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The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of employment agreements as one of the means of providing legal protection for workers’ rights. The research method employed in this study is normative juridical, utilizing primary and secondary legal materials obtained through the analysis of statutory regulations, legal scholars’ opinions, as well as books and journals relevant to the subject under study. The results of the study indicate that employment agreements, as a form of preventive legal protection for workers’ rights, are a consequence of the application of the welfare state concept, thereby requiring the state to intervene in employment relationships arising from such agreements. This form of intervention can be observed in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. The provisions contained in this law, particularly Article 54 paragraph (1) of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, constitute a form of preventive legal protection, especially in points (e) and (f), as they regulate economic rights as well as the rights and obligations of workers. These provisions provide protection and serve as a form of legal certainty that safeguards workers from the beginning of their employment. The obstacles encountered in the implementation of employment agreements as a preventive means of protecting workers’ rights are divided into three factors: regulatory factors, legal culture factors, and legal structure factors.

General elections constitute a fundamental pillar of Indonesia’s democratic system, functioning as a mechanism for the exercise of popular sovereignty and the protection of citizens’ voting rights. During the 2024 Regional People’s Representative Council (DPRD) election in Tarakan City, the Badan Pengawas Pemilu Kota Tarakan recorded twelve reports of alleged administrative violations throughout the electoral stages, including during the national vote recapitulation process. Of these reports, three allegations were proven, involving violations related to the Additional Voter List, the Special Voter List, and the eligibility requirements of candidates running for the Tarakan City DPRD in 2024. Essentially, election law enforcement serves as a safeguard to ensure fairness, legal certainty, and the protection of citizens’ constitutional right to vote. This study aims to examine the implementation of legal enforcement mechanisms against administrative violations in the 2024 Tarakan City DPRD election. A socio-legal research approach was employed to analyze both normative regulations and their practical application. Referring to Peraturan Bawaslu Nomor 8 Tahun 2022 concerning the Settlement of Administrative Violations of General Elections, the findings indicate that the Tarakan City Bawaslu holds authority in adjudicating and imposing sanctions on proven violations. As a result, one candidate, Erick Hendrawan Septian Putra, was disqualified from Electoral District 1. Furthermore, sanctions were imposed on the chairpersons and members of Polling Station 88 in Karang Anyar and Polling Station 2 in Pamusian for failing to carry out their duties as voting organizing groups in the election and subsequent processes.

Nahwu (Arabic grammar) is a fundamental discipline in learning the Arabic language, helping to prevent errors in speech and serving as a primary key to clearly understanding Islamic legal texts. However, in practice, the teaching of Nahwu often faces complex challenges, particularly the lack of active participation among female students and their uneven mastery of the subject. Therefore, this study aims to explore the problems in teaching Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong and to identify the factors causing these issues. This study aims to: (1) reveal the problems faced by second-grade female students of KMI in learning Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong, and (2) identify the contributing factors influencing the emergence of these problems. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. The researcher used three data collection techniques: classroom observation, in-depth interviews with the Nahwu teacher, and questionnaires distributed to the students. For data analysis, the researcher applied the Miles and Huberman model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. To ensure data validity, data triangulation techniques were used. The results of the study indicate that the problems are divided into two main aspects: (1) learning-related problems, including the gap between memorization of grammatical rules and their application (i‘rab), high levels of academic anxiety, and decreased classroom concentration; and (2) contributing factors, including methodological factors, linguistic-psychological factors, and classroom management factors. The researcher suggests that teachers adopt more interactive teaching methods and media, as well as innovative visual tools to reduce the abstract nature of Nahwu materials and enhance students’ functional understanding. Additionally, activating “Halaqah Nahwiyyah” (grammar study circles) in dormitories is recommended to overcome psychological barriers and improve students’ linguistic confidence.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peran permainan tradisional dalam pembentukan karakter siswa sekolah dasar di Jawa Tengah melalui pendekatan Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Kajian dilakukan dengan mengacu pada tahapan PRISMA yang meliputi identifikasi, penyaringan, kelayakan, dan inklusi artikel. Penelusuran literatur menggunakan aplikasi Publish or Perish dengan basis data Google Scholar pada rentang tahun 2016-2026, sehingga diperoleh 10 artikel yang sesuai dengan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa permainan tradisional seperti engklek, gobak sodor, egrang, bakiak, dan congklak berkontribusi dalam menumbuhkan nilai kerja sama, empati, tanggung jawab, disiplin, ketekunan, serta kemampuan mengendalikan diri. Permainan yang dilakukan secara berkelompok cenderung memperkuat karakter sosial, sedangkan permainan individual lebih menekankan pada pembentukan karakter personal. Temuan-temuan tersebut membuka ruang pengembangan penelitian lanjutan dengan pendekatan metodologis yang lebih beragam serta penguatan integrasi permainan tradisional sebagai media pendidikan karakter berbasis kearifan lokal di sekolah dasar.

