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Social emotional development in early childhood is an important foundation for children's psychological and social functioning in later stages of development. This process is greatly influenced by the quality of interactions within the family environment, including the level and quality of the father's involvement in parenting. Although various studies show that fathers play a significant role in shaping children's emotional regulation, independence, and social competence, studies that systematically integrate the role of fathers within the framework of psychosocial and sociocultural development theory are still relatively limited. This study aims to critically analyze the role of fathers in shaping the emotions and socialization of early childhood based on the perspectives of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory and Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. This study uses a qualitative approach with a Literature Study Review (LSR) method of reputable national and international journal articles, academic books, and scientific proceedings published in the period 2020–2025. The data were analyzed through thematic synthesis and conceptual analysis. The results of the study show that consistent, responsive, and supportive father involvement contributes significantly to the development of emotional regulation, self-confidence, social initiative, and adaptive social interaction skills in children. These findings confirm the relevance of Erikson and Vygotsky's theories and provide theoretical and practical implications for the development of family parenting patterns and early childhood education policies that encourage optimal father involvement.

The increasing elderly population in Indonesia necessitates the development of more comprehensive health services, yet various obstacles continue to hinder the fulfillment of these needs. This study aims to identify the main barriers experienced by older adults in accessing contemporary healthcare services and to outline the essential health service needs relevant to this age group. A literature study method was employed by analyzing scientific publications related to elderly health across physical, social, economic, and healthcare system dimensions. The findings indicate that older adults encounter limitations such as reduced mobility, low health literacy, insufficient elderly-friendly facilities, high healthcare costs, and a shortage of healthcare professionals trained in geriatrics. Meanwhile, their primary health service needs include continuous promotive and preventive care, easily accessible healthcare facilities, family support in managing health routines, and user-friendly health technologies. These results highlight the importance of developing more inclusive, affordable, and sustainable health services to improve the quality of life of the elderly in Indonesia.

In the ever-evolving digital era, the importance of cyber law in safeguarding user privacy cannot be overstated. As a distinct legal discipline, cyber law examines regulations that oversee activities in cyberspace, offering legal protection regarding personal data and user privacy. Referring to various credible sources, this article evaluates the role of cyber law in protecting user privacy in the Indonesian context. The article discusses regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), the Government Regulation on Electronic Systems, and the Personal Data Protection Bill. The main elements analyzed include supervision, regulation, resolution, and protection of user rights when facing digital security challenges. The examination shows that cyber law plays a significant role in protecting individuals' personal information, thereby encouraging safer and more trustworthy digital services. Furthermore, the article points out the various challenges faced in enforcing cyber law, such as administrative constraints, inadequate digital literacy, and limited access to justice, especially for those without legal knowledge or support. Consequently, to improve the effectiveness of cyber law, continued efforts are needed to strengthen the digital regulatory framework and provide more comprehensive user privacy protection. This perspective seeks to enhance understanding of the significance of cyber law in safeguarding privacy and proposes recommendations for governments and relevant organizations in addressing privacy issues in the digital age.

This study aims to examine the responses and levels of understanding of eleventh-grade students at SMA Negeri 4 Pasuruan City regarding trademark disputes, particularly the “Geprek Bensu” case. The research employs a descriptive quantitative approach, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to students as respondents. The questionnaire was designed to describe students’ understanding of the concept of trademarks, the benefits of trademark registration, and their views on the causes of trademark disputes. The results indicate that most students are familiar with the “Geprek Bensu” case and understand trademarks as a business identity and a means of product differentiation. The majority of respondents are also aware that trademark registration provides legal protection and exclusive rights to the trademark owner. However, students’ understanding of trademark law remains varied, as some respondents still associate trademark ownership with popularity alone. In addition, students demonstrate a positive attitude toward the importance of intellectual property education from an early stage through formal education. These findings emphasize the need to strengthen Intellectual Property Rights literacy at the secondary school level in order to enhance legal awareness and prevent trademark disputes in the future.  

