Publication Search

This meta-analysis evaluates the cost-effectiveness of mental health interventions implemented in conflict-affected regions of the Middle East between 2010 and 2023, compiling data from 47 programs across eight countries. Statistical analysis reveals substantial variation in program effectiveness levels (Cohen's d = 0.78, 95% CI [0.65, 0.91], p < 0.001), with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) demonstrating the highest cost-effectiveness ratio, registering an ICER of $2,340 per QALY gained. Multilevel regression findings indicate that community-based intervention approaches consistently prove more cost-efficient than those conducted in clinical settings (β = 0.67, p < 0.001), yielding an average savings of 43% per participant. Remote teletherapy programs exhibit significant potential, particularly in regions with limited access to services, with an ROI reaching 1.89 (95% CI [1.65, 2.13]). The economic burden analysis estimates that untreated mental health conditions incur an average annual cost of $4,623 per individual, whereas intervention expenses amount to approximately $1,876 per patient per year, resulting in a benefit-cost ratio of 2.47. This study expands upon prior research by Tol et al. (2011) and McBain et al. (2016), which were limited to clinical outcomes without addressing the economic dimension. In contrast to the study by Reed et al. (1994), which explored general health economics within conflict zones, this research specifically quantifies the cost-effectiveness of mental health interventions in Middle Eastern conflict areas. It reveals that cultural adaptation within intervention programs can enhance return on investment by up to 31%. Finally, this review uniquely demonstrates that community-based mental health programs integrated within conflict zones can meet the cost-effectiveness thresholds recommended by WHO-CHOICE while maintaining a high level of clinical efficacy.

One of the important components of the national education system is character education, which helps produce a young generation with integrity, morals, and the ability to face the various problems of the modern world. Investigating implementation strategies in the classroom and examining how character education interacts with the national curriculum—specifically, the 2013 Curriculum and the Merdeka Curriculum—is the aim of this project. According to this study, which uses a qualitative descriptive approach through a literature study, character education is implemented comprehensively in various subjects as well as through intracurricular and extracurricular activities, with an emphasis on values ​​such as religiosity, nationalism, independence, mutual cooperation, and integrity. Teachers act as role models and facilitators, and schools and families work together to support children's character development. The study findings suggest that to create responsible, educated, and capable individuals who are ready to make significant contributions to society, effective character education emphasizes not only knowledge but also behavior and role models. Therefore, incorporating character education into the national curriculum is essential to raising a morally and ethically resilient generation today.

Religious character is one aspect of character values related to an individual's relationship with God. Religious character is considered a key point that needs to be instilled and developed from an early age in children. This serves as the foundation of religious teachings in the lives of individuals and society as a whole. The aim of this research is to understand the formation of religious character among Islamic boarding school students through the programs of reading the Quran and performing the Dhuha prayer at PPTQ Al-Mustaqimiyyah. The research method used is qualitative, employing data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. Data sources were obtained through interviews with administrators, teachers, and students. The results indicate that the Quran reading and Dhuha prayer program has a positive impact on shaping the religious character of the students. This is reflected in the improvement of Quran reading skills, awareness in worship, discipline, responsibility, honesty, and the cultivation of good morals, attitudes, and behavior. With these activities, it is expected that students will be motivated and enthusiastic to enhance their memorization of the Quran, not only by reading and memorizing but also by understanding the meaning of the sacred verses and applying them in community life. The improvement in worship is expected to help them distinguish between noble moral values and reprehensible behavior, forming good habits that are difficult to replace in the future.

