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Obligatory prayer is a fundamental act of worship in Islam; performing it earns reward, while neglecting it results in sin for those who have fulfilled the required conditions, namely being of legal age (baligh), of sound mind, and free from ritual impurity (hadath). The background of this study is important for understanding how the values upheld by classical fiqh scholars and Islamic teachings can be interpreted in a way that connects traditional understanding with the needs of the Muslim community in the modern era. This research aims to identify, analyze, and compare the values of farḍu prayer based on the perspectives of different groups of scholars. The results show that classical scholars emphasize values such as obedience, order, legal aspects, discipline, and devotion (khushu’). In contrast, contemporary scholars place greater emphasis on personal transformation, social ethics, and the importance of prayer in shaping the character of the modern Muslim.The conclusion is that these two perspectives can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the values of farḍu prayer that remain relevant for all times. Farḍu prayer holds a central position in Islam as the second pillar of Islam after the declaration of faith (shahada) and consists of five daily prayers: Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, and Isha.

Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning has a strategic role in shaping the character of students who are religious, tolerant, and have noble morals. Amidst the reality of Indonesian multicultural society, PAI learning is required to be able to internalize the values of religious moderation as an effort to prevent extreme, radical, and intolerant attitudes. Religious moderation is an important paradigm in Islamic education to instill a balanced and contextual religious attitude. This proceedings article aims to examine the concept, strategy, and implications of moderation-based Islamic Religious Education learning through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The SLR method is used to examine journal articles, scientific books, and proceedings relevant to the topic of PAI learning and religious moderation in the last ten years. The results of the study indicate that moderation-based PAI learning is based on the values of wasathiyah, tawazun, i'tidal, and tasamuh which are integrated into the curriculum, learning methods, and the role models of educators. The implementation of moderation-based PAI learning has a positive impact on the formation of inclusive, tolerant attitudes and the ability to live peacefully together in students. This article is expected to be an academic reference for educators and researchers in developing Islamic Religious Education learning that is relevant to the social challenges and diversity of Indonesian society.

City branding is a strategic approach to enhancing a city's competitiveness by leveraging unique local characteristics to create a strong and distinctive identity. This study examines the role of semanggi—a traditional Surabaya dish—as a cultural icon in strengthening the city's branding. Although semanggi carries deep symbolic meaning and historical significance for Surabaya’s residents, its potential as a city branding asset remains underutilized in formal tourism and marketing programs. Adopting a qualitative exploratory case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis involving local stakeholders, small and medium-sized culinary enterprises, cultural figures, and municipal representatives. Thematic analysis identified five key dimensions of semanggi’s role in city branding: (1) visual representation in urban spaces and promotional media; (2) cultural narratives and heritage preservation; (3) community pride and participation; (4) local economic resilience; and (5) strategic promotion by municipal authorities. The findings suggest that integrating semanggi into Surabaya’s branding strategy can reinforce cultural identity, differentiate the city in competitive tourism markets, and promote sustainable local entrepreneurship. The study contributes to the theoretical discourse on culinary-based place branding and offers practical recommendations for incorporating local wisdom into destination marketing. Limitations include the single-case scope and qualitative focus, pointing to opportunities for comparative and mixed-method research in the future.  

