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Christian Religious Education (PAK) has an important role in shaping the character, morals, and spirituality of students. In the digital era, PAK faces new challenges and opportunities. The main challenge is the lack of teacher readiness in using technology and the negative influence of the digital world. However, the digital era also opens up great opportunities through interactive learning media and wider accessibility. This study uses a literature review method to analyze digital transformation in PAK. The results show that the integration of technology in PAK must be supported by teacher training, relevant curriculum development, and collaboration between schools, churches, and families. With an innovative and collaborative approach, PAK can continue to be relevant and effective in strengthening the faith and character of students amidst the flow of modernization. PAK teachers need to utilize technology to enrich the learning experience, while maintaining Christian values. Collaboration between teachers, churches, parents, and students is the key to optimizing the benefits of technology and minimizing its negative impacts. Thus, PAK in the digital era is able to form a young generation that is technologically literate and steadfast in the Christian faith.

The criminal act of pedophilia or sexual violence against children still frequently occurs in Indonesia. Although the penalties for perpetrators and clauses regarding child protection have been regulated by national law, this has not stopped the emergence of pedophiles committing crimes. One of the contributing factors is that pedophiles are often individuals close to the victim's environment. This article is prepared to examine the role of law in Indonesia in providing protection to children who become victims of pedophilia cases. Additionally, this article aims to explore how to impose a deterrent effect on pedophiles based on state policies. The research method used in this article is normative legal research, which focuses on the legislation and legal norms in force. Data collection techniques are conducted through literature studies from various legal sources. Laws regarding penalties for perpetrators of violence against children or pedophilia have been structured in such a way as to address these issues. The government has also formulated regulations concerning legal protection for children, especially for those below the legal age of marriage, as an effort to protect them from pedophilic criminal acts. It is hoped that the government, parents, and the immediate environment of children can implement these policies to create a safe environment free from cases of sexual violence against children.

Career planning is a crucial step in equipping vocational high school students to face the world of work or continue their education. This study aims to explain the role of Guidance and Counseling (BK) teachers in helping students plan their careers through aptitude and interest test services. This study uses a narrative qualitative approach using data collection techniques through literature studies and content analysis. The study that will take place shows that BK teachers have a strategic role in helping students recognize their potential, determine educational paths, and choose the appropriate career direction using their abilities and interests. Aptitude and interest tests are important instruments that help students understand personal strengths and reduce the risk of mis-majoring. Barriers to the implementation of these services include limited resources, test sense, and lack of career issues. Therefore, an integrated strategy is needed between BK teachers, schools, and parents so that this service can run optimally.

This study discusses strategies for creating and enhancing religious life in schools as a means of shaping students’ moral character in the face of globalization. Despite the implementation of various religious programs, challenges such as low student participation, lack of teacher role models, and negative social and technological influences persist. The aim of this study is to formulate comprehensive and adaptive strategies to foster a religious atmosphere in schools. The research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach through content analysis of educational and religious literature. The findings indicate that religious life in schools can be strengthened through the integration of religious values into the curriculum, the development of a religious school culture, reinforcement of religious extracurricular activities, active roles of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers, involvement of parents and communities, wise use of technology, and ongoing evaluation. This study offers practical and applicable strategies to build a school environment that supports students’ holistic spiritual development.

The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the various challenges faced by elementary school teachers in managing classrooms. This research was conducted through a literature review using a descriptive qualitative approach by analyzing various references related to classroom management in elementary schools. The results indicate that teachers face a range of complex challenges, including limited competencies, student behavioral dynamics, inadequate learning facilities, non-contextual curricula, assessment barriers, and a lack of collaboration with parents. Most teachers still rely on monotonous lecture-based methods, have limited understanding of students’ characteristics, and often struggle with formative assessment and differentiated instruction. To address these issues, continuous professional development, revitalization of facilities, curriculum flexibility, and stronger collaboration between teachers, schools, and parents are needed to create a conducive, inclusive, and enjoyable learning environment.

This study aimed to examine (1) the methods of instilling tolerance attitudes and (2) the factors influencing the cultivation of tolerance in Social Science learning at Islamic Junior High School (MTs) Baiturrahman Tapung. The research was motivated by the lack of tolerance among students. A qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used qualitative descriptive techniques, supported by data validity checks and triangulation. The findings revealed that tolerance was fostered in eighth-grade students through school culture integration, including: (1) greetings in various languages and cultures, (2) forming discussion groups, (3) promoting respectful communication, (4) cultural exchange activities, and (5) celebrating significant religious and cultural events. Additionally, Social Science learning reinforced tolerance by (1) incorporating tolerance values into lesson plans and syllabi, and (2) connecting tolerance attitudes to learning approaches and subject matter. Supporting factors included teacher competence, curriculum design, learning materials, and evaluation methods. Conversely, obstructing factors involved parents' lack of awareness regarding the importance of tolerance. This study highlights the role of educational strategies and school culture in nurturing tolerance, emphasizing the need for collaboration between educators and parents to strengthen students' tolerance attitudes effectively.

