Powerpoint and Projectors. With this socialization, it is hoped that all elements of society and government can work together to carry out regional elections fairly and in a focused manner.

This study aims to analyze the influence of ethnic relations on the political orientation of the community in Simpang Selayang Village, Medan City. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques applied include data reduction, data presentation, and data verification according to Miles and Huberman. This study focuses on two main problem formulations, namely the influence of ethnic relations on political issues and the influence of ethnic relations on political orientation. The results of the study indicate that ethnic identity plays an important role in determining individual political preferences. Ethnic identity serves as a frame of reference that guides political behavior, including in general elections and other political participation. Solidarity between ethnic groups often strengthens political support for candidates who have the same ethnic affiliation, creating a voting pattern that is strongly influenced by ethnic factors. The research findings also reveal that political issues that are relevant to the local community are influenced by the social and cultural context of each tribe. political programs that emphasize local economic development and preservation of tribal culture tend to get greater support. This suggests that understanding the socio-cultural context of ethnic groups is key to formulating effective and inclusive political policies. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of politics in a multi-ethnic society and emphasizes the importance of inclusive policies that take into account ethnic diversity to promote social harmony and political stability in Simpang Selayang Village.

This thesis is entitled "Money Politics in the Legislative Election for Electoral District I, Kupang Regency 2024" (case study of Oeltua Village, Taebenu District, Kupang Regency). The problem studied is how money politics occurs in Oeltua Village and who are the actors involved in money politics, in the 2024 Kupang Regency Electoral District I legislative election. The aim of this research is to describe and analyze money politics in the 2024 Kupang Regency legislative election. The location of this research was carried out in Oeltua Village, Taebenu District, Kupang Regency. This research is a qualitative descriptive analysis research to describe or illustrate the influence of money politics on community participation. Data collection techniques in this research used interviews and documentation.The results of this research show that Money Politics has an influence on the participation of the people who receive it, but it is actually not a certainty in obtaining votes in accordance with the funds spent by legislative candidates in voting in elections, this is caused by several factors that make money politics ineffective, namely the wrong money politics strategy, a successful team that is not qualified in selecting legislative candidates, which makes money politics not guarantee that it can buy votes from voters who receive gifts in the form of money

General Elections (Pemilu) are one of the important moments in democratic life in Indonesia. Indonesian elections are a true expression of democracy and a means for the people to declare their sovereignty over the state and government. Elections are based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and are held in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) based on the principle of direct, universal, free elections. , confidential, honest and fair Political participation in a democratic country shows that the people fulfill the highest legitimacy of state power (popular sovereignty), this is manifested in the form of participation in democratic political parties (elections) for the welfare of the people. A very interesting group of voters to follow and study Furthermore, novice voters or new voters are voters who are taking part in an election for the first time, especially the millennial generation, who have a crucial role in determining the future direction of the nation. This research aims to explore the understanding and perceptions of novice voters towards the election process, through the film "Kejarlah Janji". This research uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and analysis of the film "Kejarlah Janji". The research results show that first-time voters tend to have a limited understanding of the election process, but the film "Kejarlah Janji" is able to raise political awareness and motivate them to take part in the election.

Supreme Court Decision Number 23 P/HUM/2024 which annuls PKPU No. 9 of 2020. Supreme Court Decision Number 23 P/HUM/2024 relates to changes in the minimum age requirements for regional head candidates. In the decision, the Supreme Court granted the lawsuit filed by the General Chairperson of the Garuda Party, Ahmad Ridha Sabana, who challenged Article 4 paragraph (1) letter d of PKPU No. 9 of 2020 concerning the Nomination of the Election of Governor, Deputy Governor, Regent, Deputy Regent, Mayor, and Deputy Mayor. The problem is, what are the legal consequences of the Supreme Court Decision Number 23 P/HUM/2024 which annuls PKPU No. 9 of 2020 concerning the fourth amendment to PKPU Number 3 of 2017 concerning the Nomination of the Election of Governor and Deputy Governor, Regent and Deputy Regent, and/or Mayor and Deputy Mayor? How are the Aspects of Benefit and Legal Certainty in the Supreme Court Decision Number 23 P/HUM/2024 regarding the Age Limit for Regional Head Candidates? Normative legal research method. In conclusion, the legal consequences of the Supreme Court Decision Number 23 P/HUM/2024 which revoked PKPU No. 9 of 2020 concerning the Fourth Amendment to PKPU Number 3 of 2017 concerning the Nomination of the Election of Governor and Deputy Governor, Regent and Deputy Regent, and/or Mayor and Deputy Mayor. This decision has various legal implications that not only change the regulatory framework for regional elections, but also raise two (2) problems from the decision, namely: (a) Impact on the hierarchy of laws and regulations; (b) Impact on the nomination process. The Aspects of Benefit and Legal Certainty in the Supreme Court Decision Number 23 P/HUM/2024 regarding the Age Limit for Regional Head Candidates reflect efforts to realize a balance between the aspects of benefit and legal certainty in the general election system in Indonesia. Overall, from the aspect of utility, this decision does not provide a substantive solution to the community's need for clear and inclusive regulations, especially regarding the participation of the younger generation. From the aspect of legal certainty, this decision actually creates a vacuum of norms, opens up opportunities for new disputes, and creates instability in the implementation of regional elections. Thus, although this decision is legally valid, its impact shows weaknesses in creating utility and legal certainty.