The development of the modern business world is marked by the increasing complexity of legal relationships between business actors, involving various entities with close economic and operational interconnections. This condition creates challenges in civil dispute resolution, especially when default occurs in multi-party business agreements. This study aims to analyze the application of the joint and several liability (tangung renteng) legal construction as a business dispute resolution mechanism in the Decision of the North Jakarta District Court Number 833/Pdt.G/2024/PN Jkt.Urr. This research uses normative legal research methods with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials used consist of primary legal materials in the form of legislation and court decisions, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of legal books and journals, which are analyzed descriptively-analytically. The results show that the panel of judges applied the joint and several liability construction not only based on formal contractual relationships, but also on the factual and economic interconnections between the parties, such as the receipt of benefits, operational integration, and the commingling of assets between the business entity and its management. The application of this construction proves effective in expanding the basis of liability and guaranteeing the recovery of creditor's rights. However, the decision also shows limitations in proving commercial immaterial losses, which are still bound by strict civil evidence standards. This study concludes that the joint and several liability construction can be an important instrument in resolving multi-party business disputes, but clearer jurisprudential guidelines are needed to ensure legal certainty and consistency of its application in the future.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, but still face significant obstacles in intellectual property rights protection, particularly patents and trademarks. This study aims to analyse the legal aspects of patent and trademark registration for MSMEs based on the Indonesian legal framework, with a focus on the implementation of Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright and related intellectual property regulations. The research method uses a normative legal approach with a literature analysis of legislation, scientific journals, and the latest statistical data. The results of the study show that the level of patent and trademark registration by MSMEs in Indonesia is still very low, with only 2.3% of MSMEs having registered their trademarks in 2023. The main obstacles include limited legal understanding, high registration costs, complex administrative procedures, and a lack of socialisation. This study recommends simplifying regulations, subsidising registration costs, improving legal education, and strengthening synergy between the government, academics, and MSME actors to improve the protection of intellectual property rights in the MSME sector in Indonesia.

This study discusses the opportunities for the development of Islamic education from the perspective of solutions offered by the philosophy of science in the era of technological advancement. Islamic educational institutions are confronted with complex problems that cannot always be resolved independently. The philosophy of science offers several solutions on how to address the challenges commonly faced by educational institutions. Often, educational institutions focus excessively on analyzing the challenges or problems they encounter, whereas there are other aspects that can be utilized as supporting factors for the development of Islamic education, namely by examining existing opportunities and implementing them effectively. This research employs a literature review method with a qualitative approach, complemented by case study analysis across various educational institutions. Many Islamic educational institutions, both formal and non-formal, have utilized opportunities as a primary strategy for developing Islamic education. Various solutions are proposed, including curriculum integration, strengthening institutional organizational structures, improving human resources as well as facilities and infrastructure, and presenting innovative ideas implemented by institutions in developing Islamic education.

This study discusses fiqh ibadah as an important branch of fiqh that regulates the procedures for performing worship in accordance with Islamic law. The main objective of this study is to clarify the basic concepts of law, principles, and scope of worship in Islam so that its implementation is in accordance with sharia provisions. The data sources consist of primary literature (the Qur'an and Hadith) by analyzing scientific works from Google Scholar from 2018 to 2025 sourced from Indonesian and English journals. This study systematically describes the meaning of fiqh ibadah, sharia, and the legal basis derived from the Qur'an, sunnah, ijma, and qiyas. It includes complete arguments such as istihsan, maslahah, and urf. The discussion also covers the principles of ibadah mahdhah, which emphasize the necessity of evidence in its implementation to prevent bid'ah practices. The scope of fiqh ibadah focuses on four main acts of worship, namely prayer, zakat, fasting, and hajj, which have specific provisions in sharia. In addition, it also discusses the essence and purpose of worship, which shows that worship is a form of submission and love of a servant to Allah SWT and the main purpose of human creation. Through an understanding of fiqh worship, Muslims are expected to be able to perform worship correctly, validly, and accepted by Allah SWT, as well as a means of achieving benefit and happiness in this world and the hereafter.

This research was designed not only to measure the direct impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based digital teaching materials on motivation and learning outcomes but also to identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of their implementation in the context of a high school in an island area. The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the significant effect of using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based digital teaching materials on the learning motivation of Class XII students at SMAN 1 Kepulauan Selayar. And (2) To determine the significant effect of using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based digital teaching materials on the learning outcomes of Class XII students at SMAN 1 Kepulauan Selayar. This study uses a quantitative approach through an experimental design to test the hypothesis regarding the significant effect of using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based digital teaching materials on student motivation and learning outcomes in Economics. A sample of 30 Class XII students will be randomly selected. Data collection techniques include Questionnaires, Tests, observation, and documentation. The results of this study indicate (1) A significant and positive effect of the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based digital teaching materials on the learning motivation of Class XII students at SMAN 1 Kepulauan Selayar. (2) The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based digital teaching materials (X) significantly influences Economics learning outcomes (Y2).