Children who live in today's era have the characteristic that the behavior of dependence on the internet is very high, so it requires supervision from parents to monitor and control their children's time when playing gadgets. This behavior eventually causes the main problem of sleep quality related to parenting and children's sleep patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parenting patterns in gadget use and sleep patterns with the quality of sleep of elementary school children at SDN 3 Baureno. This research design used a cross sectional approach, a population of 30 children at SDN 3 Baureno, which was taken by total sampling technique. Data were taken using a questionnaire which was analyzed using the Spierman Rho Test with a significance level of p = 0.05. The results showed that almost most (76.7%) parents gave permissive parenting, most children (60%) experienced disturbed sleep patterns, and most children (53.3%) had poor sleep quality. While the statistical test obtained the value of r =0.369 p=0.023 (p<0.05) which means there is a relationship between parenting patterns in the use of Gadgets with the quality of sleep of elementary school children and obtained the value of r =0.462 p=0.013 (p<0.05) which means there is a relationship between sleep patterns with the quality of sleep of elementary school children. Parents should pay more attention to how to properly use Gadgets in children with the right duration so that sleep patterns are more regular and uninterrupted and good sleep quality.

Interest and aptitude tests help in recognizing children's potential early on, so that parents and educators can plan education that is more suitable and supports the optimal development of children's potential. The purpose of this study is to help individuals know that interest and aptitude test instrumentation has a major impact in directing individuals in developing themselves, both in academics and careers. Children who study and work according to their interests tend to be more motivated, happy and accomplished. With a clear understanding of interests and aptitudes, children can make better decisions regarding future education, major and career choices. In this study we used the Literature Review method by collecting several sources. The results and discussion of the literature review discussion regarding interest tests, interest inventories, and Android-based psychological test applications in guidance and counseling in schools show that these tools are very important to help students determine educational and career paths according to their interests and talents. Interest tests help reduce uncertainty in career decision-making, improve the fit between individuals and jobs or study programs, and expand understanding of the psychological tendencies underlying their choices.

The application of discipline as a character education training strategy in early childhood plays a crucial role in shaping children's personality, behavior, and social skills. This study aims to analyze theoretically and practically how discipline can be applied as a character formation strategy in early childhood, considering the role of the family and school environment. The research method uses a qualitative approach through a literature review of 15 Sinta-accredited journal articles in 2020–2024. The results of the study show that positive discipline based on examples, praise, and behavioral habits is more effective than the punishment approach. Families and schools play a role as the main environment in instilling discipline values, although there are still gaps in the application of practices and adaptations in various socio-cultural contexts. This study recommends collaboration between parents and teachers, the development of creative strategies in schools, and the need for further, more in-depth research to optimize the application of discipline as a foundation for character formation in early childhood

The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the influence of social conditions on the motivation to continue education to college for class XII students at SMA Negeri I Lolak (2) the influence of people's economy on the motivation to continue education to college for class XII students at SMA Negeri 1 Lolak (3) the influence of social conditions and parents' economy on the motivation to continue education to college for class XII students at SMA Negeri 1 Lolak. This study uses a quantitative approach, the data used is primary data obtained from distributing questionnaires to class XII students at SMA Negeri I Lolak. The sample in this study was 59 respondents. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation, questionnaires,documentation and research data were analyzed using multiple regression models, hypothesis testing and determination coefficient tests. The results of the study showed that (1). social conditions influence the motivation variableto continue studies to college for class XII students at SMA Negeri 1 Lolak (2) parents'economy influences the motivation variable to continue education to college for class XII students at SMA Negeri 1 Lolak (3). Social conditions and economic variables of parents have a joint effect on the variable of motivation to continue education to college for students of Class XII of SMA Negeri 1 Lolak. The results of this study indicate the coefficient value of the determination of the variables of social and economic conditions of parents to the motivation to continue education to college with a Very Strong influence interpretation. The coefficient of determination (Rsquare) value shows the percentage of the influence of variable XI (Social Conditions of Society) and variable X2 (Parents' Economy on variable Y (Motivation to continue education)which is 62.3.