Problems: Based on data from the Batam City Health Office, the 3 Community Health Centers with the highest incidence of anemia include Sei Panas 15.7%, Sambau 10.24%, Nongsa 8.24%. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal age and parity with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in the working area of UPT Puskesmas Sei Panas Batam City in 2024. Methods: This study used a descriptive correlation research design with a cross-sectional research design. The sampling technique used was Non Probability Sampling. Respondents in this study were 66 pregnant women. Results: Based on the Chi- Square test, the age variable obtained a P-value of 0.000 (ρ <0.05) and the parias variable with a P-value of 0.000 (ρ>0.05). This study shows that there is a relationship between age and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women and the relationship between parity and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in the working area of UPT Puskesmas Sei Panas Batam City in 2024. Conclusion: there is a relationship between age and parity of mothers with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Suggestion: It is hoped that prospective mothers understand the ideal safe age and parity in preparing for a healthy pregnancy in order to avoid anemia during pregnancy. And pregnant women must be diligent in consuming Fe tablets and also make 6 ANC visits during pregnancy so that pregnant women's health is monitored, especially their Hb levels.

Stroke often causes hemiparesis, which impairs hand motor skills and independence in daily activities. Mirror therapy is a rehabilitation intervention that stimulates motor function through visual feedback, while patient motivation plays a crucial role in exercise adherence. This study aims to analyze the effect of mirror therapy and patient motivation on hand motor skills in patients with hemiparesis.The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest approach in 30 hemiparesis patients undergoing rehabilitation at the Ciherang Community Health Center. Mirror therapy intervention was administered for 20–30 minutes, three times per week for four weeks. Hand motor skills were measured using Manual Muscle Testing on a scale of 0–5, while patient motivation was assessed using a questionnaire.The results showed a significant increase in hand motor skills after mirror therapy (p < 0.05) and higher patient motivation was associated with greater motor score improvement (p < 0.05). Mirror therapy and patient motivation have been shown to have a positive effect on hand motor skills in hemiparesis patients, so this combined intervention can be considered as part of a stroke rehabilitation program.

Nursing services are a fundamental part of the hospital service system because nurses interact frequently with patients, particularly in inpatient rooms. The quality of nursing services significantly impacts patient satisfaction. This study aims to determine the relationship between the quality of nursing services and patient satisfaction in the inpatient rooms of UMMI Hospital Bogor. This study used a correlational analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach. The population in the study were 1,944 inpatients at UMMI Hospital Bogor. The sample calculation used the Slovin formula with a simple random sampling technique and obtained 332 respondents. The research instrument for the quality of nursing services was based on the five dimensions of SERVQUAL (tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy) and a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately using the Chi-Square Test statistic. The results showed that the majority of respondents rated the quality of nursing services as good, namely 214 people (64.5%), while respondents who rated the quality of nursing services as poor were 118 people (35.5%). Patient satisfaction results revealed that of the 332 respondents, the majority (230 people or 69.3%) expressed satisfaction, while 102 (30.7%) expressed dissatisfaction. The statistical test results showed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between the quality of nursing services and patient satisfaction in inpatient wards. Therefore, continuous improvement in the quality of nursing services is necessary to enhance patient satisfaction and the quality of hospital services.

Services in the health sector are a form of public service that must be implemented properly by the government. In the context of health services, the importance of effective and efficient implementation cannot be ignored because this has a direct impact on people's quality of life. In order for health services to achieve their goals, various requirements must be met, including the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure, a harmonious relationship between patients and service providers, easy accessibility, and high quality. The aim of this research is to determine the description of the service quality of administrative staff. at the Kelapa Gading Community Health Center. The method used is descriptive with a quantitative approach which produces univariate results. This research was conducted at the Kelapa Gading Community Health Center with a total of 150 respondents. The variables in this research are Service Procedures, Completion Time, Service Costs, Service Products, Facilities and Infrastructure, Accreditation of Service Officers. The population in this study were all 1.216 outpatients with a sample of 150 respondents.

This study aims to examine the level of regional financial independence and various financial ratios in assessing the performance of regency and city governments in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) for the 2019–2024 period. The method employed is a descriptive qualitative approach supported by quantitative data in the form of Budget Realization Reports (LRA). Performance measurement was conducted through several key indicators, including independence, effectiveness, efficiency, and growth ratios. The results indicate that the level of fiscal independence remains relatively low, characterized by a high dependency on transfer funds from the central government. On the other hand, the effectiveness ratio shows good achievement, as most regions were able to meet their revenue targets, particularly from Local Own-Source Revenue (PAD). However, the efficiency of expenditure management remains uneven across regions. Furthermore, the revenue growth ratio shows fluctuations influenced by economic conditions, including the impact of the pandemic. Overall, regional financial performance still needs to be improved, especially in strengthening fiscal independence and optimizing PAD potential.

Bacterial infections are diseases that can be transmitted by bacteria from sufferers to others, either directly or indirectly. Cases of bacterial infections are more common among children. The use of antibiotics is needed to treat life-threatening conditions caused by bacteria by killing bacteria or making it difficult for bacteria to grow and reproduce. Antibiotics are a type of drug given to prevent bacterial infections, or are drugs given to high-risk patients. This research method is a descriptive study by collecting medical record data to find out the description of bacterial infections and the use of antibiotics in pediatric inpatients at RSU Cut Meutia Aceh Utara in 2022. This research technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of 183 samples. The results of this study showed that 183 children suffered from bacterial infections and received injection antibiotic therapy, the majority were boys, namely 106 children (57%), the age group with the most number of sufferers, namely aged 0‒5 years, totaling 76 children (41%), the percentage of bacterial infections most commonly found in pediatric inpatient wards at RSU Cut Meutia Aceh Utara in 2022, namely typhoid fever as much as 33%, the class of antibiotics most commonly used at RSU Cut Meutia is cephalosporins (93%).

Vertigo is a clinical symptom that is often found and can be related to vestibular disorders or systemic conditions such as hypertension. The case report described a 58-year-old female patient who came in with complaints of dizziness that disappeared from 12 hours before admission to the hospital, accompanied by double vision, nausea, severe headache, flatulence, and stiffness of the left shoulder. Physical examination showed increased blood pressure and bidirectional nystagmus on neurological examination. Laboratory tests show mild electrolyte abnormalities and increased cholesterol. The patient was diagnosed with uncontrolled vestibular vertigo et causa hypertension and received intravenous fluid therapy, symptomatic therapy, antihypertensive therapy, and vestibular suppressants. Clinical improvements were obtained during follow-up. Education related to blood pressure control, medication adherence, and lifestyle changes such as low-salt diet settings and stress management is also provided to patients. In addition, periodic monitoring is required to prevent recurrence and further complications. This case emphasizes the importance of identifying hypertension as a contributing factor to vertigo as well as comprehensive management to improve patient outcomes and improve the quality of life of patients.

This study is motivated by the fact that the regulation of securities investment and direct investment in Indonesia still faces legal harmonization issues between the provisions of Law No. 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector particularly those governing the capital market and Government Regulation No. 63 of 2019 concerning Government Investment. This research aims to analyze the compatibility, substantial differences, and legal implications of the two regulations in the context of establishing an integrated and equitable investment legal system. This study applies a normative juridical approach with a descriptive analysis method. Data were collected using a literature study technique through a review of legislation, legal literature, and related policy documents. Furthermore, the data was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques with an emphasis on systematic interpretation and the principle of harmonization of laws and regulations. The results of this study indicate that there is still a lack of synchronization between the regulation of securities investment in the capital market and the mechanism of direct investment by the government, particularly in terms of authority, risk management, and legal accountability. The findings of this study imply the need for improvements to derivative regulations and implementation guidelines that are capable of integrating capital market legal principles with government investment policies in order to create legal certainty and effective management of national investments. Keywords: Legal Harmonization, Securities Investment, and Government Investment

This study is intended to analyze the implementation of the value for money approach in assessing financial performance at RSUD Kota Tangerang during the period of 2022–2024. The research employs a descriptive quantitative approach using secondary data derived from budget realization reports. This analysis carried out using three main ratios: economy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The findings show that the hospital’s financial performance is categorized as economical, as reflected by economy ratios under 100% throughout the observed year. In terms of effectiveness, performance was considered effective in 2022 and 2023 but declined in 2024, indicating that the revenue target was not fully achieved. Meanwhile, efficiency performance remains suboptimal, as efficiency ratios exceed 100%, suggesting that the costs incurred are higher than the revenue generated. Overall, the hospital demonstrates the ability to manage its budget economically and achieve revenue targets, but still faces challenges in improving resource efficiency. Therefore, efforts are needed to optimize cost management and enhance service productivity to achieve a balance among economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in line with the value for money principles.

Calcium deficiency among Indonesian adolescents remains a nutritional concern that necessitates the development of food products utilizing alternative calcium sources. Eggshell powder has potential as a calcium fortification ingredient due to its high calcium content and abundance as food waste. This study aimed to analyze the effect of eggshell powder substitution on the organoleptic characteristics and acceptability of oatmeal cookies among adolescents aged 10–15 years. This experimental study used a Completely Randomized Design with four substitution levels: 0% (F0), 5% (F1), 6% (F2), and 7% (F3). Organoleptic quality testing was conducted by three trained panelists, while hedonic testing was performed by 30 adolescent panelists on selected formulas (F0, F2, F3), analyzed using the Friedman test (α = 0.05). Organoleptic quality results showed that F2 and F3 had characteristics closest to the control, while F1 showed higher negative attribute intensity in taste and texture parameters. Hedonic test results showed no significant differences between formulas across all parameters (p > 0.05), with mean scores ranging from 3.87 to 4.63 out of a scale of 5 (very much liked). Formula F3 is recommended as the best formula as it demonstrated acceptability comparable to the control while containing the highest calcium substitution level.

The development of discipline in children should begin at an early age, particularly in managing time for studying, playing, worship, and resting. Simple time management assistance activities are conducted to help children understand the importance of time regulation and to foster disciplined behavior in their daily activities. These activities include introduction sessions, material delivery, question-and-answer sessions, as well as the distribution of gifts and group photo sessions, all carried out in an interactive and participatory manner. The results indicate that children begin to organize their daily schedules, follow instructions, and demonstrate gradual improvements in discipline. The research method used is Participatory Action Research (PAR), which actively involves children, facilitators, and teachers/ustadzah in the stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. This approach enables children to learn by doing, fostering a sense of responsibility, critical thinking skills, and the development of positive habits in a sustainable manner. The activity is also supported by the active participation of teachers/ustadzah and the facilitation team to enhance the effectiveness of the learning process; therefore, simple time management assistance based on the PAR method is effective in fostering discipline and orderliness in children from an early age.

Early marriage is a social and legal issue that still frequently occurs in Indonesia and has significant impacts on health, education, and socio-economic aspects. Although the minimum age for marriage has been regulated under Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perkawinan, the practice of early marriage remains prevalent due to low legal awareness, as well as economic, cultural, and social environmental factors. This community service activity aims to increase adolescents’ understanding and legal awareness regarding the impacts and prevention of early marriage. The method used is legal counseling with an educative and participatory approach targeting adolescents aged 15–18 years. The results indicate a significant improvement in participants’ understanding of legal regulations, the negative impacts of early marriage, and the importance of delaying marriage age. Furthermore, there is a positive change in participants’ attitudes, with a greater focus on education and future planning. Therefore, legal counseling proves to be an effective preventive effort in reducing the rate of early marriage among adolescents.