The phenomenon of flexing, or showcasing achievements and lifestyle excessively on social media, has become an increasingly common trend among Generation Z. This study explores the relationship between self-esteem and flexing behavior, along with its impact on identity formation and mental health. Individuals with high self-esteem tend to share their accomplishments as a form of self-appreciation. However, without adequate emotional awareness and self-regulation, this behavior can escalate into narcissism and a dependence on external validation. Generation Z utilizes social media, especially Instagram, as a medium for self-expression, identity construction, and social recognition. In the context of jogging activities, posts on social media are not merely for showing off but serve as personal documentation, motivation, and inspiration for others. Jogging is not only viewed as a physical activity but also as a part of modern lifestyle and status symbol, often displayed through branded sportswear, smart devices, and aesthetic locations. Nevertheless, social pressure to maintain a certain image through social media can lead to psychological impacts such as identity crises, insecurity, and social stress. Previous research indicates that flexing behavior is driven by a desire for recognition, feelings of insecurity, obsession with others' possessions, and social pressure. Despite its negative sides, flexing also has potential positive effects, such as enhancing motivation to exercise, promoting healthy lifestyles, and strengthening supportive digital communities. Regular jogging has been proven to improve mental and physical health, including reducing anxiety and improving mood. Therefore, a healthy self-concept, emotional intelligence, and digital literacy are crucial for fostering responsible social media behavior. Generation Z must be equipped with critical awareness to distinguish between authentic self-expression and the illusion of recognition in today’s visually driven digital era.

Character education plays a crucial role in creating a generation with integrity amidst the rapid pace of global progress. In the era of globalization, the swift changes in social and technological landscapes demand individuals to possess strong character traits, such as integrity, discipline, responsibility, and tolerance, to effectively navigate various moral and social challenges. However, the weak implementation of character values within the education system often leads to an integrity crisis among the youth. This article aims to explore the importance of character education as a fundamental pillar in developing a generation capable of making positive contributions to the global society. The research method used in this study is a literature review, which includes analyzing various theories and studies on character education, as well as the critical roles of families, schools, and communities in the character development process. The analysis reveals that effectively integrated character education can shape individuals who are more responsible, ethical, and empathetic, ultimately strengthening social cohesion and enhancing national competitiveness. Character education not only improves cognitive aspects but also shapes consistent attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, character education should be a primary focus within the educational system, aiming to develop a generation that is not only intellectually smart but also morally upright, enabling them to face global challenges with strong integrity. Keywords: Character education, integrity, globalization.

Learning is a process of behavioral change that involves interaction between individuals and their environment. Learning outcomes are changes resulting from the learning process, both in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. This article aims to explain the concept of learning, factors that influence the learning process, and how learning outcomes are measured and evaluated. With this understanding, it is hoped that it can provide guidance for educators to optimize the learning process. Learning is very important to produce output in an educational process. A good understanding of the basic concepts of learning is needed by education actors such as teachers, lecturers and stakeholders in an educational unit.  

Organizational fraud represents a significant global challenge, with estimated annual losses of 5% of revenue, totaling approximately US$4.7 trillion worldwide. This systematic literature review examines whistleblowing effectiveness as a fraud detection mechanism, analyzing the tension between its role as a transparency pillar and the retaliatory risks faced by whistleblowers. The study employed a qualitative Systematic Literature Review methodology, analyzing 25 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020-2025 from SINTA, Scopus, and registered E-ISSN journals. Literature was selected using keywords related to whistleblowing effectiveness, fraud detection, transparency mechanisms, and retaliation risk. Results demonstrate that whistleblowing systems significantly enhance fraud detection and prevention across both public and private sectors, with 24 of 25 reviewed studies confirming positive impacts. Effectiveness is influenced by individual attitudes, perceived behavioral control, organizational commitment, professional commitment, moral reasoning, and organizational culture. The integration of whistleblowing with forensic and investigative audit mechanisms creates a mutually reinforcing fraud detection framework. However, retaliation risk remains a substantial challenge, potentially undermining whistleblowing effectiveness. The study concludes that organizations must develop comprehensive whistleblower protection frameworks, cultivate supportive organizational cultures, ensure transparent report handling processes, and leverage technology to guarantee anonymity. A balanced approach between promoting transparency through whistleblowing and protecting whistleblowers from retaliation is essential for maximizing fraud detection effectiveness. Organizations are advised to integrate whistleblowing into comprehensive anti-fraud strategies with adequate protection mechanisms and whistleblower incentives.

