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Christian religious education plays a crucial role in shaping students' character and morals. Christian religious teachers are responsible for teaching God's Word with objectivity, without discrimination based on students' social, cultural, economic, ethnic backgrounds, or academic abilities. However, in practice, discrimination can still occur in various forms, both consciously and unconsciously. This study aims to analyze the competencies of Christian religious teachers in teaching God's Word objectively and to identify possible forms of discrimination in the learning process. Using a qualitative descriptive analysis method, this research examines religious education policies and teachers' experiences in the teaching process. The findings indicate that teachers with a deep understanding of theology, a neutral attitude in interpretation, discussion-based teaching methods, and high ethics and professionalism are better able to create an inclusive learning environment. To prevent discrimination, awareness and commitment from educators are needed so that the values of love and justice in Christian teachings can be realized in the learning process.

Technological advances have encouraged innovation in education, including the use of interactive learning media in primary schools aims to enhance student engagement and improve learning outcomes. This study analyzes the impact, challenges, and effectiveness of interactive media through a literature review of relevant scientific journals. The findings reveal that tools such as PowerPoint, educational videos, and Kahoot significantly boost student motivation, facilitate better understanding of concepts, and promote active participation. However, challenges like limited access to technology, teacher preparedness, and varying student competencies must be addressed to maximize the potential of these media in education, among other things, increase interest in learning, facilitate understanding of the material, and encourage active participation of students. They also support independent learning, help students and teachers develop technology skills, and improve information retention, thus creating a more effective, efficient and enjoyable learning experience. However, challenges such as limited access to technology and teachers' lack of skills in operating interactive media are still an obstacle. With good planning and training for educators, interactive learning media can be an innovative solution in creating a more effective, fun and meaningful learning process for students in the digital era

Leadership plays an essential role in determining the success of an organization, especially in the field of education. In the context of educational management, a leader not only performs administrative functions but also inspires and motivates all elements within the institution. A well-led educational environment can support individual potential development and encourage innovation. The Islamic perspective views leadership as a trust (amanah) that must be carried out with justice, integrity, and moral responsibility. Islamic principles such as trustworthiness, justice, consultation (shura), and noble character serve as a foundation for leaders to make inclusive and fair decisions, enhancing the effectiveness of educational management. This research uses a literature study method to analyze the application of Islamic leadership values in educational management. The findings show that Islamic values in leadership can strengthen motivation, participation, and innovation within educational environments and foster positive character in students and educators. Thus, integrating Islamic values into educational leadership is crucial in forming a generation that is intellectually capable, moral, and faithful.

Inclusive schools are schools that accept students with certain special needs and implement a learning system by uniting students with special needs and normal students in one class. At SDIT Baitussalam, one of the inclusive schools in Prambanan, four totally deaf students have different learning abilities than normal students. This study aims to identify challenges, teaching strategies, and supporting factors for the success of English teaching strategies for deaf students in inclusive classes. This study used a qualitative descriptive method by interviewing three English subject teachers who had taught deaf students in inclusive classes. The results of the study found four main challenges in teaching, namely limited speaking ability, limited use of sign language, differences in cognitive development, and student learning motivation. In addition, there are six strategies applied in teaching English in inclusive classes, namely choral response, peer tutoring, visual representation and concrete objects, technology optimization, implementation of social interaction, and utilization of practice exercises. The success of implementing these strategies is supported by four main factors, namely support from educators and education personnel, parental support, availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure, and support from friends and the surrounding environment. This research can help teachers find the right strategy for teaching English in inclusive classes, especially for deaf students, so that learning can take place more effectively and inclusively.

This study aims to analyze the role of environmental education in raising ecological awareness and to identify the supporting and hindering factors in its implementation. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through literature reviews, interviews, and observations at both formal and non-formal educational institutions. The findings indicate that environmental education plays a significant role in shaping environmentally friendly awareness and behavior among learners. It encourages a deeper understanding of ecological issues and fosters a sense of responsibility toward the environment. However, in practice, the implementation of environmental education still faces various challenges. The main obstacles identified include limited resources, a shortage of educators with specific competencies in environmental topics, and a lack of policy support from both government and educational institutions. On the other hand, practice-based learning methods—such as field activities, environmental projects, and collaborations with local communities—have proven more effective in enhancing active participation and engagement among students. The main contribution of this study is to provide insights into optimal strategies for the implementation of environmental education, along with recommendations for policymakers to improve its effectiveness through curriculum strengthening and innovative teaching methods. These findings also serve as a foundation for developing more contextual and applicable learning models. For future research, it is recommended to broaden the scope of the study by examining the effectiveness of environmental education in various socio-economic contexts and exploring the use of digital technologies in environmental learning.

