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This study aims to analyze the transformational leadership of President BJ Habibie during Indonesia's post–New Order political transition using a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study design. The research focuses on Habibie's leadership style, reform policies, and strategic role in building the foundation of Indonesian democracy. Data were obtained through a literature review of books, journal articles, and policy documents, then analyzed using content analysis through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that Habibie demonstrated transformational leadership characterized by visionary reform, innovative policymaking, and high political morality. He initiated major reforms such as the abolition of the military's dual function, press liberalization, the first democratic election in 1999, and regional autonomy. These policies served as milestones in Indonesia's transition toward a more open and participatory political system. The study concludes that Habibie's transformational leadership played a pivotal role in shaping Indonesia's democratization process and stands as a model of adaptive political leadership in developing countries.

The development of digital technology has driven major changes in global marketing strategies, particularly in the luxury smartphone industry, where competition is not only based on technological features but also on brand image and exclusivity. This study aims to systematically analyse various digital marketing strategies implemented by luxury smartphone brands using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. In this study, researchers identified, evaluated, and synthesised 70 related articles, which were filtered into 15 main articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria between 2020 and 2025. The analysis results indicate that digital marketing strategies such as influencer marketing, search engine optimisation (SEO), visual content on social media, and the use of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technology have proven effective in increasing brand awareness, customer loyalty, and sales conversions. However, the research also reveals the main challenges faced by companies in maintaining exclusivity and premium experiences through digital channels that are mass-market and open in nature. The study recommends that luxury smartphone brands integrate data-driven personalisation approaches and build strong, authentic brand narratives across various digital platforms to maintain their competitive position in the premium segment. The practical implications of this research can serve as a reference for marketers and decision-makers.

Improving the quality of education has become a crucial issue in the era of globalization, marked by increasing competition between institutions and public expectations for superior educational services. Integrated Quality Management (TQM) emerges as a strategic approach to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of various educational stakeholders. This study aims to review the development of studies related to TQM implementation in education through a qualitative literature review. Data were collected from scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025 using Google Scholar and Publish or Perish with the keywords "TQM implementation in education." From the initial 30 articles, five of the most relevant main articles were selected. The analysis revealed three main themes: (a) the application of TQM to strengthen institutional resilience, (b) the integration of Islamic values ​​in quality management, and (c) the challenges and opportunities of TQM in vocational education. This study concluded that the stakeholder satisfaction dimension remains underexplored and requires further empirical research.

The rapid development of the digital economy and technology transformation requires the workforce to possess adaptive and sustainable skills. Life Long Learning (LLL) has become an essential strategy to maintain relevance, competitiveness, and the sustainability of workforce competencies in the digital era. This article aims to conceptualize the urgency of LLL in enhancing workforce competitiveness amidst the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy. The method used is a literature study, analyzing various journals, scholarly articles, and relevant documents. The findings show that LLL not only improves technical competencies but also strengthens soft skills and fosters a growth mindset, which is crucial in facing technological changes. LLL also enables the workforce to continuously develop, adapt to changes, and seize opportunities in the digital economy. To create a sustainable learning ecosystem, proactive government policies, cross-sector collaboration, and a workplace culture that supports continuous learning are essential. Therefore, LLL is key in preparing a competitive workforce capable of innovating in the ever-evolving digital era.

The implementation of ISO 9001:2015 as a quality management system standard has become a strategic issue in improving the competitiveness, efficiency, and consistency of organizational quality in the era of globalization and digitalization. However, the effectiveness of its implementation still varies depending on the organizational context, resource readiness, and quality culture. This study aims to systematically review the literature related to the implementation of ISO 9001:2015 to answer the main questions: how it affects organizational performance, how it is integrated with other management systems, and what the challenges and directions for future research are. The method used is a systematic literature review through a search of the Google Scholar and Publish or Perish databases using the keywords "ISO 9001:2015," "quality management systems," and "organizational performance." A total of 27 articles published between 2021 and 2025 were analyzed thematically. The review results show four main trends: the implementation of ISO in various sectors, the impact on performance and productivity, integration with other systems such as TQM and ISO 21001, and implementation challenges related to organizational culture and management commitment. In general, ISO 9001:2015 has been shown to improve organizational efficiency and reputation, but its success depends on the synergy between management, digital technology, and a quality culture. Further research is recommended to examine the integration of digital-based ISO and organizational sustainability.