This study aims to design a contextual and educational pastoral model, assess its level of acceptance, and analyze the positive impact it brings both to the elderly as the service recipients and to students as pastoral partners in the life of the Church. The background of this research lies in the need for a more personal, participatory pastoral approach that touches the emotional and spiritual dimensions of elderly individuals living in Catholic nursing homes. Elderly people often experience loneliness, isolation, and a decline in life motivation. Meanwhile, Catholic students need tangible opportunities to live out their faith values through real actions. The research method employed is Research and Development (R&D), comprising stages such as preliminary study, model design, expert validation, limited trials, and evaluation. The model developed consists of a contextual Liturgy of the Word involving students as Scripture readers, prayer leaders, musicians, and givers of symbolic gifts of love, such as rosaries, to the elderly. The results of the study show that the model was enthusiastically received by the elderly, who expressed joy, active participation in the service, and showed behavioral changes such as praying independently at night and increased social interaction. On the other hand, students experienced growth in faith, empathy, and a deeper awareness of the meaning of service. Therefore, this model is considered appropriate for implementation as part of pastoral care for the elderly and integrated faith formation for the younger generation within the broader context of the Church.

Islam is a religion that places its concentration on regulating the economic order, so that the economic cycle is not only focused on one group or dominated by certain people. Islam applies strict sanctions against the hoarding of the economy that is only accessible to certain groups who have power, while the weak can only be witnesses. The economic gap that has been felt lately is a trigger for the compartmentalization of human life. Relationships between humans become foreign, do not know each other, let alone care about the problems felt by each individual. Life that feels foreign in the midst of society because of individualistic lifestyles is a trigger for crime and other bad behavior caused by economic inequality. Sayyidina Ali said that disbelief occurs due to persistent poverty. Even the crime of theft is also triggered by poverty.

Academic anxiety is a prevalent concern encountered by students before to examinations, which may adversely affect academic performance.  This article aims to illustrate successful approaches derived from the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approach to mitigate students' academic anxiety.  The used process may include a literature evaluation by examining 20 relevant and cohesive periodicals.  The findings demonstrate that CBT therapies, including individual or group counselling, self-talk techniques, progressive muscle relaxation, and systematic desensitisation, are very successful in reducing student anxiety.  Cognitive Behavioural Therapy enables students to identify and modify negative thought patterns that provoke anxiety into more rational and adaptive thinking.  By implementing appropriate methods, students may prepare for examinations with more tranquilly and confidence.  This article is anticipated to be a valuable reference for school counsellors and educators in developing mental intervention programmes to enhance kids' overall well-being.    

Retirement represents a crucial period in the existence of every individual that requires careful financial planning. This study aims to examine the influence of partial financial literacy on pension fund planning for workers in Bekasi Regency and partial future orientation on pension fund planning for workers in Bekasi Regency. The research method employed involved a sample of 100 employees in Bekasi Regency.. The method employed for gathering data was a questionnaire. The collection of samples approach employs probability sampling through a staightforward random sampling technique. The analysis methods used were validity, reliability test, t-square and R-square test. The analysis tool used is PLS (Partial Least Square) where the processing uses Smart PLS 4.0 software. The study’s findings indicated that financial literacy did not influence pension fund planning  for workers in Bekasi Regency with a p value of 0.164, future orientation had a significant effect on pension fund planning for workers in Bekasi Regency with a p value of 0.000. The R Square value of the results of this study is 33.9%. This study is anticipated to deliver the  development of research knowledge in the field of financial science related to pension fund planning and for workers in Bekasi Regency may be utilized in an attempt to enhance pension fund planning. Advice for workers in Bekasi Regency to improve financial literacy, future orientation and education about the importance of pension fund planning. The more aware and motivated workers are about their financial needs in retirement, the more likely they are to plan for retirement well. It is anticipated for the upcoming researcher to delve deeper into alternative factors that affect pension fund planning, further increase the research sample and broaden the range od the research subject.

Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and severe, posing significant health risks, especially for vulnerable populations in urban areas. In response to this, green-exercise interventions, which combine physical activity with exposure to green spaces, offer a promising strategy for mitigating heat-related health risks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of green-exercise interventions in reducing heat-related mortality risks in heat-vulnerable communities. The research follows a longitudinal design, collecting data on physical activity, vegetation indices (NDVI), and heat-related mortality rates in urban areas prone to heatwaves. The findings reveal that green-exercise interventions resulted in up to an 18% reduction in heat-related mortality risks, demonstrating the significant impact of physical activity in natural environments. Moreover, positive correlations were found between increased green space and reduced health risks during heatwaves, emphasizing the importance of urban greening in mitigating the effects of extreme heat. Participants who engaged in outdoor physical activity in green spaces showed greater resilience to heat stress compared to those who opted for indoor exercises, underscoring the added benefits of natural environments for physical and mental health. However, the effectiveness of these interventions varied depending on environmental and behavioral factors, including the quality of green spaces and individual motivation to engage in outdoor activities. This study highlights the need for further research into the long-term effects of green-exercise interventions and the combined impact of socio-economic and environmental factors on health outcomes. The findings suggest that urban greening and physical activity in green spaces should be integrated into public health strategies, particularly in heat-vulnerable areas.