This study examines the transformation of the role of PPKn teachers at SMPN 17 Medan from mere educators to moral role models in the digital era. This study, which used qualitative methods through observation and interviews, uncovered insights from PPKn teacher Mrs. Dina Noviana and her students. The study revealed that teachers must navigate the complexity of the digital environment, recognizing its positive and negative impacts on students’ character development. Teachers are now tasked with not only delivering curriculum content but also acting as role models in moral behavior, especially in online interactions. The study’s findings suggest that effective moral guidance is essential, balancing curriculum delivery with instilling ethical values. Students expressed appreciation for teachers who demonstrated positive attitudes and modeled appropriate behavior in both academic and digital settings. This study underscores the importance of PPKn educators evolving with digital trends, becoming relevant moral guides who are able to prepare students for future challenges while fostering character in a rapidly changing digital landscape. This study emphasizes that the role of PPKn teachers is essential in instilling ethical values, morality, and integrity, thus shaping future community leaders. Ultimately, these findings suggest the need for educators to adapt and refine their approaches to be effective in the digital era.    

The principal is the highest leader in an educational unit who has the task and responsibility to manage the educational unit, therefore this study aims to describe and analyze the Principal's strategy in implementing educational management and the factors that hinder and support the implementation of the Principal's strategy in implementing educational management and the efforts made by the Principal in overcoming obstacles in the implementation of Educational Management at SMA Bina Warga 1 Palembang. The research data were obtained by interviews, observation and document methods which were analyzed using interactive model analysis. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that 1) the Principal's strategy in implementing educational management at SMA Bina Warga 1 Palembang implemented the principles and functions of educational management such as planning, organizing, implementing/driving, and supervising, especially in the governance of students, educators and education personnel, and facilities and infrastructure so that the implementation of education runs in accordance with applicable regulations. 2) inhibiting and supporting factors for the implementation of the principal's strategy in implementing educational management at SMA Bina Warga 1 Palembang including the principal's ability in educational management and leadership, support and active participation of educators and educational personnel, availability of adequate facilities and sufficient resources to support the learning process, a positive culture that has grown and developed in the school. While inhibiting factors include budget limitations, less than optimal communication and coordination, educators' understanding of new approaches to changing school conditions, and parental support that is not yet complete. 3) efforts made to overcome obstacles to the principal's strategy in implementing educational management at SMA Bina Warga 1 Palembang include optimizing the use of human resources, a persuasive approach to teachers and stakeholders, implementing time management, strengthening collaboration with parents and other stakeholders

This study investigates the use of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) with YouTube media to enhance listening skills and motivation among junior high school students. Conducted at SMP Negeri 3 Gresik, the research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data. The pre-experimental design assessed students' listening skills before and after a four-week intervention, while questionnaires captured their motivation levels. The findings reveal a significant improvement in students' listening comprehension, as evidenced by an increase in mean test scores from 48.00 in the pre-test to 79.33 in the post-test, with a p-value of 0.000 indicating statistical significance. Additionally, motivation levels improved, with students expressing heightened engagement and interest in the learning process. The integration of authentic and dynamic YouTube content within the PBL framework fostered a more interactive and engaging learning environment, addressing common challenges such as limited motivation and anxiety. The study concludes that the combination of PBL and YouTube media is an effective instructional strategy for enhancing listening skills and motivation in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. It offers practical insights for educators seeking innovative approaches to language instruction and underscores the importance of integrating technology into active learning methodologies.  

This study aims to analyze the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in shaping the Christian character of students at SMK Negeri 1 Beringin. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method and secondary data analysis. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers have a strategic role as educators, mentors, facilitators, and advisors in instilling Christian values ​​such as love, honesty, responsibility, forgiveness, and concern for others. Character formation is carried out through the teacher's exemplary life, integration of Biblical values ​​in the learning process, application of real faith practices in everyday life, and a learning approach that prioritizes love and understanding of students' needs. In addition, PAK teachers are expected to continue to develop themselves spiritually and professionally to increase equal effectiveness. Suggestions from this study include the importance of improving the quality and competence of teachers, providing supporting facilities and infrastructure by schools, and developing contextual, interactive, and relevant learning methods to students' lives so that Christian character formation can take place optimally.

