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This research analyzes a violation of airspace sovereignty by unmanned free balloons for espionage purposes. Each country has full and exclusive sovereignty over its entire territory which includes the surface of the earth and the contents of the earth beneath the surface, including air space. A country that violates sovereignty over airspace without permission entails responsibility for the passing country towards the lower country. The research method used is normative juridical using problem approaches such as the statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The research findings show that unmanned free balloons are the same as the classification of aircraft regulated in Annex 2 of the 1944 Chicago Convention regarding unmanned free balloons which are defined as unpowered, unmanned, and lighter than air aircraft in air flight. The use of unmanned free balloons for espionage purposes in peacetime has no legal regulations, so that they have implications for violations of state sovereignty which give rise to state responsibility. ICAO or International Civil Aviation Organization needs to reconstruct the legal ground towards unmanned free balloons usage outside the function of meteorological purposes in order to avoid the false accused and declare specified sanctions towards the violators.

This article aims to analyze the short story Destination of the Land of Twilight through the lens of contemporary existentialist theories, focusing on the concepts of freedom, anxiety, and absurdity. Through this approach, this article will explore how these themes appear in short stories and how the main character faces them in his life journey full of uncertainty. By connecting these contemporary theories with literary works, this article is expected to provide deeper insights into the interaction between literature and philosophy in describing the existential condition of humans in the modern world. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analytical approach to analyze the short story The Purpose of the Land of Senja by Seno Gumira Ajidarma through the lens of existentialist philosophy. The main focus of this research is to explore the philosophical themes contained in short stories, such as freedom, anxiety, and absurdity, which are concepts in existentialism. The theoretical approach used draws on the thought of contemporary philosophers, such as Michel Foucault, Alain de Botton, and Jean-Luc Nancy, to examine how these short stories reflect the human experience of uncertainty and the search for meaning in life. The data collection technique is carried out by text study, namely reading and reviewing short stories in depth to identify elements that reflect existential themes, as well as relevant literature reviews. The short story The Purpose of the Land of Senja by Seno Gumira Ajidarma depicts the existential journey of a protagonist who is trapped in the search for the meaning of life. The main character in this short story is depicted in a state of confusion, questioning the purpose of his life and the world around him. This search, which is depicted with the metaphor of "Land of Twilight", reflects the anxiety and uncertainty that is at the heart of existentialism.

The microphone is a supportive tool that can enhance students' confidence during classroom learning. As confidence increases, students can develop their potential more firmly, particularly in mastering speaking skills, understanding the material, and engaging with the audience. By using a microphone, their voices are more audible, articulation is clearer, and they can better control the forum. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative research method, employing an exploratory approach with Likert scale questionnaires and open-ended questionnaires, as well as documentation of responses through the Mentimeter application. The data recorded came from 55 participants out of a population of 104, distributed across three classes: 9A, 9B, and 9C. The results indicate that the microphone can enhance confidence in learning Indonesian, as evidenced by responses: Strongly Disagree 0.4%, Disagree 5.3%, Neutral 39%, Agree 41%, and Strongly Agree 14%. The open-ended questionnaire responses aligned with the students' progress in learning Indonesian. Therefore, the use of microphones should be consistently implemented in the learning process, especially in Indonesian language instruction.

Lack of parental involvement in supporting children's education is one of the main challenges in efforts to improve the quality of education, especially at the elementary school level. This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that cause minimal parental involvement in children's education at SD Negeri Jatiroke 1. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that low parental participation is caused by several factors, including limited time due to work, low understanding of the importance of involvement in education, and lack of communication between schools and parents. The implications of this lack of involvement are seen in the less than optimal academic and social development of children. Therefore, it is recommended that there be a collaborative program between schools and parents to increase their participation in supporting children's education in a sustainable manner. It is hoped that through this approach, the quality of education at SD Negeri Jatiroke 1 can be improved and children's development needs can be met comprehensively

This research aims to analyze the intrinsic elements contained in Gurindam Dua Belas Article 1 by Raja Ali Haji. Intrinsic elements consist of physical elements and mental elements. The background to the creation of Gurindam Dua Belas was Raja Ali Haji's concern about the living conditions of the Malay people at that time, so he created a literary work as a moral responsibility to defend and maintain religion and customs. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with text content analysis techniques, researchers collect data by analyzing the text content contained in Gurindam Dua Belas Article 1. The results of this research conclude that the intrinsic elements of Gurindam Dua Belas article 1 contain religious advice, namely the importance of religion as a basis. life. The obligation to hold religion as one's main identity, without religion humans lose the meaning of life. The importance of knowing God, oneself, the world and the afterlife in order to understand life correctly and wisely. Carry out all of Allah's commands and stay away from His prohibitions, because life in this world is only temporary and eternal life is in the afterlife. Gurindam is not only a literary work, but also a guide to human life. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide benefits for the development of literary studies in Indonesia, especially understanding the intrinsic elements in the analysis of Gurindam literary works.

