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This study aims to identify the difficulties faced by tenth-grade students in understanding enumeration rules and to find effective learning solutions. The research method used was descriptive qualitative, with 33 tenth-grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Percut Sei Tuan as subjects. The instruments used included a diagnostic test in the form of National Examination questions 7-11 on permutations and combinations, interviews with mathematics teachers, and classroom observations. The results showed that the majority of students (50%) were in the moderate understanding category, understanding the basic concepts but frequently making procedural errors. Thirty percent of students were in the low understanding category, having difficulty distinguishing between addition and multiplication rules and applying the concepts to word problems. The main obstacles identified included a lack of mastery of basic concepts, difficulty determining solution steps, a lack of varied practice questions, and limited interactive learning media. Recommended solutions include the use of visual media such as tree diagrams and tables, a contextual approach to everyday life problems, collaborative learning, and the provision of additional tutoring.

This article examines the implementation of digital literacy within the Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum as a response to educational transformation in the digital era. The study aims to analyze strategies for integrating digital literacy into the PAI curriculum, identify the challenges of its implementation, and formulate a contextual model for developing PAI learning based on digital literacy. Using a qualitative research method with a literature review approach and analysis of current curriculum documents, the study found that the implementation of digital literacy in the PAI curriculum remains partial and unsystematic. The findings indicate the need to reformulate the PAI curriculum by comprehensively integrating digital literacy competencies through digital project-based learning, online collaborative learning, and the use of social media for reflective learning. The implications of these findings highlight the urgency of transforming the PAI curriculum to prepare students to become critical, creative, and ethical digital Muslims in the era of technological disruption.

This study aims to examine the application of situational leadership theory by the principal of SMP Negeri 2 Sampanahan, Kotabaru Regency, and its impact on organizational behavior within the school environment. A qualitative approach with a case study method was employed, involving in-depth interviews with the principal, teachers, and students. The main focus of the research is to understand how the principal adapts leadership styles according to the needs and conditions of the individuals being led. The findings reveal that the principal successfully applied various leadership styles—ranging from directive, supportive, participative, to delegative—flexibly based on the specific situations encountered. This adaptability positively influenced the organizational climate, fostered harmonious working relationships, and enhanced the motivation and active participation of both teachers and students. The school environment became more conducive and collaborative, ultimately leading to overall performance improvement. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive leadership in education to support the achievement of organizational goals and the development of human resources within schools. This study contributes to the development of leadership practices in educational settings, particularly in the context of educational management that is responsive to both internal and external institutional dynamics.

This study aims to examine the impact of the Jigsaw cooperative learning strategy on student learning outcomes at the secondary school level. Using a literature review method, the research synthesizes theoretical perspectives on cooperative learning, detailed applications of the Jigsaw model, and empirical findings from previous studies that focus on its effects across cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The findings indicate that the Jigsaw strategy significantly improves students’ cognitive achievements and fosters affective development such as motivation, empathy, and positive attitudes toward learning. In addition, this strategy enhances students’ social interaction skills and promotes collaborative behavior, contributing to a more inclusive and engaging classroom environment. The collaborative nature of the Jigsaw model allows students to take responsibility for their own learning while also supporting their peers, which contributes to deeper understanding and retention of the material. These outcomes suggest that the Jigsaw method is an effective instructional approach for enhancing student engagement and academic performance. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of providing professional development opportunities for teachers to effectively implement the Jigsaw strategy. Furthermore, schools are encouraged to foster a classroom climate that supports teamwork and active student participation. Overall, this review highlights the Jigsaw model as a promising pedagogical tool for improving student outcomes and fostering 21st-century skills in secondary education settings.