This study aims to comprehensively examine the influence of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) on enhancing students’ problem-solving abilities in physics education. The integration of IoT into PBL is seen as a progressive approach to address the growing demand for innovative instructional strategies that promote higher-order thinking skills. A quantitative approach was adopted, utilizing a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group format to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. The participants were 25 undergraduate physics students from the University of West Sulawesi, selected through saturated sampling due to the limited population size. To evaluate students’ problem-solving skills, data were collected using structured written tests designed around five key indicators: understanding the problem, describing the problem, planning the solution, executing the solution, and evaluating the results. Prior to hypothesis testing, normality of the data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, followed by paired sample t-tests with IBM SPSS Statistics 23 to determine the significance of differences in pretest and posttest scores. The findings revealed a statistically significant improvement in students’ problem-solving skills following the implementation of the IoT-based PBL model, with results showing significance at the 5% level and gain scores classified as effective. These outcomes demonstrate the potential of the PBL-IoT integration to foster critical thinking and improve educational quality. Therefore, the implementation of this instructional model is recommended for physics educators seeking to enhance student engagement, problem-solving proficiency, and learning outcomes through the integration of emerging technologies.

Reading ability is an important basic skill for elementary school student. However, not all students can master it well due to various factors, such as delayed language development, lack of stimulus, and specific learning disorders such as dyslexia.This research aims to determine Ultilization impact technology in supporting reading literacy for students with reading difficulties. The method employed is a literature review by analyzing many  previous studies Associated with the utlization of technology in improving reading skills.the findings of the study show that digital-based digital innovation , such as interactive learning applications, Text-to-Speech (TTS), Augmented Reality (AR), and QR-Code technology,can improve students’ reading skills. The main obstacles in implementing technologies that are less relevant to learning. Recommendations provided include increasing technology, and integrating digital methods with conventional learning approaches. This research is expected to be a reference for educators and stakeholders in the developing  process more effective strategies to improve elementary school students’ reading skills by optimally utilizing technology.

Reading ability is an important basic skill for elementary school student. However, not all students can master it well due to various factors, such as delayed language development, lack of stimulus, and specific learning disorders such as dyslexia.This research aims to determine Ultilization impact technology in supporting reading literacy for students with reading difficulties. The method employed is a literature review by analyzing many  previous studies Associated with the utlization of technology in improving reading skills.the findings of the study show that digital-based digital innovation , such as interactive learning applications, Text-to-Speech (TTS), Augmented Reality (AR), and QR-Code technology,can improve students’ reading skills. The main obstacles in implementing technologies that are less relevant to learning. Recommendations provided include increasing technology, and integrating digital methods with conventional learning approaches. This research is expected to be a reference for educators and stakeholders in the developing  process more effective strategies to improve elementary school students’ reading skills by optimally utilizing technology.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between elementary school students' interest in learning Indonesian and the use of digital technology. Given that technology has become an important part of the educational process, it is expected that students' motivation and interest in learning will increase in the contemporary digital era. Data for this study were collected using survey methodology and quantitative approaches. 20 randomly selected elementary school students were given questionnaires. With a p value <0.05, the results of the data analysis showed a substantial positive relationship between interest in learning Indonesian and the use of digital technology in the classroom. The study showed that students were more interested in learning Indonesian when digital technology was used optimally. It is hoped that this study will help educators and policy makers to better integrate digital technology into the classroom learning process in order to increase student engagement and academic achievement.    

The purpose of this research is to identify the different forms of translanguaging utilized in general English classes at a university in Karawang, while also exploring the students' attitudes toward the use of translanguaging in the English language classroom. The primary research objective is centered on the types of translanguaging employed in the general English classes at a university. Furthermore, the study aims to ascertain the students' perceptions concerning the application of translanguaging in their general English language learning. This research employs a descriptive qualitative analysis as its methodological approach. The results revealed that a teacher used code-switching to assist students in understanding complex English language concepts. Additionally, the teacher frequently applied translation patterns in general English classes. As for students' perspectives, the findings suggest that the use of translanguaging can enhance their comprehension of the English language when presented by their teacher. Ultimately, this research argues that the implementation of translanguaging strategies by educators is particularly advantageous in augmenting students' comprehension of English language skills within the classroom setting.