Purpose –This article aims to examine Territorial Defense Management (TDM) as an adaptive defense strategy in the contemporary era, with a focus on the synergy of UAV–sensor fusion–C2 technologies, whole-of-defense cyber orchestration and strengthening community resilience in facing multidimensional threats. Design/methodology/approach –This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SRB) approach, using scientific literature sources from 2021–2025 from Scopus, IEEE, Springer, ScienceDirect, Garuda, and ResearchGate. Thirty-one primary articles were selected through rigorous screening and then analyzed using thematic coding and data triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. Findings –The study results show that: (1) UAVs with sensor fusion increase the effectiveness of regional surveillance, although they require a counter-UAV system and good spectrum governance; (2) whole-of-defense cyber is proven crucial with the support of threat intelligence, territorial cyber operations centers, and AI for anomaly detection and automated response; (3) community resilience strengthens defense through emergency communications, early warning systems, and community participation in joint training with authorities. Practical implications –The effectiveness of MPT can be enhanced through standardization of IoMT architecture across the military services, counter-UAV and cyber exercises at the regional level, and the development of quantitative metrics to measure community resilience linked to military-level readiness. Originality/value –This article contributes by integrating technology, cyber, and community perspectives into a single adaptive MPT framework, thereby strengthening deterrence, rapid response, and socio-technological resilience. This approach is relevant for strengthening Indonesia's modern defense doctrine.

This study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to map the dynamics, challenges, and impacts of innovation, especially driven by digitalization in the contemporary enterprise and entrepreneurial ecosystem. This SLR is important because the existing literature is still fragmented and has not yet presented an integrated synthesis in the midst of a VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous) business environment. Using the PRISMA methodology, 15 key articles for the 2020-2025 period were analyzed in depth. The main results show that digital innovation and entrepreneurial competence are the main determinants of MSME performance and competitiveness. There is a strong positive relationship between innovation and business performance. Interestingly, the findings indicate that individual entrepreneurial competencies often have a more direct and significant impact on performance than the results of product innovation itself. Although digitalization provides opportunities for market expansion and efficiency, MSMEs still face serious challenges in the form of digital literacy limitations and financial constraints. Educational institutions are emphasized to have a vital role in building sustainable entrepreneurial and ethical attitudes. The theoretical implication is the need for more sophisticated models to differentiate innovation impact pathways. Meanwhile, its managerial implications encourage business actors to focus on process innovation and improve adaptive competencies in order to survive global uncertainty.

This study analyzes the mechanism of money creation in Islamic financial institutions by highlighting its relationship to the principle of prudence and the intermediation function. The research background is based on the growth of Indonesia's sharia capital market which by 2025 will reach a capitalization of IDR 5,060 trillion, but still faces conceptual challenges regarding how money is created according to the principles of maqashid al-shariah. The method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with PRISMA guidance on 38 relevant scientific articles. The results of the study show that money creation in the sharia system only occurs through real asset-based economic activities, in contrast to the conventional system that relies on credit and interest expansion. The intermediation function is carried out through partnerships that prioritize proportional sharing of risk and profit, while the prudential principle ensures that monetary expansion remains under control. In addition, research has found that sharia contracts such as murabahah, mudarabah, and musharakah play a role in encouraging productive money circulation while suppressing speculative activities. This study concludes that the integration between the moral and economic dimensions forms a just, stable, and sustainable Islamic monetary paradigm. These findings make a conceptual contribution to strengthening Islamic financial policy in Indonesia, especially in formulating a monetary regulatory framework that is in line with the principles of distributive justice, transparency, and protection of the stability of the national financial system.