The increasing need for insulation in electric power systems encourages the discovery of high-performance and sustainable dielectric materials. This study presents a Literature Review of biomass-based composite insulator research from 2018-2025 to synthesize the effect of filler type and treatment on the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of polymer composites. Literature was analyzed from reputable databases with inclusion criteria, and thematic analysis data extraction. Processing methods generally include washing, acid/alkali treatment, calcination, and advanced production techniques such as sol-gel and ultrasonication, integration of biomass fillers especially at low fractions (3-7%). The results show 1) the dominance of the use of rice husk as a source of biosilica for the main matrix filler of the insulator. 2) the performance of biomass composite insulators is highly dependent on the quality of purification, particle size, and surface modification of the filler. 3) there is a significant increase in the insulator's breakdown strength, resistivity, and thermal stability with the addition of biomass fillers to the main matrix. 4) the long-term stability of biomass materials against humidity and thermal aging has not been evaluated in depth.  

A decrease in the height of the uterine fundus is an important indicator of a normal uterine involution process after childbirth. Delayed reduction of fundal height may lead to uterine subinvolution, which increases the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, particularly in post–cesarean section mothers. Early breastfeeding and early mobilization are recommended interventions to support uterine contraction, prevent vaginal bleeding, and accelerate uterine involution. This study aimed to examine the effect of early breastfeeding and early mobilization on reducing the height of the uterine fundus in post–sectio caesarea mothers treated in the Amaryllis SMC Room at Telogorejo Hospital. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The population consisted of 523 post–cesarean section mothers hospitalized at SMC Telogorejo Hospital between January and November 2023. Data were collected using structured observation sheets to measure fundal height before and after the interventions. The results showed that the average uterine fundal height before early breastfeeding and early mobilization was 19.74 cm above the symphysis, while after the interventions it decreased to an average of 12.49 cm above the symphysis. Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of early breastfeeding and early mobilization on the reduction of uterine fundal height (p = 0.000). These findings highlight the importance of implementing early breastfeeding and mobilization as part of postpartum nursing care to support uterine involution and reduce the risk of complications in post–cesarean section mothers.

Ethnopharmacy is a field of study that examines traditional medicinal practices based on local knowledge along with their underlying biochemical foundations, and it is increasingly recognized for its role in preserving local wisdom while contributing to the development of modern healthcare solutions. Among the Suku Anak Dalam community, the use of medicinal plants has been practiced for generations as a means of preventing and treating various diseases, reflecting a deep empirical understanding of the therapeutic properties of natural remedies available in their surrounding environment. This study aims to examine the biochemical basis of ethnopharmaceutical practices applied by the Suku Anak Dalam community and to analyze their application in daily life. Data were collected through direct field observations, structured interviews with community members knowledgeable about traditional medicine, and literature reviews related to the bioactive compound content of the most commonly used medicinal plants. The results indicate that many of the plants utilized contain active compounds with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, which play an important role in supporting community health. These findings highlight the complexity and scientific value of traditional knowledge and emphasize the importance of integrating ethnopharmaceutical practices with modern biochemical research to develop natural medicines, preserve cultural heritage, and sustainably improve public health quality.

This study aims to examine the activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on metabolism and digestion through a laboratory experimental approach. Metabolism and the digestive system play a crucial role in maintaining physiological balance, and disturbances in these systems can affect nutrient utilization and overall health. Ginger has long been used as a traditional herbal remedy and is known to contain bioactive compounds such as gingerol, shogaol, and zingerone, which are believed to support digestive and metabolic functions. The research was conducted using ginger extract prepared through an extraction process under controlled laboratory conditions. Observations focused on changes in metabolic responses and digestive activity following the administration of ginger extract. The study employed a descriptive experimental design to provide an objective overview of ginger’s biological activity. The results indicated a gradual improvement in digestive activity and metabolic responses after treatment with ginger extract. These changes suggest that ginger extract has the potential to enhance digestive efficiency and support metabolic processes. The findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of ginger as a natural ingredient in maintaining metabolic and digestive health and may serve as a preliminary reference for further research using quantitative and clinical approaches.

