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The Protestant Reformation, pioneered by Martin Luther in the 16th century, was an important moment in Christian history. This movement emerged as a critique of Catholic Church practices, particularly the sale of indulgences and the abuse of power by clergy, which were considered to deviate from the teachings of the Bible. In response, the Catholic Church convened the Council of Trent. This council not only reaffirmed the teachings of the faith but also tightened spiritual discipline and reformed the internal structure to maintain the unity of the Church. In addition, the Council of Trent also encouraged pastoral renewal supported by religious orders, especially the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which played a major role in education, missions, and social services. This study analyzes the roots of the Reformation, examines the Council of Trent as the official response of the Catholic Church, and explores the forms of pastoral renewal that emerged afterwards. The results show that although the Protestant Reformation was a major challenge, the Catholic Church's response through the Council of Trent and the pastoral renewal movement succeeded in strengthening Catholic identity and left an important legacy that has influenced the development of the Church to this day.

Kecemasan akademik adalah isu yang meluas dalam pendidikan tinggi yang secara signifikan mengganggu kinerja dan kesejahteraan mahasiswa. Artikel ini mengembangkan model konseptual Komunikasi Intrapersonal Islami yang didasarkan pada prinsip Tawakkal (berserah diri kepada Tuhan) sebagai mekanisme untuk mereduksi kecemasan akademik. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan tinjauan literatur, studi ini mensintesis teori psikologi komunikasi intrapersonal (dialog diri dan restrukturisasi kognitif) dengan konsep teologis Islam tentang usaha (ikhtiar) dan penyerahan (tawakkal). Temuan ini mengusulkan Model Tiga Fase: 1) Fase Pra-Aksi (Ikhtiar), di mana komunikasi intrapersonal berfokus pada motivasi proaktif; 2) Fase Tengah-Aksi (Pembingkaian Ulang Kognitif Spiritual), di mana pikiran cemas negatif ditantang dan diinterpretasikan ulang menggunakan narasi spesifik Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah (misalnya, Laa yukallifullaahu nafsan illaa wus’ahaa); dan 3) Fase Pasca-Aksi (Tawakkal), di mana dialog diri beralih ke penerimaan total atas hasil yang telah ditentukan, sehingga melarutkan kecemasan sisa. Model ini berhipotesis bahwa Tawakkal berfungsi sebagai mekanisme stabilisasi inti, yang menyediakan jangkar kognitif akhir yang mengurangi ketidakpastian hasil yang dirasakan. Kerangka konseptual ini menawarkan sudut pandang teoritis yang orisinal untuk mengembangkan intervensi konseling berbasis agama guna menumbuhkan ketahanan akademik pada mahasiswa Muslim.

This study has two main objectives, namely (1) to identify various difficulties experienced by students in reading activities in class III of MI Al-Barokah, and (2) to analyze the application of puzzle media as an alternative solution to overcome these difficulties. The research approach used is qualitative with a case study method. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation of teaching and learning activities. Data analysis followed the Miles and Huberman model, which includes the stages of data collection, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that third-grade students at MI Al-Barokah still faced various obstacles in reading, including spelling letters one by one, needing the teacher's help when pronouncing words, difficulty distinguishing certain letters, often repeating words or sentences, and not being able to read fluently overall. The use of puzzle media proved to be effective in helping teachers overcome these problems. The use of this media was also able to increase student activity, foster a spirit of learning, and foster their interest in reading activities in the third grade at MI Al-Barokah.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

Penelitian ini menganalisis peran motivasi spiritual dalam meningkatkan ketahanan belajar siswa muslim di SD IT Ar Risalah Miri dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif studi kasus. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan analisis dokumen terhadap siswa kelas IV-VI, guru, dan manajemen sekolah. Temuan penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa motivasi spiritual berkontribusi fundamental terhadap pembentukan resiliensi akademik melalui empat dimensi utama: kesadaran menuntut ilmu sebagai ibadah, penerapan nilai kesabaran dalam menghadapi kesulitan pembelajaran, manifestasi ketekunan dalam konsistensi belajar, dan sikap tawakal yang mengurangi kecemasan akademik. Program pembiasaan keagamaan yang sistematis meliputi shalat dhuha berjamaah, tadarus Al-Qur'an, hafalan berjenjang, dan mentoring spiritual personal terbukti efektif menginternalisasi nilai-nilai spiritual dalam perilaku belajar siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi dimensi spiritual tidak hanya meningkatkan motivasi intrinsik tetapi juga membangun fondasi psikologis untuk menghadapi tekanan akademik. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi teoretis terhadap pengembangan model pendidikan Islam terpadu holistik dan implikasi praktis bagi stakeholder pendidikan dalam merancang kebijakan berbasis spiritual untuk penguatan resiliensi akademik siswa muslim tingkat sekolah dasar.