One of the human rights protected by several national and international legal instruments is freedom of opinion. In a democratic country like Indonesia, it is protected under Article 28e Paragraph (2) and (3) of the 1945 Constitution and Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, in Islam, freedom of opinion is not absolute, meaning that it has a basis based on Sharia principles to uphold the common good. This study uses a qualitative literary analysis method in conjunction with a descriptive-analytical approach with relevant aspects of Islamic law and national regulations. According to the results of the study, Islam encourages behavior that is consistent with the law and does not conflict with Sharia principles, such as not requiring slander, hoaxes, or division. As stated in positive legal regulations, the state also has an obligation to maintain harmony between individual rights and public welfare. Therefore, it is necessary to align Sharia law and the right to freedom of opinion to create a democratic society that still respects religious norms.

Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their ability to face challenges and achieve goals. In guidance and counseling, self-efficacy is an important factor that affects individual development. One effective method to improve self-efficacy is group counseling with the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach. This approach focuses on changing negative thought patterns, increasing self-confidence, and strengthening individual skills through social support in groups. This study uses the literature review method to analyze the effectiveness of CBT-based group counseling in improving self-efficacy. The results showed that CBT-based group counseling provides a supportive environment for individuals to share experiences, obtain social support, and learn from other group members. Through this process, individuals can increase their self-confidence, develop social skills, and form a more positive mindset. In addition, CBT also helps individuals manage their emotions, cope with stress, and increase their resilience in facing life's challenges.    

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. DHF remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia, including in Aceh Province, which reports a high incidence rate annually. North Aceh ranks seventh in the number of DHF cases among all districts/cities in the province. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected mosquito or when mosquitoes acquire the virus after biting a viremic individual. This study aims to assess environmental and host factors among DHF patients admitted to Cut Meutia General Hospital. A descriptive study with a cross-sectional design was conducted, involving 38 patients aged 1–17 years hospitalized from January 2019 to December 2021. The findings revealed that 78.9% of patients lived in homes without window screens, and 89.5% had water storage containers in their household environment. Regarding host factors, the majority of patients were aged 11–17 years (65.8%) and male (81.6%), with moderate levels of knowledge (55.3%) and preventive behavior (65.8%) toward DHF. These findings highlight the relevance of environmental and individual determinants in the occurrence of DHF and may inform future disease prevention and control strategies in endemic areas.

The film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap portrays Batak family life with an authentic and emotional approach. This study aims to analyze the authoritarian parenting style implemented by Pak Domu, the head of the family in the film. The research employs a qualitative method with content analysis. Data were collected through observation, documentation, interviews, and literature review. The analysis uses John Fiske’s semiotic approach, which includes three levels: reality, representation, and ideology. The findings reveal that the authoritarian parenting style is reflected through expressions, vocal intonation, behavior, dialogue, character, and conflict throughout the narrative. This parenting style is influenced by conservative, individualistic, fascist, and patriarchal ideologies embedded in the family’s cultural structure. The study highlights that healthy family relationships require honest communication, understanding each member’s feelings and desires, and avoiding coercion in interpersonal interactions. The film’s representation provides broader insight into the impact of authoritarian parenting on family dynamics. Moreover, the film serves as a reflective medium for viewers to recognize the importance of transforming parenting patterns in order to create harmonious family relationships. Therefore, this research contributes to enriching studies on parenting and family relationships within a local cultural context through cinematic representation.