The use of technology in elementary school learning plays a crucial role in improving the quality of the educational process. One frequently used tool is the infocus (LCD projector), which serves to present learning materials in visual and audiovisual forms. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of using infocus-based learning media in elementary schools and its impact on student learning. The method used was a qualitative approach, collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the use of infocus can improve students' concentration, motivation, and understanding of the subject matter, as the presentation becomes more engaging and easier to understand. However, the use of infocus in elementary schools still faces various challenges, such as limited facilities and infrastructure, teacher readiness to operate the equipment, and technical problems such as power problems and additional devices. Therefore, supporting facilities and improving teacher skills are needed to ensure the effective and sustainable use of infocus as a learning medium.

This study aims to describe and analyze in depth the actualization of school leadership based on the values of Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah (Aswaja) at SDIT Mutiara Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi Regency. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design. Data was collected through interviews, observations, and documentation studies of various parties involved in school management. The results of the study show that school leadership integrates Aswaja values, namely tawassuth (moderate), tawazun (balanced), i'tidal (firm/straight), and tasamuh (tolerant), in policy making, curriculum management, and character development of students. The actualization of these values has an impact on the creation of a harmonious, inclusive, and oriented learning environment for the development of moderate Islamic character. An important point found is the integration of Aswaja values in the school's visions and missions, student discipline, and religious programs such as morning dhikr and dawn lectures. These programs support the formation of righteous, intelligent, and outstanding students, while strengthening the school's identity as an educational institution based on moderate Islamic values. This research confirms that Aswaja-based leadership not only serves as a normative guideline, but also as a practical strategy in building a school culture that is sustainable and relevant to the needs of the community.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Product Ingredients and Halal Certification on Consumer Purchase Intention toward udon products in Medan City. The research background is grounded in the increasing concern of Muslim consumers regarding the clarity of product composition and the legality of halal certification, particularly for foreign food products such as Japanese udon. The study employed a quantitative approach with a causal associative design, involving respondents who had purchased udon products. Primary data were collected through questionnaire distribution, and the analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression. The findings indicate that Product Ingredients have a positive and significant effect on Purchase Intention, with ingredient information emerging as the most dominant indicator because it provides certainty regarding product safety, quality, and halal compliance. Halal Certification was also found to significantly influence Purchase Intention, with the legality of the certifying institution being the most emphasized indicator, while detailed certification information received relatively lower attention. Simultaneously, both variables explained 68% of the variation in purchase intention, with referential intention being the highest indicator, demonstrating consumers’ tendency to recommend the product to others. These results highlight that transparency of ingredients and credible halal certification are crucial factors in shaping consumer purchase intention toward udon products. The study recommends that producers improve clarity of ingredient information, display official halal certification details, and offer product innovations to increase consumers’ exploratory intentions.

This study aims to analyze the influence of service quality, product quality, and price on customer loyalty at the online shop Patricia Aksesoris. This research is motivated by the increasingly fierce competition in the e-commerce business, which requires businesses to not only attract new customers but also retain existing ones by increasing loyalty. Customer loyalty is a crucial factor because it directly impacts business sustainability and competitive advantage. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method, distributing questionnaires to customers who had previously purchased from Patricia Aksesoris. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to determine the effect of each independent variable on customer loyalty. The results indicate that service quality, product quality, and price, both partially and simultaneously, have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. These findings indicate that responsive and friendly service, products that meet customer expectations, and competitive pricing commensurate with product quality can increase customer loyalty. This research is expected to provide practical contributions to online shop owners in formulating marketing strategies oriented towards customer satisfaction and loyalty.

The increasing use of electronic devices, specifically gadgets, among elementary school children has caused various problems, such as addiction, decreased social interaction, health problems, and decreased concentration in learning. These problems involve not only children but also objects and things around them, as well as parents in managing them. Gadget use is not just a matter of quantity that exacerbates this condition. As a solution, the community service team held a socialization focused on improving healthy digital literacy through counseling, interactive discussions, and practical simulations. Results achieved included increased knowledge about the risks of excessive gadget use, increased collective awareness in limiting usage time, and the formation of practical guidelines for healthy gadget use in school and family environments. The results of the activity were documented in the form of a scientific article published in the community service journal as an academic contribution. Overall, the activity has gone according to plan in terms of planning, implementation, and partner involvement. Active participation of participants was evident in the enthusiasm in the discussions and the school's commitment to continuously monitoring gadget use. Thus, this program is expected to have a long-term positive impact in shaping wise behavior in using technology among elementary school children.