Character and moral education are essential pillars in shaping the personality of Christian students, especially in the context of the disruptive era, which is increasingly marked by rapid technological advancement, moral degradation, and shifting social values. The rise of digitalization and modernization presents new challenges to students' moral integrity, empathy, and spiritual grounding. This article aims to explore and analyze the strategic role of Christian Education in addressing these challenges by integrating character and moral education rooted in Christian values. Using a qualitative literature review method, this study draws from a wide range of primary and secondary sources that include theories of character education, moral development, and biblical-Christian perspectives. The findings indicate that a holistic approach to Christian Education—one that incorporates moral instruction, spiritual formation, and practical application through discipleship, prayer, and the example of Christian educators—can significantly contribute to students’ character development. Furthermore, this integration cultivates not only moral awareness and social responsibility but also fosters resilience and faith-based identity formation. The article also proposes a contextual model for character and moral education that aligns with the demands of the disruptive era, emphasizing the importance of spiritual values alongside intellectual growth. This model serves as a framework for educators to nurture morally and spiritually grounded individuals capable of navigating complex social realities with integrity and compassion. In conclusion, Christian Education, when grounded in strong theological and pedagogical foundations, has the transformative potential to shape a generation of students who are not only academically competent but also morally upright and spiritually mature

This study analyzes the development of expressive language skills in children aged 4 to 5 years living in multilingual environments. The research aims to understand how exposure to multiple languages influences the expressive abilities of young children. A qualitative approach was applied, involving observation and structured interviews with parents and educators. Findings indicate that children in multilingual settings exhibit varied vocabulary usage and code-switching behaviors, with some delays in expressive fluency compared to monolingual peers, yet with enhanced pragmatic skills. The study highlights the importance of supportive linguistic environments and tailored educational strategies to foster optimal language development. These findings have implications for educators, speech therapists, and parents in managing multilingualism during early childhood.

This study aims to examine the application of role play techniques in developing communication skills in early childhood. Communication is a fundamental ability that supports children's social and emotional development. This research used a qualitative descriptive method involving observations, interviews, and documentation of role play activities conducted in a kindergarten setting. The results showed that role play techniques significantly contributed to enhancing children's verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Children became more confident in expressing ideas, engaging in conversations, and understanding social cues. The role play method provided a safe and imaginative environment where children could practice communication naturally. The implications of this study suggest that educators should incorporate role play as a routine activity to stimulate the development of communication skills in early childhood education..

This study aims to identify and address the challenges of early childhood character education in facing the digital era full of exposure to inappropriate content. Through a qualitative approach with the Community-Based Research (CBR) method, this study involved early childhood, teachers, parents, and religious/community leaders in designing practical solutions. The identification results showed several challenges, such as exposure to inappropriate content, lack of parental supervision, and dependence on digital technology. The solutions implemented include increasing the role of parents, the use of positive content, alternative non-digital activities, and collaboration with educational institutions. By implementing a community-based faith and piety strengthening program, through religious value story activities, role-playing, and discipline activities, it is hoped that there will be an increase in understanding, positive behavioral changes in children, and more targeted use of digital technology. Recommendations include increasing parental digital literacy, compiling an educational curriculum that supports character strengthening, and providing a safe and child-friendly educational space. This study contributes to the understanding of the importance of strengthening the faith and piety of early childhood in the digital era and provides practical guidance for parents, educators, and the community in guiding early childhood towards the formation of good character according to religious values.

This study investigates the effect of picture stories on enhancing the narrative skills of kindergarten children. The background of this research is rooted in the crucial role of narrative ability in early childhood language development, which can be stimulated through engaging learning media. The objective is to examine how the use of picture stories contributes to improvements in children's ability to construct and tell coherent stories. A quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design was employed. The participants consisted of 30 kindergarten children, divided into an experimental group receiving picture story interventions and a control group with conventional storytelling. Data were collected through observational rubrics and analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests. The findings reveal a significant increase in narrative ability in the experimental group compared to the control group. These results suggest that picture stories are effective in fostering young children’s narrative competence. The study implies that early childhood educators should integrate picture stories into learning activities to support children's language development.

Islamic religious education not only functions to shape the faith and morals of students, but also has a strategic role in encouraging independence and economic empowerment of the community. This study aims to analyze the role of Islamic religious education in Padangsidimpuan District. Hutaimbaru , Contribution of economic empowerment to the Hutaimbaru community , as well as supporting and inhibiting factors of economic empowerment for the Hutaimbaru community . This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The research subjects include religious leaders, educators or instructors of Islamic Religious Education, community leaders, and micro-entrepreneurs who were selected purposively based on their involvement in religious and economic activities. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation as supporting data. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, with data validity maintained through triangulation techniques. The results of the study indicate that Islamic religious education plays a role in instilling the values of hard work, honesty, responsibility, and entrepreneurial spirit which are the foundation for strengthening the people's economy. Optimization is carried out through religious studies, religious guidance, social preaching, and strengthening Islamic economic values in everyday life. Obstacles faced include limited capital, low business skills, and less than optimal sustainable mentoring. Therefore, synergy is needed between educational institutions, religious leaders, and the government to strengthen the economic empowerment of the people based on Islamic values.