Young women's political participation is the main focus in the context of inclusive and representative democracy. However, there are significant challenges in encouraging their participation in the political process, especially in general elections such as the 2024 Presidential Election. Although young women have great potential to influence the outcome of general elections, factors such as their political orientation can influence their level of participation. This research uses qualitative methods with a case study approach to understand the influence of political orientation on the political participation of young women, especially PPKn Stambuk 2023 students. The focus of this research is to explore the perspectives, experiences and views of female students regarding their participation in the 2024 presidential election. Political orientation refers to views , attitudes, and individual values ​​towards politics, which can greatly influence young women's political participation. In the context of the 2024 presidential election, young women's political orientation can influence how they decide to get involved in the political process, such as voting, campaigning or political discussions. Young women with a strong and informed political orientation tend to be more active in participating because they feel that their participation can make a difference. In contrast, young women with a weak or apathetic political orientation may be less involved due to a lack of belief that their participation will have an impact.    

In the order of Democracy, there is an election system intended to elect representatives of the people, one of which is election contestation. Elections are a contestation arena for candidates for people's representatives such as legislative candidates for DPRD members. So that legislative candidates must prepare themselves with qualified capital such as political modalities. Political capital according to pierre bourdiue's theory is capital consisting of 5 capitals, namely political capital, social capital, economic capital, symbolic capital and cultural capital. In this study, researchers wanted to see how the winning modality of Yermias Y. K. Pellokila, SH as an elected member of the DPRD in the 2024 legislative elections in district II Kupang Regency. With the aim of knowing and describing in depth the use of what modalities Yermias Y. K. Pellokila, SH used in achieving victory. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytic approach, with data collection techniques through documentation studies and interviews. The results of this study state that of the 5 capitals owned by Yermias Y.K Pelokilla SH, namely political capital, social capital, economic capital, cultural capital and symbolic capital and there are 2 most influential capitals used by Yermias Y. K. Pellokila, SH in winning the 2024 legislative elections in district II Kupang Regency, namely social capital and symbolic capital. In the victory of Yermias Y.K Pellokila SH in social capital there is a form of family support that is very extraordinary with the formation of a family team as a substitute for a success team, a family arisan community group, participating in community events and the Pellokila,SH family background being the hallmark of YeremiasY.K Pelokilla SH to be able to win the hearts of the community. And in the symbolic capital of Yermias Y.K Pellokila,SH self-authorship is reflected in his life track record and his name which is well known to the public as a firm person, has a good performance as a former head of Pariti village to be a benchmark for public trust in Yermias Y.K Pellokila,SH and bring him to win the seat of DPRD Member for the 2024 Legislative Election in district II Kupang Regency.

The study looks at how elections in Nigeria and other countries set the stage for political succession. They once gave dishonest people and organizations the chance to carry out crimes of rigging to harm the electorate and other competitors. Stakeholders and the electorate are marginalized by unchecked manipulation, which results in their losing the election or having their votes stolen or canceled, all without their fault. This was the case prior to the introduction of smart card readers and permanent voter cards. The use of technology in Nigerian elections made it very difficult for results to be altered, either by dishonest people or by changing figures in an arbitrary and fraudulent manner. This electronic device is very difficult to copy or compromise due to its transparent application and built-in security mechanisms. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the reasons why the smart card reader was necessary, the arguments against its usage, and its effectiveness in the 2015 presidential elections, as well as the possibility of more elections in the future.

This study examines the level of political participation among the populace and highlights the importance of elections as a key component of a democratic system. Scholars widely acknowledge that involvement in electoral processes serves as a primary indicator of how well a country has embraced the principle of social equality within the international framework. The study employed a mixed-method approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The quantitative instrument used was the Political Participation Attitude Scale (PPAS), while qualitative data were collected through the Focus Group Guide on Political Participation (FGGPP). The research posed and addressed three core research questions. The findings reveal that 57% of respondents did not actively participate in political activities. Gender was found to influence levels of engagement; 30% of male respondents and 13% of female respondents reported active involvement in political activities, while 38% of males and 12% of females consistently participated in voting. Furthermore, the survey indicated that a majority of respondents (53%) lacked trust in their political leaders. Based on these findings, the study recommends that Nigeria urgently adopt both formal and informal political education strategies to enhance civic awareness and participation. Additionally, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is encouraged to develop mechanisms that will ensure broader voter turnout in the upcoming 2015 general elections.

These tests assessed the electorate's degree of disinterest in voting. It investigated the reasons behind voters' indifference to voting. It also established the voting remedies disinterest from the viewpoints of the voters and, lastly, investigated how factors including socioeconomic position, political party affiliations, and educational attainment affected the voters' degree of voting apathy. The survey research design was used in the study. Using a purposive sampling technique, 350 electorates from seven faculties at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife made up the sample size. Before being used, a tool called the Voting Apathy Questionnaire (VAQ) was created and verified. Three hypotheses were investigated and confirmed, and three research questions were posed and addressed. Among other things, the results indicated that 50.3% of voters were indifferent to voting. Additionally, the degree of voting indifference among the electorate was significantly influenced by educational levels (² = 161.969a, p < 0.05). Rational Choice Theory was selected as the theoretical underpinning, and the study used both survey research design and secondary sources of data collection as information gathering techniques. The results showed that low levels of education and illiteracy are associated with poor political and voter education, particularly when it comes to the fact that the majority of voters (roughly 50%) fail to pick up their permanent voter cards and are therefore unable to be accredited to vote; that Nigerian politics is another factor, as it is known as a bitter and acrimonious politics; and that because elected officials have failed to fulfill their campaign promises, the electorate has lost faith in the government and finds it difficult to participate in the electoral process.