Inflammation is a biological response that occurs as a defense mechanism of the body against tissue damage, infection, or exposure to harmful stimuli. Excessive or prolonged inflammation can lead to various chronic diseases and negatively affect overall health. Natural compounds derived from medicinal plants have gained attention as alternative anti-inflammatory agents due to their relatively lower side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Jatropha curcas is a plant traditionally used in herbal medicine and is known to contain various bioactive compounds. This study aims to examine the effect of Jatropha curcas leaf extract on inflammatory responses. The research method used was an experimental laboratory approach with extract preparation through maceration techniques. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated based on changes in inflammatory indicators observed during the treatment process. The results showed that Jatropha curcas leaf extract demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory activity, which was indicated by a reduction in inflammatory signs. The presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins is suspected to contribute to this effect. These findings suggest that Jatropha curcas leaf extract has promising potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. Further research is recommended to explore dosage optimization and toxicity levels for safe therapeutic use.  

Cold compresses or cryotherapy are one of the non-pharmacological therapies often used in nursing practice to help reduce pain, especially in patients with fractures. Fractures are often accompanied by acute pain that can inhibit mobilization, prolong recovery time, and reduce patient comfort. Therefore, a safe, effective, and easy-to-use pain management method is needed. This article was compiled with the aim of identifying and mapping scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of cold compresses in reducing pain intensity in fracture patients. This study used the Arksey and O'Malley model in conducting the analysis, with articles searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for the 2021–2025 publication period. The article selection process followed the PRISMA flow. A review of ten articles showed that most studies used quantitative designs, both experimental and quasi-experimental. The results of the analysis of 11 articles consisted of 8 quantitative articles with experimental and quasi-experimental designs, while 2 articles were case studies. These articles generally discuss the effectiveness of cold compresses in reducing pain intensity in fracture patients using various measurement instruments, such as NRS, VAS, Wong-Baker Faces Scale, and Bourbanis Pain Scale. In addition to reducing pain, several studies also reported that cold compresses can reduce edema, increase mobility, and improve patient comfort. However, variations in the duration, frequency, and method of cold compress application were still found, so there is a need to develop a more standardized protocol in nursing practice.

This study examined the operational performance of CV Fortis Sportwear Indonesia (FSI) before implementing the Balanced Scorecard approach, identified the factors that hindered each Balanced Scorecard perspective, and analyzed the company's operational performance when measured using this approach.This study employed a descriptive quantitative method, aimed at providing a systematic, factual, and accurate overview of CV FSI's operational performance based on the Balanced Scorecard approach. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, observations, and literature review to obtain information related to the four main perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard: financial, customer, internal business processes, and learning and growth.After implementing the Balanced Scorecard, the performance evaluation of CV Fortis Sportswear Indonesia became more comprehensive compared to the previous system, which focused solely on financial aspects. The financial perspective showed improvement, but the customer aspect remained adequate, with declining retention and increasing complaints. Internal business processes still faced inefficiencies and quality issues, despite the introduction of new technology. The learning and growth perspective also improved through training, but employee satisfaction remained moderate. The Balanced Scorecard proved to provide a more comprehensive performance assessment and identified the need for improvements in customer, internal processes, and human resource development.

This study aims to analyze the influence of motivation, organizational commitment, and pedagogical competence on the performance of elementary school teachers who are members of the Teacher Working Group (KKG) in Teluk Sebong District. The research employed a quantitative approach with a saturated sampling technique, involving all 112 teachers as respondents. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression through SPSS software. The partial test results show that motivation has a positive and significant effect on teachers' performance (t = 3.768; sig = 0.000), organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on teachers' performance (t = 2.093; sig = 0.039), and pedagogical competence has a positive and significant effect on teachers' performance (t = 3.059; sig = 0.003). Simultaneously, the three variables significantly affect teachers' performance (F = 9.153; sig = 0.000). The determination coefficient indicates an R Square value of 0.203, meaning that 20.3% of the variation in teachers' performance can be explained by motivation, organizational commitment, and pedagogical competence, while the remaining 79.7% is influenced by other factors outside this model.