The rise of authoritarian leadership in higher education institutions has become a pressing global issue, affecting academic freedom, institutional autonomy, and the wellbeing of faculty and students. This phenomenon, observed not only in traditionally authoritarian countries but also in democratic contexts, manifests through centralized power, top-down decision-making, and suppression of critical voices. Despite its growing prevalence, empirical research on authoritarian leadership in academia remains limited, with significant gaps in understanding its contextual dynamics, direct impacts on academic communities, and cross-cultural variations. Recent studies have introduced novel theoretical frameworks tailored to academic settings and employed innovative mixed-method approaches to explore mediating factors such as emotional exhaustion and moderating personality traits. These advances have highlighted the complex and contextual nature of authoritarian leadership’s effects, which generally undermine innovation, morale, and performance, although it may increase compliance in specific situations. The negative consequences of authoritarian leadership are evident in reduced creativity and critical thinking, which are fundamental to the academic mission. Faculty members and students may experience heightened stress, diminished job satisfaction, and a decline in engagement. However, some studies suggest that in certain environments, authoritarian leadership can impose order and enhance efficiency in situations requiring immediate decisions. This paper underscores the urgent need for further research and practical interventions to promote adaptive, collaborative, and wellbeing-oriented leadership models in higher education. Such leadership approaches are essential to foster institutional resilience, democratic governance, and inclusive educational practices in an era of global uncertainty and disruption. By shifting towards more participatory leadership styles, higher education institutions can better address the evolving needs of faculty and students, ensuring a thriving academic environment that supports innovation, diversity of thought, and overall wellbeing.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of the Indonesian economy, but only 15.7% have successfully penetrated the global market due to limited human resources (HR) and cross-sector collaboration (BPS, 2023). This study aims to analyse the role of collaborative HR initiatives in opening global market access for MSMEs in East Java, using a quantitative approach with AMOS-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) on a sample of 150 MSMEs. The results of the analysis show that HR collaboration across sectors (government, private sector, academia) has a significant effect on improving global market access , while self-training is not significant. The findings strengthen the Resource-Based View theory by emphasising collaborative HR as a strategic asset of MSMEs. Practical implications include integrated policy recommendations and partnerships with global platforms (e.g., Amazon, Alibaba), as well as ethical considerations related to programme inclusivity and MSME data protection. This research makes a theoretical contribution to the development of an adaptive HR collaboration model for MSMEs in developing countries.

Indonesia’s high disaster risk needs health professionals equipped with strong interprofessional collaboration skills in disaster management. Interprofessional Education (IPE) through disaster response simulations is a strategic approach to enhance collaborative competencies among health sciences students. This study aims to explore health sciences students’ perceptions of IPE implementation during disaster response simulations at Syiah Kuala University and its impact on developing collaborative competencies. A qualitative descriptive design was employed. Participants included students from medical, nursing, psychology and dentistry study programs who participated in the disaster response simulation. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, and observation before, during and after the simulation. Findings revealed positive perceptions toward IPE implementation through simulation, which effectively improved understanding of professional roles, communication skills, team coordination, and disaster preparedness. Key facilitators included realistic scenarios, experienced facilitators, and reflective debriefing sessions. Challenges identified were differences in professional backgrounds, confusion in simulation role and limited simulation time. In conclusion, practical integration via disaster response simulation significantly enhances collaborative competencies among health sciences students.

The quality of basic education is one of the benchmarks for the success of the national education system, including in the madrasah ibtidaiyah environment as an Islamic-based educational institution. This study aims to describe and analyze the quality improvement management strategy implemented at MI Tarbiyah Islamiyah, as well as to identify supporting and inhibiting factors in its implementation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, documentation studies, and in-depth interviews with key informants involved in madrasah management. The results of the study indicate that MI Tarbiyah Islamiyah implements a participatory quality planning strategy, implements internal teacher competency improvement programs, and carries out reflective and collaborative supervision and evaluation. The active involvement of stakeholders, such as the madrasah committee and parents of students, is one of the main strengths in supporting the sustainability of the quality program. However, there are still challenges in terms of technology integration, evaluation documentation, and strengthening data-based managerial systems. This study concludes that the success of quality improvement management is greatly influenced by madrasah leadership, internal collaboration, and commitment to continuous improvement.