Educational inequality persists across ASEAN despite improvements in enrollment and literacy, reflecting structural rather than merely access-related challenges. This study examines how governance structures, financing mechanisms, institutional capacity, and socio-economic stratification interact to produce disparities in educational access, participation, and progression. Using a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods design with cross-national comparative policy analysis, the research integrates macro-level quantitative indicators with in-depth qualitative evaluation of policy frameworks across ASEAN member states. Findings reveal that while primary enrollment approaches universality, secondary and tertiary education exhibit pronounced attrition, particularly among rural, low-income, and minority populations. Centralized governance, equitable public financing, and targeted support correlate with higher retention and reduced disparities, as evidenced in high-performing systems such as Singapore, whereas decentralized or under-resourced systems exacerbate structural inequities. Moreover, digital access and institutional capacity emerge as critical factors influencing educational trajectories. The study underscores that addressing inequality requires systemic reforms integrating governance coordination, progressive financing, institutional strengthening, and equity-focused interventions. By foregrounding structural determinants and cross-national variation, this research contributes to theoretical and policy debates on educational equity, providing evidence-based guidance for ASEAN strategies aimed at achieving inclusive, high-quality education across diverse socio-economic and geographic contexts.

Hypertension in the elderly requires long-term treatment to prevent cardiovascular consequences. Adherence to antihypertensive medication is crucial for blood pressure management. Adherence to antihypertensive medication is a crucial aspect in hypertension management. Poor adherence can lead to uncontrolled blood pressure, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular problems, including stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This study aims to determine the correlation between adherence to antihypertensive medication and blood pressure in the elderly at the Ronggo Husada Primary Inpatient Clinic in Malang. This study used a cross-sectional design. The cohort consisted of 52 geriatric patients with hypertension who consistently visited the Ronggo Husada Primary Inpatient Clinic in Malang. The sample consisted of 40 patients. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. Research factors included medication adherence and blood pressure. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire. This study was conducted at the Ronggo Husada Primary Inpatient Clinic in Malang on November 6, 2025. Data processing used the Chi-square test. The analysis included univariate and bivariate analyses, using the Chi-square test. The results showed that more than 50% of elderly participants demonstrated moderate adherence to antihypertensive medication (18 individuals (45%). Nearly 50% of elderly participants suffered from stage I hypertension (14 individuals (35%), and stage II hypertension (11 individuals (27.5%). Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test showed a significant correlation between adherence to antihypertensive medication and blood pressure in the elderly, with a p-value of 0.000, which is below the alpha threshold of 0.05 (5%). Elderly individuals who demonstrated strong adherence had better blood pressure regulation compared to those with poor adherence. These results emphasize the importance of adherence to therapy in the management of hypertension in the elderly.    

The culture of patronage is a key characteristic of Indonesian political dynamics, having developed from the pre-colonial era to the contemporary democratic era. Despite decentralization and political reforms in Indonesia, patronage practices persist through relationships between political elites, bureaucracy, business actors, and communities, particularly at the local level. This study analyzes patronage using Pierre Bourdieu's Social Practice Theory framework, which emphasizes the interaction between habitus, capital, and the arena as factors shaping social practices. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques through desk studies, which allows researchers to examine various academic literature to build a comprehensive conceptual analysis. The research findings indicate that internalized political habitus, the accumulation of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital, and a competitive local political field are key elements in perpetuating patronage. Patronage is not merely a transactional political practice, but a social structure that is continuously reproduced and impacts the politicization of bureaucracy, the strengthening of oligarchy, power inequality, and the vulnerability of the poor to political manipulation. This research confirms that efforts to strengthen democracy in Indonesia require transformation of the political habitus of society, bureaucratic reform, and restrictions on the dominance of economic actors in the political arena to break the entrenched patron-client chain.