Raja Ali Haji wrote Gurindam 12 with the aim of providing life guidance to the Malay community in order to lead a good life, have noble character, and obey God. Gurindam 12, including Chapter 7, not only contains universal moral values, but also messages that were relevant to the Malay society at that time and prioritized status and honor in social life. Through the work, Raja Ali Haji tries to convey the importance of learning, science and wisdom in building a better civilization and urges people to always maintain good morals and avoid bad deeds. The purpose of this research is to reveal the intrinsic elements of gurindam so that it can be read, and is useful for the community. Theoretically, the benefit of this research is to provide input for learning Old Malay Literature to provide teaching materials regarding the elements of literary works, especially in the old poetry genre

Through this research, it is hoped that it will be possible to reveal how sagata has become an integral part of the life of the Saibatin community, as well as how this oral literature reflects the worldview, value system and social norms that have developed in this community. With a deeper understanding of sagata, this research also aims to highlight the importance of efforts to preserve oral traditions amidst increasingly rapid global changes. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research method using library research, which involves collecting coverage and research based on literature, which involves collecting information and research through library references, such as books, scientific journals and other reliable sources related to Sagata as an oral tradition. This oral tradition includes several cultural aspects including folklore, folk tales, traditional songs, and other oral literature. Sagat can also contain stories about the origins of a place, heroic stories, myths or history. Oral tradition is a step that needs to be preserved and passed on the knowledge, cultural norms and identity of the Lampung people.

Indonesia is a country that has rich and diverse culture that has existed since ancient times. Every ethnic group in Indonesia certainly has its own cultural characteristics. Wealth like this is what makes Indonesia famous for its customs, culture, language and literature. With this culture, we as the younger generation should preserve and maintain the authenticity of Indonesian culture. One of them is tikew crafts. Tikew is a form of local culture of the Gedung Ratu community which is made using woven techniques. Tikew is a form of local culture whose existence should be preserved and maintained. This research aims to determine the cultural value of tikew crafts as a form of local wisdom. Efforts to preserve, maintain and develop local culture at Gedung Ratu village officials formed a community of tikew craftsmen as a form of cultural preservation. This research method uses qualitative research methods with interview techniques with one of the Tiyuh Gedung Ratu staff. This research focuses on tikew crafts by examining the cultural values ​​contained therein. As a form of preserving local wisdom in Indonesia.

The famous dance parade activity in Lampung, especially West Lampung. This study will discuss the dance tradition which is usually called sekura. The purpose of this study is to examine information about the benefits of the sekura tradition for improving the economy of the people in West Lampung. This festival is an event to introduce the sekura tradition to the community, especially foreign tourists who may have never seen this event. This has a positive impact on increasing the income of the local community. The methods used in this study are literature studies and interviews. The results of this study are that the sekura tradition in West Lampung has the potential to improve the economy of the local community.

Javanese literature in the form of songs is currently favored by people in Indonesia. One of these songs is Lestari. Lestari contains the theme of love and admiration for a woman. The theme is presented with lyrics that contain language styles. The formulation of this research problem is how the use of language styles in the lyrics of the song 'Lestari'. This study aims to analyze the use of language style in the lyrics of the song 'Lestari'. The theory used is language style by Gorys Keraf. The methods used are data collection, data analysis and classification of language styles, and presentation. The data source comes from the Youtube channel Khatulistiwa Record which is transcribed independently. The results show that the song lyrics contain rhetorical language styles in the form of alliteration, assonance and hyperbole, as well as figurative language styles including metaphor and simile.

This study aims to describe the functions and forms of commissive speech acts used by vendors at Induk Cureh Market, Bireuen Regency. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The data consist of excerpts from the speech between vendors and buyers that contain commissive speech acts. The data source for this research is the vendors at Induk Cureh Market, Bireuen Regency. Data collection techniques included observation, recording, and notetaking. Based on the findings, 43 instances of commissive speech acts were identified. The functions of these commissive speech acts are divided into three categories: (1) promising, found in 8 instances; (2) offering, found in 30 instances; and (3) vowing, with 5 instances.