In facing the challenges of globalization and the demands for improving the quality of education, madrasas, as Islamic elementary education institutions, are required to manage themselves inde-pendently and adaptively. This study aims to describe in detail the quality improvement manage-ment strategy based on madrasa management at MI Tarbiyah Islamiyah, analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors in its implementation, and formulate relevant and applicable alternative strategies for quality enhancement. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, field observations, and document studies. The main informants consist of the head of the madrasa, a senior teacher, and the head of the madrasa committee. The results show that MI Tarbiyah Islamiyah implements quality management through participatory planning, the implementation of programs based on local needs, continuous evalua-tion, and strategic follow-up actions. Supporting factors include visionary leadership, teacher training, and active involvement of the madrasah committee. Meanwhile, the main obstacles are limited human resources, operational funding, and the utilization of technology. This study high-lights the importance of collaborative leadership, a quality-oriented work culture, and local adapta-tion in the sustainable implementation of madrasah-based quality improvement management.

This study examines the strategic role of collaborative learning in strengthening students’ faith and character within the context of Christian Religious Education (CRE). In the face of globalization and the rapid development of digital technology, CRE is increasingly expected to go beyond the transmission of theological knowledge and actively nurture the application of Christian values in daily life. Employing a qualitative case study approach, the research includes classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis involving both teachers and students engaged in collaborative learning. The results show that collaborative learning fosters active student engagement, character formation, improved social interaction, and a deeper understanding of spiritual values. Teachers are shown to play a critical role as facilitators, cultivating an inclusive and dialogical classroom environment. The study finds that this learning model effectively integrates faith development with critical thinking and interpersonal skills. The findings also underscore the importance of pedagogical innovation in CRE to better respond to the educational needs of a younger generation living in a diverse and digitally connected society. Therefore, collaborative learning can be viewed as a relevant and impactful strategy for renewing Christian education in today’s complex educational landscape.

The competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia often faces obstacles due to limited product packaging that fails to adequately reflect product quality, uniqueness, and brand identity. Packaging is not merely a protective container but also a strategic communication tool that influences consumer perceptions, shapes brand image, and supports market expansion. This community service program was carried out at the Banana Chips MSME “Bu Tini” in Semarang, which previously relied on simple plastic packaging without graphic design, brand logo, or product information. The main objective of this program was to assist the MSME in developing both the design and functional aspects of packaging as a strategic effort to strengthen branding, enhance product value, and improve competitiveness. The methodology applied was community-based and participatory, consisting of field observation, focus group discussions, collaborative design with the business owner, and prototype testing of new packaging. The results demonstrate that the redesigned packaging highlights a stronger visual identity through logos, colors, and slogans, while also ensuring practicality, durability, and compliance with food safety standards. Furthermore, the new packaging improved information clarity regarding composition, expiration date, and producer details, which significantly increased consumer trust in hygiene and quality. From a broader perspective, the activity fostered social transformation by raising awareness among the owner and workers about the importance of branding and professional packaging, developing new skills, and positioning the MSME as a role model for similar businesses in the community. This program implies that packaging development is not solely a visual improvement but a strategic branding instrument that can support MSMEs in achieving sustainability and greater competitiveness in local, regional, and potentially digital markets.