This study examines the concept of repentance (taubah) as the foundation of moral pedagogy through a thematic interpretation approach to the Hadith Qudsi and classical and contemporary Islamic scholarly literature. The study employed a qualitative method based on literature review, examining the meaning, values, and educational implications of the teachings of repentance. The results of the study indicate that repentance is not merely understood as a spiritual act of seeking forgiveness, but as a holistic educational process. This process encompasses self-awareness (ma'rifah) of mistakes, deep regret (nadam), a strong determination not to repeat them ('azm), and concrete behavioral change ('amal). From an Islamic educational perspective, the values ​​of repentance play a crucial role in fostering moral responsibility, self-reflection, the habituation of good deeds, and a commitment to continuous self-improvement. The integration of repentance values ​​into learning can be realized through a character-based curriculum, reflective methods, strengthening worship practices, and moral development. Thus, repentance becomes an essential instrument in shaping a perfect human being who is faithful, has noble character, and possesses social awareness.     Kata kunci: Taubat, Hadis Qudsi, Pedagogi Moral, Pendidikan Islam, dan karakter.

This research aims to analyze religious and structural values in Dede Soepriatna's short story "Titah yang Berkuasa" through an integrated religious and structural approach. Employing a qualitative descriptive method with content and structural analysis techniques, this study reveals various spiritual values implicit within the narrative of this contemporary Indonesian literary work. The analysis results demonstrate fundamental religious values such as destiny (qada and qadar), tawakkal (submission to God's will), sacrifice, betrayal, and divine justice. The character Roro Oyi represents spiritual steadfastness and surrender to the Creator amidst life's trials, while King Amangkurat's character critiques the abuse of power that contradicts moral-religious principles. Structurally, the short story presents a complex plot with effectively developed central conflict, multidimensional characterization, and rich symbolism that deepens the spiritual meaning of the narrative. The research findings confirm that literature can function as an effective medium for moral and religious education without sacrificing narrative integrity. The integration of religious and structural approaches provides a holistic perspective in understanding how spiritual messages are conveyed through formal beauty, offering a literary appreciation model that harmoniously combines ethical and aesthetic dimensions.

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of curriculum development and teaching methods in Islamic education in Indonesia and Egypt. Both countries have a long tradition in the development of Islamic sciences, but they demonstrate different approaches in accordance with their respective social, cultural, and educational policy contexts. This study uses a literature review method with a descriptive qualitative approach through a review of journals, books, and Islamic education policy documents. The results of the analysis show that the Islamic education system in Indonesia emphasizes the integration of religious and general knowledge in its curriculum, in line with the spirit of religious moderation and the demands of modern society. Meanwhile, Islamic education in Egypt, especially through Al-Azhar University, emphasizes a traditional approach based on tafaqquh fi al-din with a focus on mastery of classical Islamic sciences. In terms of teaching methods, Indonesia is more adaptive to active and technology-based learning models, while Egypt maintains the talaqqi and memorization methods, but has begun to adopt modern pedagogical innovations. Overall, both education systems have their own strengths; Indonesia excels in contextualizing the curriculum, while Egypt sets an example in maintaining the authority and continuity of Islamic scholarship. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of a balanced Islamic education that integrates values and modernity.

This study aims to identify the representation and manifestation of social values contained in the novel “40 Hari Takdir Itu Bernama Hidup dan Mati” (40 Days of Destiny Called Life and Death) by Adeicama. The research method used is a literature study with note-taking techniques on primary data (novels) and secondary data (related literature). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods based on Wirawan's theory of social values, Mulyana's theory of religious values, and Nurgiyantoro's theory of literary analysis. The results show that this novel represents social values through solidarity, caring, responsibility, and criticism of technological dependence. Religious values are manifested through faith in destiny, sincerity in loss, self-control, and the role of prayer and hope. These two aspects of value are interrelated, enriching the meaning of the story and providing an understanding of how humans deal with the uncertainties of life through social norms and spiritual strength. This research contributes to the development of literary studies and literary sociology, and is relevant for increasing public appreciation and critical understanding of the function of literature as a reflection of ethical and social norms.