This research aims to examine the impact of dance movement art learning on the development of creativity, motor skills, and social-emotional wellbeing in preschool children (ages 4-6). The study employs a descriptive qualitative method with a subject group of 28 children from TK Harapan Bunda, Jakarta. Data was collected through participatory observation, interviews with teachers and parents, and documentation of the learning process over 6 months. The findings indicate that the implementation of dance movement art learning with a thematic approach and free movement exploration can: (1) enhance children's expressive ability and creativity in creating movement variations, (2) significantly develop both gross and fine motor skills, (3) improve teamwork skills and social spatial awareness, and (4) help children express emotions constructively. This research recommends the importance of integrating dance movement art into the early childhood education curriculum with an approach that emphasizes freedom of expression and creative exploration.

The rapid growth of social media has significantly influenced the psychological dynamics of adolescents, particularly regarding their mental health. This study aims to examine the relationship between the five dimensions of the Big Five personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and adolescent mental health in the digital era. Using a qualitative method with a literature review approach, the study analyzed various recent scientific sources. The findings indicate that certain personality traits, such as high neuroticism, are positively correlated with mental health issues, while others, like extraversion and conscientiousness, serve as protective factors. The interaction between personality traits and social media usage patterns also affects adolescents' levels of stress, anxiety, and tendencies toward negative behaviors such as FOMO and digital addiction. These results highlight the importance of a personalized approach in supporting adolescents, involving parents, teachers, and counselors, to prevent psychological disorders and promote mental well-being based on individual personality characteristics.

This study aims to analyze the role of classroom management and classroom arrangement in improving the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process, especially in the context of the Character Education Strengthening Program (PPK). The research method used is descriptive qualitative with the research location at SD Negeri 1 Wonosobo, Central Java. Participants included teachers, principals, and students. The results of the study indicate that flexible and conducive classroom arrangements, such as the arrangement of tables and chairs according to learning activities, as well as physical factors such as good lighting and ventilation, can improve student focus and collaboration. Effective classroom management, including careful planning, clear communication, and an inclusive approach, has been shown to create a positive learning climate and increase student motivation and achievement. Obstacles such as limited facilities and diversity of student characters can be overcome through a democratic approach, teacher training, and collaboration with parents. Integration of character values in PPK through class agreements and teacher role models also strengthens student character formation. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of synergy between classroom arrangements, classroom management, and PPK to create a holistic and effective learning environment.

This article discusses the role of loving touch from parents in developing adolescent character. In facing the often complex and dynamic realities of life, a person's character plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's personality. Adolescents, as a group that tends to oppose or oppose the values held by their parents, require special guidance and attention in character formation. Using descriptive qualitative methods and literature studies, this article explores an understanding of how a parent's loving touch can influence the formation of a teenager's character. The discussion covers important aspects such as forming healthy emotional relationships, developing positive values and attitudes, boosting self-confidence, and developing empathy and social skills. The results of the analysis show that consistent and positive loving touch creates a strong foundation for adolescents' emotional, social and moral development. Parental love creates an emotionally safe environment, allowing teens to feel loved, appreciated, and have a safe place to express themselves. Apart from that, the role of parents as good role models provides examples of positive behavior that can be internalized by teenagers. The aim of developing adolescent character includes preparing them to face future challenges, forming positive values, strong attitudes, and correct orientation towards life goals. Thus, this article provides an in-depth understanding of how a parent's loving touch contributes to shaping the character of teenagers, so that it can help form a generation that has positive character, empathy and strong social skills to face the various complexities of life in the future.

This paper explores the integration of digital media in enhancing students’ learning discipline within the context of Christian Religious Education (PAK), both at home and in school. In today’s digital era, digital media serves as a vital tool to support an interactive, flexible, and engaging learning process. Research indicates that digital media use can improve student motivation and engagement, which positively influences their study discipline. However, challenges such as limited technology access, low digital literacy, and potential distractions must also be addressed. The collaborative role of parents and educators is crucial in ensuring the effective use of digital media. Through this approach, digital media integration is expected to foster an adaptive, inclusive educational ecosystem that supports the development of student discipline and character.

This study aims to analyze the difficulties faced by phase B learners in primary schools in the skill of writing description essays. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach, which involves observation and in-depth interviews with 20 learners. The results of the analysis showed that the difficulties in writing description essays resulted from several factors, including a lack of understanding of text structure, a lack of vocabulary, and a lack of motivation to learn. In addition, environmental factors such as support from parents and teachers also affect students' writing ability. This research is expected to provide insights for teachers and related parties in improving description essay writing skills so that students can develop optimally.