The digital era has transformed marketing strategies, particularly for tech startups targeting Generation Z (Gen Z). This study investigates the influence of guerrilla and viral marketing on Gen Z consumer perceptions and behaviors in the context of tech startups, focusing on a risk-based entrepreneurial marketing approach. A quantitative survey with 212 Gen Z respondents was conducted to analyze the effects of these marketing strategies on consumer engagement, brand perception, and purchasing behavior. The results show that guerrilla and viral marketing significantly enhance consumer engagement and brand perception, but they do not directly influence Gen Z behavior or purchasing decisions. The findings highlight the importance of emotional engagement and brand authenticity in shaping consumer perceptions. This research fills a gap in understanding how resource-constrained tech startups can leverage risk-based marketing strategies to engage Gen Z, providing practical insights for designing effective campaigns. Future studies should explore additional factors like brand trust and values to bridge the gap between engagement and behavior

This study explores the implementation of Lesson Study within the teaching practicum (PPL) program to enhance student engagement, learning outcomes, and the teaching competencies of pre-service teachers. Employing a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach, the research was conducted in three cycles involving second-grade students at UPT SD Negeri Latsari. Each cycle consisted of the Lesson Study stages: planning, execution, and reflection. The findings indicate significant improvements in all targeted areas. Student engagement showed a steady increase, starting from 63% in Cycle 1 and reaching 91% in Cycle 3, supported by interactive strategies such as group worksheets, flipbook media, and the Team Games Tournament (TGT) model. Correspondingly, learning outcomes improved, with average test scores rising from 68.2 in Cycle 1 to 83.7 in Cycle 3. Furthermore, pre-service teachers demonstrated notable development in key teaching competencies, particularly in lesson planning, classroom management, and reflective practices. Overall, the study underscores the effectiveness of Lesson Study in promoting collaborative teaching practices, improving the quality of instruction, and fostering professional growth among pre-service teachers. The integration of innovative and interactive learning strategies within the Lesson Study framework contributed significantly to creating a more engaging and impactful learning environment for students.

Controlling of da'wah activities is very important to ensure that the message conveyed is in accordance with the true teachings of Islam and does not deviate from the principles of sharia. In the era of globalization, the challenges faced in da'wah are increasingly complex. Various understandings and interpretations of Islamic teachings have emerged, which often cause conflict and division among the people. Therefore, supervision is the key to preventing ideological deviations and extremism that can damage the image and disrupt social harmony. This research was conducted using the literature study method, namely a research method that is carried out by reading and reviewing various written sources related to the topic being discussed. These sources can be books, scientific journals, articles, or other documents that are relevant to the theme of supervision in da'wah activities. Definition of Supervision Purpose of Supervision Challenges Risks of Da'wah Without Supervision (Controlling) Solutions in Resolving Various Existing Challenges Supervision of da'wah activities is crucial to maintaining religious harmony and national security. However, the challenges faced are very complex, covering regulatory, social, technological, and security aspects. Collaborative efforts are needed between the government, clerics, society, and technology to create an effective monitoring system without stifling freedom of expression. With the right approach, da'wah can remain a means of enlightenment, not a source of conflict.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has brought major changes to the world of education, especially in terms of the media used to support the teaching and learning process. The use of ICT-based media offers various advantages, such as fast access to information, more interesting learning materials, and a more flexible and personalized approach. This article aims to analyze the role of ICT-based media in improving student learning outcomes. In this discussion, it is explained how the use of ICT can enrich learning experiences, increase student motivation, and support more collaborative and independent learning. Even though there are various benefits, this article also identifies several challenges faced in implementing ICT-based media, such as gaps in technology access, limited infrastructure, and a lack of digital skills among teachers and students. Based on this analysis, this article concludes that although ICT-based media has great potential to improve learning outcomes, the success of its implementation is very dependent on infrastructure readiness, training for teachers, and awareness of the importance of technology integration in the education curriculum. For this reason, there needs to be a more planned strategy and support from all parties to maximize the use of ICT in education

The digital era has brought major changes to various aspects of life, including in the world of education. One of the main challenges that has emerged is how to shape the character of the younger generation amidst the flow of information that is so fast, free, and uncontrolled. The negative influence of social media, the decline in direct social interaction, and weak control over digital content consumed by students are serious obstacles in the implementation of character education. This article discusses these challenges while offering strategies that can be implemented by educators, parents, and educational institutions. The strategies outlined include the wise integration of technology in character learning, strengthening the role of the family as the first and foremost educational environment, and the importance of role models and consistency of moral values in everyday life. Through an adaptive, collaborative, and sustainable approach, character education can remain the foundation in forming a generation that is not only intellectually intelligent, but also has integrity, responsibility, and noble character in the digital era.