This study aims to examine the application of situational leadership theory by the principal of SMP Negeri 2 Sampanahan, Kotabaru Regency, and its impact on organizational behavior within the school environment. A qualitative approach with a case study method was employed, involving in-depth interviews with the principal, teachers, and students. The main focus of the research is to understand how the principal adapts leadership styles according to the needs and conditions of the individuals being led. The findings reveal that the principal successfully applied various leadership styles—ranging from directive, supportive, participative, to delegative—flexibly based on the specific situations encountered. This adaptability positively influenced the organizational climate, fostered harmonious working relationships, and enhanced the motivation and active participation of both teachers and students. The school environment became more conducive and collaborative, ultimately leading to overall performance improvement. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive leadership in education to support the achievement of organizational goals and the development of human resources within schools. This study contributes to the development of leadership practices in educational settings, particularly in the context of educational management that is responsive to both internal and external institutional dynamics.

Qur’anic literacy plays a strategic role in shaping students’ character in Islamic educational institutions, particularly at TPQ and RTQ. This study aims to analyze how Qur’anic literacy contributes to strengthening children’s moral, spiritual, and social values in both formal and non-formal educational contexts. Employing a qualitative approach through an extensive literature review, the research synthesizes findings from previous studies on Qur’an-based character education, emphasizing the multidimensional nature of literacy that goes beyond reading and memorization. Qur’anic literacy encompasses understanding, internalizing, and applying Qur’anic teachings in daily behavior and decision-making processes. The results indicate that several interrelated factors influence this process, including habituation through regular practice, exemplary role models provided by parents, teachers, and community leaders, as well as the role of the social environment in reinforcing values. Furthermore, constructive implementation of rewards and sanctions is found to be effective in sustaining children’s motivation and discipline. Early habituation of reading, memorizing, and reflecting on the Qur’an has been proven to nurture positive traits such as responsibility, honesty, empathy, and social awareness. The study highlights that Qur’anic literacy is not only a pedagogical tool but also a holistic instrument of character formation that aligns spiritual values with modern educational challenges. These findings affirm the necessity of optimizing Qur’anic literacy programs through synergy among families, schools, and communities, ensuring that children grow into religious, virtuous, and resilient individuals. Ultimately, Qur’anic literacy serves as a foundation for building a generation that is intellectually capable, spiritually grounded, and socially responsible in contributing positively to society and addressing global challenges.

This study aims to explore strategies for preventing pornography and indecency based on Islamic character education among adolescents in the digital era, through the interpretation of Ath-Thabari on Surah An-Nur verses 30–31. These verses provide a strong theological foundation for lowering the gaze (ghaddhul bashar), guarding chastity (hifzhul furuj), and covering the private parts as forms of self-protection from the negative influences of the digital environment. This research uses a qualitative approach with a library research method, with primary sources including the Qur’an and Tafsir Ath-Thabari, as well as secondary data from various relevant literature and journals. The results show that prevention strategies can be implemented through four main approaches: (1) Islamic character education in schools through strengthening strategies, persuasion, and normative re-education; (2) Education in the family environment using methods such as role modeling, habituation, storytelling, advice, and reward and punishment; (3) The role of society in forming Islamic social groups that actively address the influence of pornography; and (4) Strengthening individual Islamic character through faith, self-control, internet ethics, and repentance behavior. This study affirms that the interpretation of Ath-Thabari can provide applicable contributions in building a strong Islamic character education system as a moral safeguard for adolescents amid the overwhelming flow of digital information.

This study aims to analyze the influence of ethnic relations on the political orientation of the community in Simpang Selayang Village, Medan City. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques applied include data reduction, data presentation, and data verification according to Miles and Huberman. This study focuses on two main problem formulations, namely the influence of ethnic relations on political issues and the influence of ethnic relations on political orientation. The results of the study indicate that ethnic identity plays an important role in determining individual political preferences. Ethnic identity serves as a frame of reference that guides political behavior, including in general elections and other political participation. Solidarity between ethnic groups often strengthens political support for candidates who have the same ethnic affiliation, creating a voting pattern that is strongly influenced by ethnic factors. The research findings also reveal that political issues that are relevant to the local community are influenced by the social and cultural context of each tribe. political programs that emphasize local economic development and preservation of tribal culture tend to get greater support. This suggests that understanding the socio-cultural context of ethnic groups is key to formulating effective and inclusive political policies. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of politics in a multi-ethnic society and emphasizes the importance of inclusive policies that take into account ethnic diversity to promote social harmony and political stability in Simpang Selayang Village.