This study aims to examine the implementation of social competence of teachers in three secondary schools with different characteristics, namely SMAN 1 Tambang, Al-Ihsan Boarding School and SMAN 12 Pekanbaru. Social competence does not only include the ability to communicate, but also interact and build positive relationships with students, fellow teachers, parents, and the surrounding community, which are very important in planning and implementing effective and enjoyable classroom learning. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and direct observations to explore the experiences of teachers, principals, and students in the daily learning process. The results of the study showed variations in the application of social competence which were influenced by social environmental factors, facilities, and teacher readiness in responding to changes in education policy. Despite facing challenges such as limited facilities and administrative burdens, some teachers were able to demonstrate high dedication and innovation in learning. This study provides a comprehensive picture of social practices in the field and is expected to be an input in formulating policies to improve teacher quality contextually and sustainably.

This study aims to identify the determinant factors in implementing innovation in the field of education in Makassar City, using qualitative research. Based on the source, the types of data used are primary and secondary. Data obtained through interviews with the education office and principals, while secondary data is data obtained from various literature such as books, laws and other related sources. The results of the study indicate that there are 3 main determinant factors in implementing innovation in the field of education, namely a). Leadership that plays an important role in implementing innovation wisely and encouraging the enthusiasm of teachers, students and stakeholders, with the commitment of visionary leaders playing a very important role in building a culture of innovation in the midst of educational transformation. Leadership can ensure that schools face future challenges and maximize technology to improve student learning outcomes. b) A conducive school culture is important for innovation and technological development in the world of education, school culture is interpreted as the quality of school life that continues to grow and develop based on a hard work ethic and certain values ​​​​held by the school. c) Resources as the fulfillment of the need for adequate resources are important so that innovation can be implemented effectively. Educational innovation strategies involve collaboration and involvement of stakeholders, such as teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and policy makers.

This study aims to examine the challenges and formulate strategies for improving educational facilities and infrastructure in order to enhance the quality of learning at SDN 01 Jatibarat. Good learning quality is highly dependent on the availability of adequate educational infrastructure, so it is important to identify existing obstacles and design appropriate solutions. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through direct observation, in-depth interviews with teachers and the principal, documentation, and distribution of questionnaires to the school community and committee. The results of the study indicate that the school faces various limitations, particularly in terms of the availability of adequate classrooms, limited interactive learning media, and lack of access to educational technology such as computers and internet networks. These challenges impact the teaching and learning process less than optimal. To address this, the school has taken several strategic steps, including conducting regular needs assessments, collaborating with the school committee and the surrounding community, and submitting assistance proposals to the local government and relevant agencies. These improvement efforts are carried out collaboratively and in a targeted manner, involving all stakeholders so that infrastructure improvements can support the creation of a safe, comfortable, and stimulating learning environment. This study concludes that an active and synergistic role between schools, parents, the community, and the government is crucial in supporting the achievement of quality basic education. The involvement of all parties is key to achieving the sustainability of educational facilities and infrastructure improvement programs.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent, non-progressive motor disorder that occurs due to brain damage experienced before, during, or after birth. This condition is generally characterized by activity limitations and can be accompanied by various other disorders, such as delayed cognitive development, visual impairment, speech disorders, and neuromuscular disorders. Management of cerebral palsy is usually multidisciplinary, including physiotherapy, behavioral therapy, speech therapy, nutritional management, pharmacotherapy, and surgical intervention, with the aim of improving the patient's quality of life. This case report discusses a male patient, An. AZ, aged 4 years and 6 months, who was brought by his parents to the Emergency Department of Cut Meutia General Hospital, North Aceh with the chief complaint of seizures that had occurred two days before admission and had worsened in the past day. The patient had been diagnosed with cerebral palsy since early childhood and regularly underwent physiotherapy. From the anamnesis, it was revealed that the patient experienced weakness on the left side of the body, which was more dominant than the right side. This condition is consistent with the manifestation of hemiplegia in cerebral palsy patients. Physical examination revealed delayed motor development, increased muscle tone on the left side, and enhanced pathological reflexes. Acute seizure management included administering anticonvulsant medication according to protocol, monitoring vital signs, and close observation in the inpatient ward. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the patient was advised to continue regular physiotherapy to maintain motor function, prevent contractures, and support the development of daily activities. This case emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to the management of cerebral palsy, particularly when complicated by seizures. Integration of acute medical care, rehabilitative therapy, and family support plays a crucial role in improving the patient's quality of life.