The aim of this research is to find out the influence of Augmented Reality use in on the learning outcomes of elementary school students. The research method used is quantitative with a Pre-Experimental design in the form of One-Group Pretest-Posttest. The sampling technique carried out were a non-probability sampling technique, total sampling type. The sample of this research was 34 students of class IV who were treated using Augmented Reality media. This research was carried out at one of the public elementary school in Bangkalan Madura Regency in the 2024/2025 academic year. The data collection techniques used are observation, tests and surveys. Data analysis techniques include prerequisite tests for normality, homogeneity and hypothesis testing. The research results show that there is an influence of the use of Augmented Reality media on the pre-test and post-test results of class IV students. With the results of the hypothesis test analysis, a sig (2-tailed) value <0.05 was obtained with a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.000. It can be concluded that the hypothesis Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected.

This study aims to explore the role of families in supporting young entrepreneurs, which is often a determining factor in the success or failure of their business. Families can provide various forms of support, such as financial, emotional, knowledge, skills, and access to social networks that can accelerate business development. Using a qualitative research approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews with 8 young entrepreneurs in various business sectors in Sumbawa. The results of the study show that family support, both in the form of initial capital, knowledge guidance, and emotional motivation, has a significant role in increasing the confidence and resilience of young entrepreneurs. Nonetheless, some young entrepreneurs face challenges in convincing families who have a conservative view of entrepreneurship. This study indicates that the family is not only a provider of resources, but also as a psychological factor that can affect the success of young people's businesses. Therefore, the role of the family in young people's entrepreneurship needs to be strengthened through increased understanding and better support from the family.

Business development among young people is a growing phenomenon, especially in the creative industry and technology sectors. This research aims to explore the factors that affect the development of young people's businesses, the challenges they face, and the strategies used to overcome these obstacles. The research method used is a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and participatory observation of 10 young entrepreneurs in Sumbawa. The results of the study show that personal motivation, such as love for the field and the desire to contribute to social change, is the main driver of young entrepreneurs to start a business. However, the biggest challenges faced are limited capital, lack of managerial skills, and difficulties in managing market risks. Digital technology is a major factor in overcoming these challenges, especially in terms of marketing and market reach. In addition, the role of mentors and entrepreneurial communities proves to be crucial for providing practical support and expanding networks. This research suggests the need to increase access to financing, more applicable entrepreneurship training, and more supportive government policies to create a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem.  

This study aims to determine and analyze the development of the financial performance of PT Bank Negara Indonesia which went public on the Indonesian stock exchange in terms of liquidity, solvency and profitability ratios. The research methodology used in this study is descriptive quantitative, which explains the evolution of financial performance on liquidity, solvency and profitability ratios. Analysis of the financial data resulted in the following findings: Financial performance of PT. Bank Negara Indonesia, viewed based on liquidity ratios, shows that the company remains in poor condition when viewed from the quick ratio and the company's cash ratio is not good because it is not below the industry standard average. The company's performance based on the solvency ratio shows poor results, this condition is caused by the results of the Debt to asset ratio (DAR) and Debt to equity ratio (DER) showing that the results for the 2020-2022 period are far above industry standards. Based on the company's profitability ratio, the company is in poor condition because the results of the ratio calculation show that during this period the company's ROI and ROE conditions are below the industry standard average, although the value increases every year, but this does not indicate the company is in good condition.

This study discusses the importance of the presence of research and innovation management institutions that are increasingly recognized along with the needs of the Government and local governments to resolve problems, development gaps and find solutions to regional government problems. This can be interpreted that BRIDA is not only transformed into a manager of supporting functions in the field of research and development as before but its presence is required to be able to fundamentally change the governance of research and development and increase its connectivity with the innovation system and global competitiveness. In the perspective of regional government policy, it is required to be able to formulate quality and evidence-based policies. This study aims to analyze the role of the Regional Research and Innovation Agency in supporting the development process of the city of Medan and supporting the development of the city of Medan. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques in the form of observation and documentation. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained that the Regional Research and Innovation Agency has a policy formulation and strategy that supports the vision of developing the city of Medan into an innovative and highly competitive city. Then the Regional Research and Innovation Agency has great potential to continue to be the main driver of sustainable and innovative city development.