Learning mathematics not only focuses on mastering concepts and calculation skills, but also requires creating a conducive learning environment so that students can think critically, logically, and creatively. A conducive learning environment plays a crucial role in fostering student motivation and active engagement, making the success of the learning process highly dependent on the strategies implemented by the teacher. This research aims to describe mathematics teachers' strategies in creating a conducive learning environment thru the application of active and contextual learning strategies. The method used is library research, which involves collecting and reviewing various scientific sources such as books, journals, and academic articles relevant to the research topic. The research results indicate that active learning strategies are able to increase student participation, strengthen reasoning abilities, and foster learning motivation. Teachers play an important role as facilitators, motivators, mediators, and evaluators, directly influencing the learning climate in the classroom. Contextual learning strategies like REACT (Relating, Experiencing, Applying, Cooperating, Transferring) have proven effective in connecting mathematical concepts with students' real-life experiences and creating a fun and meaningful learning environment. In addition, humanistic classroom management, the use of technology, and adapting learning to students' different abilities are supporting factors in achieving a conducive learning environment. The implications of this research indicate that the success of mathematics learning is not solely determined by the methods used, but also by the teacher's ability to build positive relationships with students and create an interactive, adaptive learning environment that optimally fosters students' potential development.

Purpose – Purpose study This is For explore How management source Power human (HR) functions as a strategic pillar in develop economy resilient and adaptive defense in the global era . Research This integrate policy national , power competition industry defense , and work The same international through HR- based approach global competence . Design/ methodology / approach – Research This use method review library systematic (Systematic Literature Review/SLR), analyzing more of 50 peer-reviewed articles from journal published Scopus / WoS indexed between 2021–2025 . Research This synthesize framework Work from strategic human resources , economics defense , and global collaboration . Findings – Research This find that HR is not just function administrative , but play role strategic in form strength defense through development source Power people , digital literacy , and work The same cross- country research this also reveals that success synergy industry defense is greatly influenced by the readiness of human resource actors to integrate innovation , diplomacy , and knowledge transnational . Implications practical – For operationalize findings this , policy defense national must invest in centers featured human resource development , design repeat curriculum aligned defense​ with global threats and technologies , as well as build partnership strategic HR with actors​ defense international . Originality / Value – Study This was the first to conceptualize framework Work integrative which places HR as the core of transformation economy defense in a post-pandemic global landscape driven by digitally . Study This offer novelty theoretical with connect economy defense with strategic HR practices , as well as relevance practical for the makers policy and educators defense .

Customer satisfaction and loyalty are central issues in marketing management, as both play crucial roles in ensuring business sustainability amid increasing competition. Satisfied customers tend to make repeat purchases, provide positive recommendations, and build long-term relationships with the company. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence customer satisfaction and loyalty has become an important agenda for both academics and practitioners. This study aims to address two main questions: (1) What factors influence customer satisfaction? and (2) How does satisfaction contribute to the formation of customer loyalty? The method used is a literature review, selecting articles from various online databases such as ResearchGate, Academia, and open-access journals using the keywords customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Of the 45 identified articles, 20 were selected for in-depth analysis. The review results reveal three main trends: first, service and product quality are the most consistent determinants of satisfaction; second, price, promotion, and brand image play significant roles; and third, customer trust is an essential variable that strengthens the satisfaction–loyalty relationship. Overall, satisfaction functions as the main mediating variable in the formation of customer loyalty.

Quality management has become an increasingly strategic issue across various sectors, including business, education, and fisheries, as it directly relates to customer satisfaction, competitiveness, and organizational sustainability. However, the existing literature reveals diverse approaches and outcomes, necessitating a more comprehensive synthesisThis research seeks to analyze the influence of quality. management in improving organizational performance, customer satisfaction, and sustainability. Using a qualitative literature review method, the search process was conducted through Google Scholar and the Publish or Perish application with the keyword “Customer Satisfaction.” From the initial 30 articles published between 2020 and 2025, 27 were screened and validated, and 5 core articles were selected for in-depth analysis. The findings reveal three major insights. First, the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) enhances organizational culture, performance, and competitiveness. Second, quality management in the fisheries sector plays a vital role in water quality control, supporting successful production outcomes. Third, product and service quality emerge as dominant factors influencing customer satisfaction and loyalty. In conclusion, quality management serves as a fundamental and cross-sectoral strategy that strengthens organizational performance and sustainability. Future studies are encouraged to explore the integration of quality management with digital transformation and environmental sustainability to develop more adaptive and resilient management models suited to the evolving global context.