This study investigated how employee engagement and work–life balance influenced turnover intention, with rewards examined as an intervening mechanism, among Generation Z employees in a state-owned enterprise context. A quantitative explanatory design was applied using a census approach involving all 36 Generation Z employees at PT PLN (Persero) Pematangsiantar. Data were collected through structured questionnaires measured on a five-point Likert scale and were analyzed using multiple regression and mediation-based path analysis in SPSS. The findings showed that employee engagement and work–life balance significantly predicted perceived rewards, and all three variables exerted significant effects on turnover intention. Moreover, rewards partially mediated the effects of employee engagement and work–life balance on turnover intention, indicating that positive work experiences reduced employees’ intention to leave when they were reinforced by fair and meaningful reward practices. However, the small sample size limited the generalizability of the findings beyond the organizational setting studied. This study contributes by demonstrating that retention of Generation Z employees is shaped not only by psychological attachment and work–life balance, but also by how organizations institutionalize recognition and value exchange through reward systems, particularly in public service and state-owned enterprises.

This community service program focuses on the theme of creative economy with the aim of encouraging innovation in agricultural products to increase added value and income for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Sumber Urip Village, Selupu Rejang District, Rejang Lebong Regency. Although the village has abundant agricultural potential, local products have not been optimally developed due to limited knowledge in processing, packaging, and marketing. The program employed a participatory-educative approach that emphasized active community involvement at every stage, including potential identification, socialization of creative economy concepts, product innovation training, and practical assistance in packaging and marketing. The participants consisted of farmers, MSME actors, and the Bukit Kaba Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) as strategic partners in developing a tourism-based market. The results indicate that the implementation of creative economy principles improved community understanding of product innovation, hygienic and value-added packaging, and appropriate marketing strategies targeting Bukit Kaba visitors. The strategic selling location at the Bukit Kaba tourism post further enhanced product visibility and market reach. Overall, this program demonstrates that creative economy-based community assistance can effectively strengthen MSME competitiveness, increase household income, and promote sustainable integration between agriculture, local entrepreneurship, and rural tourism development.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in driving economic growth and improving community welfare, particularly in rural areas. However, many rural MSME actors still face challenges in financial planning and management, including inaccurate calculation of capital and profit, unstructured business expenditure planning, and the absence of separation between personal and business finances. This community service program aimed to enhance the financial literacy and financial planning skills of MSME actors in Suka Sari Village, Kabawetan District, Kepahiang Regency. The program was implemented through several stages, including preliminary observation to identify key financial management issues, interactive counseling on basic business finance concepts, simulation of capital and profit calculations, and hands-on practice in simple financial record-keeping using an easily applicable format. The results of the program indicate a significant improvement in participants’ understanding of business capital and profit calculation, their ability to plan business expenditures more systematically, and increased awareness of the importance of separating personal and business finances. This study demonstrates that participatory and practice-based financial assistance is effective in fostering simple financial management habits, which can support the sustainability and long-term development of MSMEs in rural communities.

Community Service Program (KKN) is an implementation of the Tridharma of Higher Education aimed at dedicating knowledge and technology to society. This article analyzes the implementation of the KKN program by students of Universitas Trunodjoyo Madura Group 30 in Buddagan Village, Pademawu District, Pamekasan Regency, focusing on community empowerment through aspects of environment, education, entrepreneurship, and village digitalization. The activities were carried out using a participatory approach with observation techniques, interviews, and discussions with the community and village stakeholders. The flagship programs include the socialization of used cooking oil for making aromatherapy candles, installation of environmental education plaques, anti-bullying socialization at SDN Buddagan 2, and the creation of the official social media for Buddagan Village. The results show an increase in community awareness, especially among PKK mothers, regarding the health and environmental dangers of used cooking oil and the potential for a creative economy based on domestic waste. The anti-bullying program successfully instilled empathy and mutual respect values in students, while the village digitalization strengthened public access to information and a positive village image. The KKN program in Buddagan Village has had a positive impact on social behavior changes in the community and serves as a model for sustainable community service.