Schools play a strategic role in fostering an understanding of entrepreneurship from an early age to equip students to face future challenges. Strengthening entrepreneurial concepts is necessary to build knowledge and an adaptive mindset relevant to the dynamics of the workplace and everyday life. This Community Service (PkM) activity, conducted at Muhammadiyah Bontomarannu High School, aimed to foster students' entrepreneurial spirit through practical logo creation using the Canva app, as an effort to foster a culture of innovation within the school environment. The program was implemented in the odd semester and included a method that included explaining basic entrepreneurial concepts through presentations, educational YouTube videos, explanations of digital business opportunities, and hands-on practice in product logo creation. Nineteen students from grades 10, 11, and 12 participated in this activity. The results showed that students were able to understand the concepts of creativity and innovation more concretely. They also developed critical thinking and creative problem-solving skills through the logo design process using digital applications on mobile devices. These findings reflect the developing adaptive, creative, and solution-oriented abilities of Muhammadiyah Bontomarannu High School students. Overall, this activity is an initial step in instilling an entrepreneurial mindset while strengthening a culture of innovation within the school environment and in daily life.

Intraoperative hypotension, particularly during spinal anesthesia in cesarean sections or major surgeries, is a common complication that can adversely affect maternal hemodynamics and organ perfusion, including fetal circulation. Vasopressors such as norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and ephedrine are widely used to manage this condition. This study employed a scoping review, defined as a type of research synthesis aimed at mapping the literature on a specific topic or field, providing an opportunity to identify key concepts, research gaps, and types and sources of evidence to inform clinical practice, policy-making, and further research. A systematic search was conducted across 10 recent experimental and clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness and safety of vasopressors in adult patients, particularly ASA I–II parturients, during surgical procedures. The results indicate that norepinephrine tends to maintain blood pressure with a lower incidence of tachycardia compared to ephedrine, while phenylephrine effectively prevents systemic vascular resistance decline but may reduce heart rate and cardiac output in a dose-dependent manner. Effects on fetal cerebral perfusion and cerebral oxygenation were generally similar across vasopressors. No significant differences were observed in neonatal Apgar scores or maternal complications. In conclusion, norepinephrine and phenylephrine are effective alternatives for managing intraoperative hypotension, whereas ephedrine increases cardiac output but may elevate the risk of tachycardia. Selecting the appropriate vasopressor is crucial to ensure maternal and neonatal safety.

This Community Service (PKM) activity aims to assist students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Shirojut Thalibin in understanding the adolescent development period through the perspectives of Aristotle, Comenius, and Charlotte Bühler. The mentoring was motivated by the complexity of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual changes during adolescence and the low interest of students in studying the stages of human development. The activity was carried out for one week through educational, interactive, and collaborative strategies, using participatory discussion methods, theoretical explanations contextualized with the realities of adolescent life, varied learning media, role simulations, and joint evaluation and reflection. The subjects of the activity were students of MTs Sirajut Thalibin Racek Village, Tiris District, Probolinggo. The results of the mentoring showed an increase in students' understanding of the stages of adolescent development, a higher awareness of maintaining physical and mental health, and a better ability to link personal changes with developmental tasks and life goals. Teachers and the madrasah also experienced positive impacts in the form of strengthened understanding of adolescent characteristics and adjustments to a more holistic learning approach. This activity produces scientific articles, activity documentation, and student work products, while also recommending the integration of human development material in learning and guidance programs to support the moral, intellectual, social, and spiritual development of adolescents.

 Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) play a strategic role in shaping the character, morality, and spirituality of the Indonesian nation as traditional Islamic educational institutions that have long contributed to social and religious life. Although their existence has been legally recognized through Law Number 18 of 2019 on Pesantren, the integration of Pancasila values into pesantren curricula continues to face several challenges, particularly in aligning these values with the provisions of the National Education System Law (UU Sisdiknas). This study aims to analyze the legal standing of pesantren within the national education system, identify opportunities and obstacles in implementing Pancasila Education in pesantren environments, and formulate policy recommendations that strengthen the internalization of national values. Using a normative juridical approach, this research examines national education regulations and religious education frameworks to understand the role of pesantren in supporting national development based on Pancasila. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the government, education stakeholders, and pesantren administrators in optimizing the role of pesantren as centers of character and civic development, as well as enhancing public understanding of the importance of harmonizing religious education with national civic education.

This study explores how Islamic epistemology can address the fragmentation and ethical challenges in contemporary Muslim societies. By emphasizing the integration of divine revelation and human reason, Islamic epistemology offers a balanced framework for intellectual and spiritual development. The core principles of mīzān (balance), maqāṣid al-sharīʿah (higher objectives of Islamic law), and tawhid (divine unity) form the foundation of Islamic ethical thought, guiding individuals and communities toward social harmony and moral responsibility. The study highlights how these principles can be applied to modern issues such as social justice, environmental sustainability, and the erosion of communal values. Through a comparative analysis, the research contrasts Islamic epistemology with Western ethical frameworks that prioritize individual autonomy, showing how Islamic approaches promote communal accountability and social cohesion. Empirical research, including surveys and interviews, reveals that Muslim communities view Islamic epistemology as a valuable tool for addressing contemporary ethical dilemmas and fostering unity. By revisiting classical Islamic scholars like Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Al-Ghazali, the study provides a theoretical foundation for applying Islamic knowledge to modern day challenges. Additionally, the research examines how the principles of moral agency and personal responsibility in Islamic thought offer solutions to the weakening of ethical conduct in contemporary societies. The study concludes by recommending further research into the practical implementation of Islamic epistemological concepts in governance, education, and social structures to promote ethical and social reform. Integrating Islamic wisdom with modern ethical challenges can offer significant contributions to fostering a more harmonious, just, and ethically responsible global society.

The use of Islamic music, especially nasyid, as a creative learning strategy in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) plays an important role in increasing students' motivation, understanding, and appreciation of religious values. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method to describe in depth how nasyid can be used as an innovative and effective learning medium to enrich the IRE teaching process. The findings show that the application of nasyid in the teaching and learning process can create a more interesting, interactive, and enjoyable learning atmosphere. This condition has been proven to encourage active student participation, making learning activities more meaningful and memorable. In addition, nasyid effectively helps students improve their memory and ability to memorize religious material in an easier and more enjoyable way. The positive impact is not only seen in cognitive aspects but also in the overall formation of students' religious character. Through nasyid, moral and spiritual values can be instilled more deeply, naturally, and continuously in everyday life. However, this study also found several obstacles, such as limited supporting facilities and the need to develop teachers' competencies in optimally applying nasyid as a learning medium. Therefore, the use of nasyid in PAI learning can be seen as a strategic innovation that has the potential to improve the quality of religious education holistically and have a positive impact on the development of students in a dynamic and challenging modern era.  

This study aims to explore the role of art in Islam by revisiting various books and references that focus on three main aspects: values, aesthetics, and ethics. In Islamic perspective, art is not merely about expressing beauty, but also serves as a medium to enhance one’s faith and morality, guiding humans to draw closer to Allah SWT. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using a literature review method based on relevant scholarly sources and academic documents. The findings indicate that Islamic art is built upon the principles of tawhid (monotheism), morality, and spirituality, which provide a profound meaning to every artistic creation. In terms of aesthetics, Islamic art emphasizes not only physical beauty but also harmony, balance, and the magnificence of Allah’s creation. The ethical aspect functions as a guideline for artists to ensure that their works remain within the boundaries of Islamic law and serve as instruments of da’wah, education, and moral development. Therefore, Islamic art represents the synthesis of beauty, truth, and goodness that guides humanity toward worship and devotion to Allah SWT. This study concludes that Islamic art plays a vital role in strengthening spirituality, character, and the advancement of an Islamic civilization that is cultured, beautiful, and meaningful.