Infertility affects approximately 8–12% of couples worldwide, with male factors contributing to nearly half of all cases. Varicocelectomy, particularly the microsurgical subinguinal technique, is now considered the primary treatment that provides superior reproductive outcomes compared to conventional or laparoscopic approaches. To evaluate and compare fertility outcomes and recurrence risks between microsurgical and conventional inguinal varicocelectomy, based on recent evidence from 2020 to 2025. Methods A systematic review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Out of 371 identified articles, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results, most studies demonstrated that the microsurgical technique significantly improved sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, as well as higher natural pregnancy rates. The risks of hydrocele and recurrence were also markedly lower than those observed with laparoscopy. The average postoperative sperm count increased by 7.7 ± 4.5 million/mL (p< 0.001). Furthermore, the microsurgical subinguinal approach allows for more precise identification of arteries and lymphatic vessels, thereby minimizing vascular injury and facilitating faster recovery. Conclusion, the microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy has proven to be more effective and safer than conventional approaches. This technique significantly enhances semen parameters and pregnancy rates, while reducing the risk of hydrocele formation and recurrence.

This study explores how human resource (HR) management functions as a strategic pillar in developing a resilient and adaptive defense economy in the global era. The research integrates national policies, defense industry power competition, and international collaboration through an HR-based global competence approach. The study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) method, analyzing over 50 peer-reviewed articles published in Scopus/WoS indexed journals between 2021 and 2025. The research synthesizes a framework that combines strategic human resource management, defense economics, and global collaboration. The findings reveal that HR is not merely an administrative function but plays a strategic role in strengthening defense through the development of human power, digital literacy, and international collaboration. The study further highlights that the success of defense industry synergies is largely influenced by the readiness of human resource actors to integrate innovation, diplomacy, and transnational knowledge. For practical implications, the study suggests that national defense policies must invest in specialized human resource development centers, design curricula aligned with global threats and technologies, and build strategic partnerships with international defense actors. This study is the first to conceptualize an integrative framework that places HR at the core of defense economy transformation in the post-pandemic, digitally driven global landscape, offering both theoretical novelty and practical relevance for policymakers and defense educators.

Educational quality management has become a strategic topic in the era of globalization because it plays a crucial role in improving institutional effectiveness and learning quality. The application of quality management principles, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and the process approach, has been implemented in various educational institutions, although the results and approaches are still varied. This study aims to systematically examine the principles and benefits of quality management in education and to answer two main questions: (1) what are the most dominant quality management principles used in education, and (2) what is the impact of implementing these principles on improving educational quality. The research method used is a Literature Review with a qualitative approach. Data were collected from Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) databases using the keywords "principles and benefits of quality management in education." Of the 50 articles published between 2020 and 2025, 5 were selected for further analysis. The analysis yielded three main themes: the application of TQM principles, challenges in quality implementation, and the role of leadership in maintaining the sustainability of educational quality. In general, the implementation of quality management has been shown to improve organizational effectiveness, educator professionalism, and the overall quality of learning outcomes. This study also recommends further studies focusing on the integration of quality management principles with digital transformation in education.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the reward program in improving employee loyalty and work discipline at Bank Mandiri. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using the literature study method, through the collection and analysis of secondary data obtained from official Bank Mandiri reports, academic journals, labor regulations, and media articles related to human resource management policies. The findings reveal that the implementation of both financial rewards (competitive salaries, performance-based bonuses, and welfare benefits) and non-financial rewards (recognition, promotions, and career development programs) has a positive impact on enhancing employee loyalty and work discipline. A fair, transparent, and sustainable reward system fosters a sense of belonging, strengthens affective commitment, and cultivates a productive and professional work culture. Moreover, the data indicate a decline in disciplinary violations over the past three years, demonstrating the effectiveness of the reward system as a form of positive reinforcement. This study highlights the importance of reward policies as a strategic instrument in human resource management and recommends that companies continuously adapt their reward systems to align with employee needs and the evolving work environment.