This kind of research can reveal a purpose, namely to be able to carry out an analysis of the important role of the government together with the community in realizing policies to combat corruption of village funds. It is necessary to understand that village funds have been made one of the government's priority programs in order to increase the level of prosperity of rural communities and village development through the Village Law. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify policy solutions provided by the government and the community to prevent corruption of village funds. This study utilizes a literature study method through a qualitative approach that can be used to assess the role of the government and the community in implementing policies to combat corruption of village funds as an effort to uphold the integrity of the village administration system. Meanwhile, the research data sources obtained came from secondary data, which included the collection of scientific journals in the last five years, reading books in the last ten years, reports in the mass media, and government regulations. The findings of this study describe that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has identified several loopholes that are often exploited by village officials in misappropriating Village Funds. Then there were 98 cases of corruption that caused the state to lose up to Rp. 37.2 billion. This creates an urgency for the government and the community to play a role in creating village regulations that are capable of overcoming corruption of village funds.

The academic crisis among Physics students often arises due to the pressure of the credit semester sistem (SKS), grade demands, and heavy study loads. This condition drives students to focus solely on achieving academic results, while the essence of learning as worship is often overlooked. This study aims to explore how the values of Islamic education, particularly the orientation towards rewards, can help students cope with academic pressure. The methods used include literature review and a quantitative survey with an online questionnaire completed by 56 Physics and Physics Education students at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. The analysis results show a significant correlation between the SKS pressure and changes in learning behavior (r = 0.807), while the orientation towards rewards acts as a spiritual balance. The findings suggest that Islamic education plays a crucial role in building academic resilience through values of sincerity (ikhlas), patience (sabar), trust in God (tawakal), and balance (tawazun). Thus, academic achievements can become a means of worship while contributing positively to society. This study highlights the importance of spiritual values in achieving balanced academic success.

Epistaxis, or more commonly known as nosebleeds, is one of the most frequently encountered medical emergencies in the field of ENT. Epistaxis is a condition in which blood flows from the nasal cavity. Although often considered a minor disorder, epistaxis can be a sign of a more serious medical condition, especially if it occurs repeatedly or in large amounts. Globally, the prevalence of epistaxis is estimated to be around 21.7%, with a wide range of variation between countries, namely between 3 and 60 cases per 100,000 population per year. This paper aims to review the aspects of diagnosis and management of epistaxis based on the latest literature. The method used in this study was a search and analysis of various scientific publications, guidelines, and relevant current journals. The discussion covers the identification of types and signs of epistaxis, emergency management, and tampon insertion strategies. Understanding the appropriate and rapid diagnosis and management is essential to prevent the condition from worsening.

Abstract. The development of digital media, especially YouTube, has made this platform not only a means of entertainment, but also a source of information, education, and self-reflection for students. Viewer satisfaction in consuming YouTube content is influenced by the quality of content presented by creators. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the quality of Nadia Omara's YouTube channel content on viewer satisfaction among students at Muhammadiyah University Kotabumi. This study applies a quantitative approach through a survey method. Data were collected through a closed questionnaire with a Likert scale distributed to 98 respondents selected using purposive sampling. The independent variable in this study is content quality, while the dependent variable is viewer satisfaction. Data analysis was conducted through validity testing, reliability testing, linearity testing, and simple linear regression analysis. Hypothesis testing was performed using the t-test (partial test) with the help of SPSS version 26 software. The results showed that the quality of Nadia Omara's YouTube channel content had a positive and significant effect on viewer satisfaction. This is evidenced by a regression coefficient value of 0.865 and a t-value of 11.937 with a significance level of 0.000 (< 0.05). These findings support the Uses and Gratifications Theory and Expectation Confirmation Theory, which emphasize the active role of the audience in evaluating media based on the fulfillment of needs and conformity with expectations empirically among college students.