This study analyzes the effectiveness of multi-stakeholder collaboration in the implementation of the Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program in Bunut District, Pelalawan Regency. The PTSL program as a government effort to provide legal certainty over land ownership requires cooperation from various stakeholders in its implementation. With a qualitative approach and case study design, this study uses the collaborative governance framework from Emerson et al. (2012) to analyze three main dimensions of collaboration: principled engagement, shared motivation, and capacity for joint action. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 27 informants, participant observation, focus group discussions, and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that multi-stakeholder collaboration in the implementation of PTSL in Bunut District shows varying effectiveness in various dimensions. In the principled engagement dimension, collaboration is quite effective in the aspects of discovery and definition, but is still limited in the aspects of deliberation and determination. In the shared motivation dimension, there are limitations in building mutual trust and understanding between the community and technical agencies. Meanwhile, in the capacity for joint action dimension, there are strengths in the aspects of procedural arrangements and leadership, but significant limitations in the aspects of knowledge and resources. Supporting factors for collaboration include political commitment, community awareness, the role of traditional leaders, effective communication platforms, and academic involvement. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include differences in interests between stakeholders, limited technical capacity at the village level, communication and coordination problems, historical land complexity, and budget constraints. The study recommends strategies to increase the effectiveness of collaboration through strengthening multi-stakeholder forum institutions, developing technical capacity, increasing transparency and accountability, developing effective conflict resolution mechanisms, strengthening the role of village governments, and allocating adequate resources. The research findings contribute to the development of collaborative governance theory in the Indonesian context, especially in rural areas with unique socio-cultural characteristics.  

The application of Virtual Reality (VR) based on the Metaverse in education is an innovation that can enhance the quality of learning by providing a more interactive and immersive learning experience. This article discusses the development of VR-based learning integrated with the Metaverse using the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Through the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation, VR and Metaverse-based learning can be tailored to students' needs, creating a more flexible and collaborative learning experience. The use of this technology allows students to learn independently or in groups, while improving practical skills and creativity. This study shows that by applying the ADDIE model, VR and Metaverse-based learning can be more effective in increasing student motivation and learning outcomes, addressing the challenges of education in the future.

This article discusses the implementation of negotiation strategies and lobbying techniques as participatory communication approaches in the context of community service in Parigi Village, Cikande Sub-district, Serang City. Through intensive community organizing, this activity aims to strengthen the capacity of residents in facing the challenges of cross-interest communication and collaboration, especially in terms of policy advocacy and local resource management. The service subjects consisted of local community groups who had been less involved in the decision-making process at the village level. The service process is carried out through several stages, starting from joint problem mapping, training in negotiation and lobbying techniques, to the preparation of collaborative action plans that involve active participation of residents. The findings from this activity show that interest-based negotiation and ethical lobbying can strengthen the community's bargaining position towards external actors such as the government and local stakeholders. The dynamics of the activity also resulted in initial social changes, such as the formation of an internal advocacy group, increased participation in public forums, and the emergence of collective awareness of the importance of strategic communication.

This study aims to explore the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in Islamic education and its impact on students' social awareness. Project-Based Learning, which integrates active and collaborative learning, allows students to engage in projects that embody social values and Islamic teachings, such as empathy, justice, and social responsibility. Using a qualitative research method based on literature review, this study analyzes various literatures related to PjBL, Islamic education, and students' social character. The findings indicate that the implementation of PjBL can enhance students' social awareness by involving them in activities focusing on real-world social issues and linking them to Islamic principles. This method not only develops students' social skills but also strengthens their character in the context of Islamic values.