Hypertension is an increase in blood pressure above normal values ​​due to various factors. Normal hypertension values ​​are in the range of 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg. Systolic pressure values ​​of more than 139 mmHg and diastolic pressure of more than 89 mmHg are categorized as hypertension. With increasing prevalence, hypertension is becoming a global health problem. In the world, an estimated 1.13 billion people aged 30 to 70 years suffer from hypertension, and this disease is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke. In Indonesia, the prevalence of hypertension is estimated to reach more than 40% in the adult population in 2019 (WHO, 2019). The purpose of this activity is to prevent an increase in the prevalence of hypertension. The method used is to provide counseling and screening for hypertension risk factors. The results obtained are blood pressure data, anthropometry and hypertension exercises. It can be concluded that this activity was successful because there was an increase in the pre-test to post-test value of 25.21 points so that this activity can be sustainable to prevent hypertension patients.

The Prophet Muhammad’s da’wah was not limited to religious preaching but also included a diplomatic dimension through the use of effective communication strategies. One of the pivotal moments was the Aqabah Pledge, where the Prophet reached an agreement with the Aus and Khazraj tribes of Medina. This study aims to analyze the communication of the Prophet’s da’wah during this event through the perspective of Social Penetration Theory. The research employs a qualitative method with a historical literature study approach, drawing on both primary and secondary sources to examine the stages of social penetration: orientation alignment, affective exploration exchange, affective commitment exchange, and stable exchange. The findings reveal that the Prophet’s communication effectively fostered a profound bond of trust, leading the Medinan tribes to pledge full protection and commitment to the struggle of Islamic da’wah. The exploration of communication between both parties gradually developed into mutual openness, with each side recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of the other. This process fostered deeper understanding and progressed to affective exchange, where trust, care, and commitment became mutual values. The sincerity of this bond was demonstrated by the Ansar companions, who welcomed the Muhajirin by providing shelter, food, clothing, and even offering marriage opportunities. Ultimately, this culminated in the second Aqabah Pledge, which reflected the seriousness of the Aus and Khazraj in supporting the Prophet’s mission. The study underscores the significance of interpersonal communication based on openness, trust, and commitment as a foundation for building social solidarity and as a model for cross-cultural da’wah communication in broader social contexts

This study investigates the effectiveness of the Jigsaw cooperative learning model in enhancing fourth-grade students’ understanding of Asmaul Husna in elementary schools. The research employed a pre-test and post-test design, involving an experimental class that applied the Jigsaw method and a control class that used conventional teaching. Data were collected through written tests designed for elementary-level comprehension and observation sheets to record students’ learning activities. The results indicate that the Jigsaw model fosters greater student engagement, encourages collaboration, and facilitates a clearer understanding of the material, as students actively participate in sharing knowledge with peers. In addition, the method nurtures a sense of individual responsibility and improves communication skills among students. The teacher’s role as facilitator proved essential in guiding group interactions and ensuring that learning objectives were met effectively. These findings suggest that the Jigsaw model can serve as an effective alternative strategy for teaching Islamic Religious Education in elementary schools, particularly on topics such as Asmaul Husna that require not only cognitive understanding but also moral application in daily life.

This research aims to improve the understanding of Fiqh subject on mandatory bathing material for fourth-grade students at MI At Thayyibah Banjar Regency through the implementation of the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative learning model with audiovisual media integration. The research subjects were 15 fourth-grade students consisting of 8 male and 7 female students. This study used a classroom action research approach with the Kemmis and McTaggart spiral model conducted in two cycles. Data collection techniques included participatory observation, comprehension tests, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. The results showed a significant improvement in student understanding, marked by an increase in classical mastery percentage from 40% in the pre-cycle to 67% in the first cycle and 87% in the second cycle. The class average score also increased from 68.7 in the pre-cycle to 75.8 in the first cycle and 83.2 in the second cycle. Student learning activities increased from 39.2% in the pre-cycle to 65.4% in the first cycle and 85% in the second cycle. The implementation of the STAD cooperative learning model with audiovisual media proved effective in improving student understanding through creating a collaborative learning environment, concrete material visualization, and active student involvement in knowledge construction. This research provides important implications for developing more innovative and contextual Fiqh learning strategies at the Islamic Elementary School level.