This study examines Pamungkas’s song “To the Bone” through the lens of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), focusing on the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions as proposed by M.A.K. Halliday. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research explores how the lyrics represent emotional depth, longing, and devotion through linguistic choices. The ideational metafunction reveals the representation of personal experiences and emotional states, as seen in the recurring mental processes that express desire and affection. The interpersonal metafunction highlights the close emotional relationship between the singer and the listener, employing personal pronouns, modality, and mood to convey sincerity, vulnerability, and affection. Meanwhile, the textual metafunction ensures cohesion and coherence through repetition, thematic structure, and parallelism, which emphasize the constancy of emotion and strengthen the lyrical unity. By uncovering these linguistic processes, this study demonstrates how “To the Bone” serves as a powerful medium of emotional expression, illustrating how language in music functions not only as art but also as a reflection of human intimacy and emotional truth.

This study analyzes efforts to develop and foster the Indonesian language through the use of standard and nonstandard words at MTS Bahlul Ulum. The increasing use of nonstandard words among students, influenced by social media and cross-regional interactions, has led to a decline in the awareness of using standard language in academic contexts. A descriptive qualitative approach was used with teachers and students of Class VII H at MTS Bahlul Ulum during the first semester of the 2025/2026 academic year. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation of Student Worksheet (LKPD) results containing 50 questions on standard and nonstandard words. The findings showed that before the language development program, students had an average score of 62.4 in understanding standard and nonstandard words, with errors in commonly used informal words like vidio (standard: video) and antri (standard: antre). After the program, which included class discussions, conversation simulations, and interactive worksheets, the average score increased to 78.6, with 82% of students scoring above 78. The error rate decreased from 45% to 18%, indicating that interactive and contextual language development is effective. Continuous training and curriculum integration are essential to strengthening the use of standard language in the digital era.

The aim of this study is to analyze verbal and non-verbal communication in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom by using the Sinclair and Coulthard (1975) model of classroom discourse. Although many studies have examined verbal interaction in EFL classrooms, few have discussed how verbal and non-verbal communication work together to support effective learning. To fill this gap, this research focuses on identifying the types and frequency of verbal and non-verbal communication used by the teacher and students during classroom interaction. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from an 80-minute video recording of an eleventh-grade English class at MAS Darul Quran. The recording was transcribed and analyzed based on Sinclair and Coulthard’s framework, which includes three main levels: Exchange (Informing, Directive, Question–Answer), Move (Initiation, Response, Feedback), and Act (Questioning, Explaining, Agreeing, Refusing, Revising, Appraising). The findings show that the classroom interaction was mainly teacher-centered. The teacher dominated the talk through Initiation moves, mostly in the form of questions, explanations, and instructions, while students gave short and simple responses. Feedback was used less often and mostly as short praise or confirmation. The teacher also used various non-verbal behaviors such as gestures, eye contact, movement, and changes in voice tone to direct attention and motivate students. The results suggest that combining verbal and non-verbal strategies can create a more interactive and engaging classroom atmosphere that supports student participation and understanding.

This research is motivated by the learning of Islamic Cultural History (SKI) which still focuses on memorization so that students are not able to understand the relationship between events in depth. This study aims to describe the application of conceptual dimension development to increase the effectiveness of SKI learning in grade VIII at MTs Syi'ar Islam Maibit. The method used is descriptive qualitative through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and documentation studies. The research informants included SKI teachers, grade VIII students, and deputy heads of madrasas in the curriculum field who were selected purposively. The results of the study show that students already recognize basic historical facts in the material of the Abbasid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk dynasties, but are still weak in understanding the interconnectedness of concepts, analyzing cause and effect, and connecting historical events to the broader social context. Conceptual dimension mapping reveals that the aspects that need to be improved the most are analytical skills and the ability to structure knowledge sequentially. This study concludes that strengthening the conceptual dimension through visual media, concept maps, and analytical activities can help students understand SKI material more deeply and make learning more active and meaningful for the formation of students' character.