The increasing snack consumption trend in Indonesia, along with the availability of processed snacks that are high in sugar, fat, and sodium but low in fiber, poses a significant challenge to digestive health. More than 40% of the global population experiences digestive disorders, often related to unhealthy eating patterns and low fiber intake. In response to this issue, an innovative healthy snack called TaroStik, made from taro vines (Colocasia esculenta) rich in fiber and nutrients, has been developed. This product comes in two forms, sticks and chips, with three flavor variants (salty, sweet, and spicy), offering a healthy snacking experience without sacrificing taste. Training on utilizing taro vines to create TaroStik was conducted in Banjarbaru, involving prospective entrepreneurs with a combined approach of theory, hands-on practice, and group discussions. Participants were trained from material selection, processing (peeling, soaking, steaming, frying), packaging, to social media marketing simulation. As a result, most participants were able to independently produce TaroStik, with some expressing intentions to continue production at a home scale. TaroStik not only provides a digestive health solution through natural snacks free of preservatives but also brings positive impacts in three areas: economy (creating business opportunities based on local ingredients), environment (reducing agricultural waste), and nutrition (increasing healthy food consumption). This innovation embodies the principles of green economy and sustainable entrepreneurship, opening new business opportunities and improving community welfare.

The increasing snack consumption trend in Indonesia, along with the availability of processed snacks that are high in sugar, fat, and sodium but low in fiber, poses a significant challenge to digestive health. More than 40% of the global population experiences digestive disorders, often related to unhealthy eating patterns and low fiber intake. In response to this issue, an innovative healthy snack called TaroStik, made from taro vines (Colocasia esculenta) rich in fiber and nutrients, has been developed. This product comes in two forms, sticks and chips, with three flavor variants (salty, sweet, and spicy), offering a healthy snacking experience without sacrificing taste. Training on utilizing taro vines to create TaroStik was conducted in Banjarbaru, involving prospective entrepreneurs with a combined approach of theory, hands-on practice, and group discussions. Participants were trained from material selection, processing (peeling, soaking, steaming, frying), packaging, to social media marketing simulation. As a result, most participants were able to independently produce TaroStik, with some expressing intentions to continue production at a home scale. TaroStik not only provides a digestive health solution through natural snacks free of preservatives but also brings positive impacts in three areas: economy (creating business opportunities based on local ingredients), environment (reducing agricultural waste), and nutrition (increasing healthy food consumption). This innovation embodies the principles of green economy and sustainable entrepreneurship, opening new business opportunities and improving community welfare.

This study aims to explore Al-Syarqawi’s concept of learning motivation and its relevance to the development of students’ interest in learning within the framework of modern Islamic education. The research adopts a qualitative approach with a library research method and applies content analysis to Al-Ta’allum: Al-Nadhariyat wa Al-Tatbiqiyyah and other relevant references. The results show that Al-Syarqawi places motivation as a fundamental condition that determines the continuity and success of the learning process. Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, covers spiritual, psychological, social, and biological dimensions that guide students toward meaningful learning experiences. Al-Syarqawi emphasizes that spiritual motivation should be integrated into the educational process to create balance between intellectual development and moral-spiritual growth. His thought remains relevant to holistic and character-based education, especially in the context of the Merdeka Curriculum, which promotes student independence, creativity, and moral responsibility. Thus, this study contributes to enriching Islamic educational thought by providing an integrative perspective that harmonizes spiritual, psychological, and pedagogical values to enhance students’ motivation and learning engagement.

The improvement of Islamic elementary education quality largely depends on the competence of teachers as the primary agents of learning. In the context of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI), the challenges of globalization and the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum demand teachers to develop professionally, innovatively, and with strong Islamic values. This study aims to analyze the integration of transformational leadership and organizational culture in enhancing the quality of teachers’ human resources in MI. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed at three Islamic elementary schools in Central Java. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model with source and method triangulation for validation. The findings reveal that transformational leadership practiced by school principals plays a crucial role in building teachers’ motivation, commitment, and change orientation through exemplary behavior, inspiration, and empowerment. Meanwhile, an organizational culture rooted in Islamic values strengthens collaboration, professionalism, and shared responsibility among teachers. The integration of these two elements creates a synergistic effect that enhances teachers’ pedagogical, professional, and spiritual competencies. It can be concluded that transformational leadership combined with a strong organizational culture serves as an effective strategy to sustainably improve teacher quality in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah..