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This research aims to analyze student learning activities in Mathematics through observational studies at SD Inpres 1 Koya Timur. Student learning activities are an essential aspect in determining the success of learning, particularly in Mathematics, which requires active student involvement in the processes of thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving. This study uses a qualitative approach with observation methods and a systematic literature review. Data were obtained through observations of fifth-grade students' learning activities during Mathematics lessons, supported by relevant literature analysis. The results show that student learning activities include visual, verbal, writing, mental, and emotional activities. Some students displayed active involvement through activities such as asking questions, answering questions, discussing, and completing assignments; however, there were still students showing passive involvement. Factors influencing student learning activities include the role of the teacher, teaching methods, the use of media and learning materials, the classroom environment, and student characteristics. This research concludes that the student learning activities in Mathematics classes at SD Inpres 1 Koya Timur are categorized as fairly active, but improvements are necessary by implementing student-centered learning strategies to make Mathematics learning more effective and meaningful.

Many students still face difficulties in understanding statistics because inaccurate preconceptions often develop into misconceptions. This condition is important to study since misconceptions can hinder the mathematics learning process and reduce the quality of students’ conceptual understanding. This study aims to analyze in depth how preconceptions affect the emergence of misconceptions among senior high school students in learning statistics. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach, involving three tenth-grade students from State Senior High School 1 Purwosari who were selected through purposive sampling based on high, medium, and low achievement categories. Data were collected through diagnostic tests in the form of essay questions to reveal students’ preconceptions and in-depth interviews to explore their reasoning, then analyzed descriptively. The findings show that students with accurate preconceptions did not experience misconceptions, students with partially correct preconceptions developed classificational, theoretical, and correlational misconceptions, while students with incorrect preconceptions experienced more complex misconceptions, such as considering the median as the largest value and failing to relate changes in data to the properties of the mean, median, and mode. The study concludes that inaccurate preconceptions directly contribute to the emergence of various forms of misconceptions. The implication is that teachers need to detect, identify, and correct students’ preconceptions from the beginning of the learning process so that misconceptions can be minimized and students’ understanding of statistics can develop more comprehensively.

The low level of interest and motivation among elementary school students in learning mathematics, particularly in plane geometry topics, remains a common problem. This community service activity aimed to improve students’ interest and understanding of plane geometry concepts through the implementation of the Inspiration Class as an educational medium that connects mathematical material with students’ aspirations. The activity was conducted at SDN 056024 Dogang, Langkat Regency, involving sixth-grade students. The implementation method employed a participatory and educational approach consisting of preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages. The activities included the delivery of plane geometry material, interactive discussions, and a creative project in the form of a “dream tree” using origami shaped into plane figures. The evaluation was performed qualitatively by observing student engagement and interactions in question-and-answer sessions, and analysis of students’ work. The results showed that the Inspiration Class created a more active and enjoyable learning atmosphere, increased student participation, and helped students better understand the concepts and properties of plane figures. In addition, this activity motivated students by linking mathematics learning with future aspirations and professions. Therefore, the Inspiration Class can be considered an effective alternative educational medium for teaching mathematics at the elementary school level.

The government's implementation of the Academic Ability Test (TKA) has shocked some students, particularly because they are unfamiliar with the test questions. This highlights the need for public awareness campaigns regarding the TKA questions, particularly in private schools. This community service initiative aims to provide high school students in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) with an overview of the TKA mathematics exam. The method used in this initiative is drills and discussions, aimed at training and preparing students for the types of questions tested in the TKA. This initiative was attended by five private schools in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and conducted by lecturers and students from the Mathematics Education study program at Alma Ata University. The results of this training indicate that students gained an overview of the TKA mathematics exam questions and learned several strategies for solving them effectively. This initiative is expected to help students become more prepared and confident in facing the TKA in the future.

Breakfast and sleep quality are important factors that can influence students’ concentration and academic achievement. This study aims to analyze the relationship between breakfast consumption levels and sleep quality with the learning achievement of students at SMP Negeri 31 Medan. This research used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of all 192 eighth-grade students, with a sample of 88 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Breakfast intake was measured using a 3x24-hour food recall (breakfast time only), sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, while learning achievement was obtained from semester exam scores in Indonesian Language and Mathematics subjects. Data analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed a significant relationship between breakfast intake and learning achievement in Indonesian Language (p=0.003) and Mathematics (p=0.000). Sleep quality was also proven to be associated with learning achievement in Indonesian Language (p=0.001) and Mathematics (p=0.000). The conclusion of this study is that having breakfast with adequate nutritional intake and maintaining good sleep quality contribute positively to improving students’ learning achievement.

This research aims to develop a deep learning-based mathematics e-module with the integration of the context of the Suramadu Bridge in scale and comparison materials for grade VII junior high school students. The development model used is the 4D (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) model which includes the stage of defining learning needs, designing e-modules, product development, and limited deployment. The research instruments used included validation sheets of media and material experts, observation sheets of teacher and student activities, learning outcome tests, and student response questionnaires. The results of the study showed that the e-modules developed met the valid criteria with a media validity level of 94.29% and material of 95%. In addition, the e-module is considered practical with teacher practicality of 78.67% and students of 86.67%, and effective with a learning effectiveness rate of 83.83%. The students' response to the e-module was also very positive, which showed that the integration of the local context of the Suramadu Bridge and the deep learning approach was able to increase student engagement, learning motivation, and understanding of mathematical concepts in a meaningful way. These findings indicate that local context-based e-modules can be an innovative alternative in mathematics learning that is relevant to students' real lives as well as support the implementation of 21st century learning.

High school student’s poor understanding of mathematics remains a common problem, particularly in terms of learning motivation and independent problem-solving skills. This situation is also experienced by students at Nurul Jadid High School, where mathematics lessons tend to be perceived as difficult and boring. This community service activity aims to improve student’s mathematical understanding through the implementation of the Fun Arithmetic game-based tutoring program, designed to be interactive and fun. The methods used in this activity include planning, implementation, and evaluation. The activity was implemented through group tutoring using an educational math game that integrates the concepts of counting, problem-solving, and healthy competition between students. Evaluation was carried out through observation, and pre- and post-activity comprehension tests. The results of the activity showed an increase in students' understanding of mathematical concepts, as indicated by an increase in final test scores compared to the initial test. In addition, students demonstrated a more positive, enthusiastic, and active attitude in participating in mathematics learning. Thus, the Fun Arithmetic game-based tutoring program has proven effective as an alternative learning strategy to improve students' mathematical understanding of Nurul Jadid High School and create a more interesting and enjoyable learning atmosphere.

Mathematics is a core subject that develops critical thinking skills; however, many third to fifth-grade elementary school students face difficulties with conventional teaching methods that tend to be uniform and less adaptive. This study aims to develop and implement a mobile-based educational game, "Ethno Run," which integrates the Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) algorithm to provide an adaptive learning experience. The method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) framework. The system uses BKT to track students' mastery in real-time by analyzing their responses to pre-tests and exercises within the game, which then adjusts the difficulty level and focuses the post-test on areas identified as weak, such as arithmetic operations and geometry. The findings show that this adaptive approach significantly improves learning outcomes, with the average score increasing from 44.33 on the pre-test to 85.33 on the post-test among 30 students. This study concludes that the integration of Artificial Intelligence through BKT effectively personalizes learning, enhances student motivation, and provides data-driven insights for teachers regarding students' progress. The implication of this research is that adaptive game-based learning serves as a feasible interactive solution to bridge the gap in conventional basic mathematics education.

Set theory is one of the fundamental concepts underlying the structure of discrete mathematics and computer science and plays a crucial role in understanding various advanced topics, such as relations, functions, mathematical logic, and other discrete structures. This concept serves as the foundation for developing a systematic and structured mathematical mindset. This paper aims to explain the fundamental concepts of set theory, review its significance in discrete mathematics, and outline how to present sets and basic operations on sets, such as union, intersection, complement, and difference. The method used in this paper is a literature study by reviewing, collecting, reading, and analyzing data from various relevant written sources, both textbooks and scientific articles. Through this study, students are expected to be able to understand set theory more comprehensively. Thus, it can be concluded that set theory is not merely an introductory topic, but rather a formal framework that defines the validity of logic and structure in modern discrete systems.  

Graph theory as a branch of discrete mathematics has experienced significant development in its application to modern complex network systems, particularly in digital social networks and transportation systems. This research aims to analyze fundamental concepts of graph theory, examine characteristics of cycle detection algorithms along with their computational complexity, investigate their application in digital social network analysis, and explore their implementation in digital transportation system optimization. The research method employs a qualitative approach with library research focusing on scientific literature from 2020-2025 period from accredited academic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore, utilizing thematic analysis techniques to identify meaningful patterns from the examined literature. Research findings indicate that fundamental graph theory concepts including vertices, edges, and graph classifications form the foundation for relational structure modeling. Cycle detection algorithms such as Depth-First Search, Union-Find, and Tarjan demonstrate effectiveness with O(V+E) complexity for large-scale graphs. Applications in digital social networks facilitate community identification through Multi-View Clustering, centrality analysis for influencer detection, and understanding viral information dissemination patterns. Implementation in digital transportation systems demonstrates route planning optimization using Dijkstra and Bellman-Ford algorithms, vulnerability analysis through articulation point and bridge identification, and bottleneck detection with betweenness centrality. The research concludes that integration of graph theory in discrete mathematics education enhances critical thinking skills and real-world application understanding, with recommendations for algorithm development for massive dynamic graphs and machine learning integration in graph algorithm optimization.

Learning is the process of children getting to know knowledge that aims to increase knowledge as a basis for forming behavior. The learning process is carried out so that children experience behavioral changes and gain an overall improvement in knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Learning is very closely related to daily life, therefore it is important for children to learn continuously, one of which is through learning mathematics. Mathematics learning has a very important role in the sustainability of children's education because mathematics is one of the fundamental non-physical tools in the world of education and daily life. Through mathematics learning, children are trained to think logically, systematically, critically, and creatively in solving various problems. In addition, mathematics helps children solve calculation problems that are often encountered in daily activities, such as counting money, measuring length, time, and distance, and interpreting simple data. Mathematics learning also plays a role in developing the ability to reason and make appropriate decisions. Therefore, mathematics learning is a subject that must be followed because it has a great influence on thinking skills, learning independence, and children's readiness to face life challenges and scientific development in the future.

Educator certificates are official documents that play a crucial role for teachers, as they serve as legal proof of professional competence and are required for various administrative purposes, such as professional allowance applications, promotion, transfer, and institutional accreditation. Along with the increasing number of educators in Indonesia, the volume of educator certificate data managed by educational institutions has also grown significantly. However, certificate management is still largely conducted in a conventional manner, functioning merely as digital or physical archives without an effective search mechanism, resulting in inefficiencies and difficulties in retrieving relevant documents. Therefore, an information retrieval approach is needed to support fast and accurate document searching. This study aims to analyze and implement an information retrieval system for educator certificates using the Cosine Similarity method. The research data consist of educator certificate documents, including professional educator certificates, training certificates, and competency certificates. The retrieval process involves text preprocessing, term weighting using TF-IDF, and similarity measurement using Cosine Similarity. The results show that document d1 (Professional Mathematics Educator Certificate) has the highest similarity value to the query “educator certificate,” as it contains all query terms with relatively high TF-IDF weights. Document d3 ranks second due to partial term similarity, while document d2 has the lowest similarity value because it shares only one common term with the query. These findings indicate that the Cosine Similarity method is effective in ranking educator certificate documents based on their content relevance in an objective and measurable manner. The proposed system can improve the efficiency and accuracy of educator certificate document management and retrieval in educational institutions.

Dyscalculia is a difficulty in learning mathematics that is commonly experienced by elementary school students, especially in multiplication materials. Students with dyscalculia experience obstacles in understanding the concept of numbers and calculation operations, which has an impact on low learning outcomes and students' confidence in mathematics learning. This study aims to describe the difficulties of learning multiplication in dyscalculia students in grade III of MI Nurul Falah 3, as well as identify learning efforts that can help overcome these difficulties. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study design on two students who were identified as having dyscalculia. Data collection techniques include observation, diagnostic assessment, interviews with students and teachers, and analysis of learning outcomes. The results showed that students had difficulty recognizing number symbols, often flipped numbers, and were not able to complete simple multiplication independently. Concrete learning using the "Multiplication Smart Wallet" media has been proven to help students understand the concept of multiplication, increase learning motivation, and reduce anxiety about mathematics. Thus, the use of concrete media is considered effective in supporting more inclusive mathematics learning for dyscalculia students.

This article discusses community service aimed at improving students' mathematical understanding at MI Nurul Mun'im through learning assistance assisted by the Astromath game. The main problem faced is low student motivation and understanding in mathematics, caused by less engaging learning methods. The purpose of this activity is to provide a solution by using innovative educational technology, specifically the Astromath game, which is designed to develop students' mathematical abilities in an interactive and fun way. The method used in this community service is a direct mentoring approach that involves students in game-assisted learning sessions, with mentoring from lecturers and students. This activity was carried out over several meetings involving the direct use of the Astromath game in class. The results obtained showed an increase in student understanding of mathematics material, especially in terms of basic arithmetic operations, as well as a significant increase in learning motivation. This is indicated by an increase in the average pre-test score from 58.8 to 88.9 average post-test score. In addition, students were also more active and interested in participating in mathematics lessons after being involved in learning sessions using this game. The use of the Astromath game has proven effective in making mathematics learning more interesting and improving student learning outcomes at MI Nurul Mun'im.

This Community Partnership Program (PKM) aims to improve the competence of mathematics teachers at Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) in Lumajang Regency in developing ethnomathematics-based teaching materials integrated with Augmented Reality (AR) technology. This program was initiated due to the minimal use of local culture in mathematics learning and the low ability of teachers to develop innovative teaching materials. The activity was carried out in four main stages: socialization, training, technology application, and mentoring and evaluation. The training included an introduction to the concept of ethnomathematics, the preparation of differentiated teaching materials, and the creation of AR-based learning media using Unity 3D, Blender, Geogebra, and Vuforia. The results of the activity showed an increase in teachers' understanding of the concept of ethnomathematics and their ability to integrate the local cultural values of Lumajang into mathematics learning. In addition, teachers successfully produced contextual AR-based interactive teaching materials in line with the spirit of the Merdeka Curriculum. This activity also strengthened collaboration between lecturers, students, and teachers of the MTs Wilker III Mathematics MGMP and became a model for continuous training in the development of innovative learning media based on local wisdom and digital technology.

The purpose of this study was to examine how problem-based mathematics learning affected the learning interest of 5- to 6-year-old students at the Ki Hajar Dewantara State Kindergarten in South Jakarta. To compare problem-based mathematics learning and conventional learning, this study used a quantitative method and a quasi-experimental design. Problem-based learning is intended to use mathematical problems in children's daily lives. Children in group B were divided into experimental and control groups. To collect data, structured observations were conducted on elements of children's interest in learning. These included enjoyment, focus, activity, and willingness to participate in learning activities. To determine the difference in the level of interest in learning between the two groups, the data obtained was analyzed statistically. The results showed that, compared to conventional learning, problem-based mathematics learning had a significant effect on increasing children's interest in learning. Children showed more enthusiasm, better concentration, active involvement in activities, and critical thinking skills in solving mathematical problems. The results showed that effective problem-based mathematics learning made learning meaningful, enjoyable, and appropriate for the characteristics of early childhood development.

The application of Mastery Learning in Olympiad mentoring at Darussalam Islamic Junior High School was carried out using a classroom action research model involving 20 students from grades 8 and 9. The mentoring process followed a cyclical structure consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection, supported by observation techniques, tests, and documentation. The implementation of the mastery learning model effectively improved students’ mathematics learning outcomes, as shown by a significant increase in mastery levels: 65% before the intervention, 75% after the first cycle, and 90% after the second cycle. In addition, the average learning score rose from 71 in the first cycle to 87 in the second cycle, reflecting substantial progress in understanding and problem-solving abilities. These results indicate that Mastery Learning not only enhances students’ mathematics performance but also strengthens their readiness and confidence to compete in the National OSN competition, demonstrating the model’s positive contribution to academic achievement and Olympiad preparation.

This study investigates the impact of GeoGebra-assisted collaborative learning on students' understanding of function graphs. Function graphs are fundamental in mathematics education, yet many students struggle to grasp the relationships between variables, primarily due to traditional teaching methods that focus on procedural skills rather than conceptual understanding. To address this challenge, the study incorporates GeoGebra, a dynamic mathematics software, alongside collaborative learning strategies. The research utilizes a quasi-experimental design involving high school students who had previously struggled with function graphs. The results demonstrate that the experimental group, which engaged in GeoGebra-assisted collaborative learning, showed a significant improvement of 27% in their post-test scores, compared to just a 6% improvement in the control group using traditional methods. The study highlights the effectiveness of GeoGebra in fostering a deeper conceptual understanding of mathematical functions by enabling students to visualize and manipulate graphs interactively. Additionally, collaborative learning encouraged peer interaction, reinforcing the learning process and promoting better problem-solving skills. The findings suggest that combining interactive tools like GeoGebra with collaborative learning techniques can enhance students’ mathematical comprehension, leading to improved engagement and performance in mathematics education.

Measurement learning is a fundamental and applicable mathematical topic in everyday life, but it often causes learning difficulties for students, especially in understanding the meaning of units, relationships between quantities, and the conceptual measurement process. These difficulties are not only caused by students' limited cognitive abilities, but also by learning designs that do not fully facilitate social interaction and student learning development. This study aims to reconstruct the contextual didactic design in measurement learning by reviewing the role of social interaction and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in the student learning process. This study uses a qualitative approach with the type of Didactic Design Research (DDR). The research stages include analysis of the initial didactic situation to identify student learning barriers, implementation of contextual didactic design in measurement learning, and retrospective analysis of student responses as a basis for reconstructing the didactic design. Data were collected through learning observations, analysis of student work results, interviews, and learning documentation. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by examining social interaction patterns, forms of scaffolding, and student movements in the Zone of Proximal Development. The results of this study indicate that understanding of measurement concepts develops through social interactions between students and between students and teachers within a meaningful learning context. Social interactions and scaffolding provided gradually can encourage students to move from actual abilities to potential abilities within the Zone of Proximal Development. Retrospective analysis indicates that reconstruction of the didactic design is necessary to refine the learning context, activity sequence, and scaffolding strategies to better align with students' learning characteristics. The reconstruction of the didactic design can reduce learning barriers and improve the quality of students' conceptual understanding in measurement learning. This research provides theoretical contributions to the study of social constructivism-based mathematics education and provides practical implications for teachers in designing measurement learning that is more responsive to social interactions and student learning development.

This research aims to improve the mathematics learning outcomes of Grade VII B students at SMP Darul Ulum 5 Rebalas through the implementation of Madurese language-based ethnomathematics. The study is motivated by the students' difficulties in understanding mathematical concepts delivered in formal Indonesian, as their daily communication relies on the specific Madurese dialect of Rebalas Village. This study employs the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method using the Kemmis and McTaggart model, conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of this research were 28 students from class VII B. The research instruments included test instruments in the form of group Student Worksheets (LKPD) and observation sheets for both teacher and student activities. The material focused on the topic of Lines and Angles. The results indicated an improvement in student learning outcomes from Cycle I to Cycle II. In Cycle I, the average group score was 80.2, which increased to 88 in Cycle II. Observations of student activities also showed a shift from passive participation in Cycle I to active and enthusiastic engagement in Cycle II. Furthermore, teacher observations showed significant improvement; initial issues regarding time management and excessive workloads were resolved, resulting in more enthusiastic and punctual teaching delivery. These findings demonstrate that the use of Madurese-based ethnomathematics helps students grasp mathematical terms more easily, increases discussion participation, and creates a more comfortable and interactive classroom atmosphere, thereby leading to improved learning outcomes.