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is one of the most common arrhythmias in the pediatric population, often resulting from re-entry mechanisms involving accessory pathways or dual atrioventricular nodal physiology. Although generally well tolerated in children with structurally normal hearts, its management can be challenging, particularly in recurrent or persistent cases. This study is a case report describing a pediatric patient with hemodynamically stable SVT treated at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records, including history taking, physical examination, and supporting investigations such as serial electrocardiography (ECG), laboratory tests, chest radiography, and transthoracic echocardiography. Management was conducted according to current clinical guidelines, including vagal maneuvers, pharmacological therapy with beta-blockers and antiarrhythmic agents (amiodarone), and monitoring of treatment response based on clinical evaluation and ECG, along with identification and treatment of underlying triggers. We report a case of a 10-year-old female presenting with suspected SVT and pericarditis, who experienced episodes of narrow QRS complex tachycardia that were successfully converted to sinus rhythm following amiodarone administration. Echocardiographic evaluation revealed mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation with preserved ventricular function. Laboratory and radiological findings suggested an underlying inflammatory process, which was considered a triggering factor. This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach in the diagnosis and management of pediatric SVT, including addressing underlying conditions and ensuring continuous monitoring to prevent recurrence.

The practice of adulterating RON 92 (Pertamax) fuel has the potential to violate consumer rights and is contrary to applicable laws and regulations. The practice of mixing lower-quality fuel and then marketing it as RON 92 results in material and immaterial losses for users, including reduced vehicle performance and a loss of trust in business operators. This research aims to analyze the legal protections available to consumers regarding the practice of adulterating fuel based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and related provisions in Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas. The research method used is normative legal research with a library research approach, through analysis of relevant laws and regulations, scientific literature, and secondary legal sources. The results indicate that the practice of adulterating fuel violates consumers' rights to comfort, security, safety, and accurate information as stipulated in Article 4 of the Consumer Protection Law, and violates the obligations of business actors as stipulated in Articles 7 and 8 of the Consumer Protection Law. Business actors can be held accountable for civil damages, dispute resolution through the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK), or subject to administrative and criminal sanctions in accordance with the Oil and Gas Law. Therefore, legal protection for consumers in cases of fuel adulteration requires an interconnectedness between effective government oversight, firm law enforcement, business actor accountability, and increased consumer legal awareness to ensure legal certainty and fairness in trade activities.

Immunization is a preventive measure used to protect against Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Polio, Hepatitis B, and Measles. Immunization administration must be continuous, comprehensive, and conducted according to standards to provide effective health protection. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between paternal support and the immunization status of children aged 0 to 1 year in the Tamban Baru Community hEalth Center area, Kapuas Regency. This study used a cross-sectional correlation design. The independent variable was paternal support, and the dependent variable was immunization status. The sample was selected using total sampling technique, consisting of 50 respondents. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire. The results showed a significant correlation between paternal support and the immunization status of children aged 0 to 1 year, indicated by p = 0.000017 < 0.005; thus, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) accepted. This means that there is a correlation between paternal support and the immunization status of children aged 0 to 1 year. It is recommended that that cross-sector collaboration and Community Health Center authorities enhance efforts so that every immunization officer provides health education, such as counseling about immunization, and that family involvement in spreading immunization programs is increased to achieve targeted coverage through cooperation with health professionals.

This research examines the practice of handling Factual Action (TF) cases at the State Administrative Court (PTUN) after the issuance of Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2019 and the Job Creation Law, as well as the implications for the issuance of SEMA Number 2 of 2024. The main focus is on Factual Action (TF) cases which are preceded by a letter requesting the issuance of a certificate with a comparative study of Decision Number 93/G/TF/2023/PTUN.BDG and  41/G/TF/2024/PTUN.BDG.  This research aims to analyze whether TF cases that are preceded by an application for issuing a certificate are a form of smuggling in Negative Fictitious or Positive Fictitious cases, or whether they have their own classification because there are unique characteristics that differentiate them.  The research method used is a normative legal research method with a case study approach.  The research results show that there are two models for handling TF cases which are preceded by a request for certificate issuance.  The two are different because the first model can be considered as Positive Fictitious/Negative Fictitious legal smuggling, but the second model is not legal smuggling.  This means that the existence of factual action cases has produced various types of factual actions with their own unique characteristics.  These cases are not always smuggling Positive Fictitious or Negative Fictitious cases, but have unique characteristics that need to be recognized and accommodated in the practice of state administrative justice.