Social Studies (IPS) learning in elementary schools plays a crucial role in fostering students’ social awareness, which includes understanding social values, developing empathy, and participating responsibly in community life. However, in practice, Social Studies learning often remains theoretical and textbook-centered, making students’ learning experiences less meaningful and disconnected from real-life contexts. To address this issue, utilizing the surrounding environment as a learning resource offers an effective alternative by bringing real social situations into the learning process. This study aims to analyze the concepts, implementation, and impact of environmental utilization on enhancing elementary students’ social awareness. The research employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by reviewing relevant scholarly articles obtained from national and international databases such as Garuda, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, using the keywords “environment as a learning resource in Social Studies” and “students’ social awareness.” The findings reveal that the use of the surrounding environment as a learning resource promotes students’ critical thinking, empathy, and social concern through contextual and participatory learning experiences. Moreover, teachers play a pivotal role in designing project-based and field-observation activities that strengthen the internalization of social values. Therefore, Social Studies learning that integrates environmental resources is proven to be effective in shaping students’ social character from an early age and supports the realization of holistic, active, and life-oriented education.  

This study discusses the shift in the meaning of delinquency in Articles 2 and 3 of the Corruption Crime Law (Corruption Law) which has an impact on law enforcement for corrupt perpetrators. In practice, the element of state losses must be clearly proven so that the perpetrator can be held criminally responsible. However, there is a phenomenon of corrupt perpetrators who return state losses to obscure the elements of loss as stipulated in Article 2 of the Corruption Law, so that they have the potential to escape criminal snare. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach, through literature studies and studies of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 25/PUU-XIV/2016. The results of the study show that the basis of the applicants' application in the decision is divided into four aspects, namely the authority of the Constitutional Court, the legal standing of the applicant, the object of the application, and the reason for the application. The Constitutional Court judge in the decision considered three main aspects, namely the authority of the Constitutional Court, the legal standing of the applicant, and the subject matter of the application. The judge's legal considerations emphasized that the phrase "may" in Article 2 paragraph (1) and Article 3 of the Corruption Law caused legal uncertainty, so that the nature of the offense in the two articles changed to a formal offense. This has an impact on uncertain and fair legal protection for applicants and has serious implications for law enforcement of corruption crimes in Indonesia.

Forgiveness is a challenging process that requires effort and mental streangth as it inovoles complex emotions influenced by external factors. Some group may act harmfully due to unresolved past grievances. While many religious teach selflessness and geniune forgiveness, people often forgive without real intent, wich can lead to continude unhappiness. Studies show that forgiveness can enhance mental helath by reducing feelings like anger and anxiety. Islamic teachings higlight forgiveness’s role in personal and social well-being, lingking it to rewards from Allah and happiness. The study uses the Scopus and PubMed database to analyze research on forgiveness in psychology from 2020to 2025. A total of 2,136 articles on this topic were found. The research offers insights for policymakers and emphasizes the importance of international partnerships for further studies in this area. It also aims to assess research quality, guiding future policies and funding. Overall, this bibliometric analysis effectively identifies research gaps in the field.

This study analyzes the need for training design for accounting vocational teachers using Project Based Learning (PjBL) approach to achieve deep learning through systematic literature review. The gap in teachers' competence in implementing PjBL and the limitations of relevant training designs are major problems in vocational education. This research aims to identify trends, gaps, and needs for developing PjBL-based accounting teacher training designs oriented towards achieving deep learning. The systematic literature review method was employed by analyzing 25 articles from Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases from 2018-2025. The research identified 25 unique articles categorized into three main themes: Deep Learning perspectives (10 articles), Vocational Teacher Training and Development (6 articles), and Project-Based Learning implementation (9 articles). The results show four main trends: (1) increased global adoption of PjBL as an innovative learning method, (2) demands from accounting professional organizations for active learning methods, (3) popularity of deep learning concepts in contemporary educational literature integrated with 21st-century skills, and (4) urgent need for comprehensive teacher training designs. Significant gaps were identified in the limitations of relevant training designs for vocational contexts and lack of systematic training development research. This study concludes that accounting vocational teacher training designs with PjBL approach are urgently needed to bridge the gap between theoretical competence and practical industry applications, with emphasis on achieving holistic deep learning encompassing cognitive, interpersonal, and intrapersonal domains.