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This study aims to analyze i‘rab in Arabic syntax from two main perspectives: classical nahwu theory and modern linguistic approaches, as well as to evaluate the application of i‘rab in the construction of Arabic sentences. I‘rab refers to the inflection of a word’s ending, which indicates its syntactic function in a sentence, playing a crucial role in determining the meaning and structure of the sentence in Arabic. In the context of classical nahwu theory, as found in works such as Al-Kitab by Sibawaih and Al-Mufassal by Al-Zamakhsyari, i‘rab functions as a grammatical marker that helps to understand the relationships between the elements of a sentence, such as the subject, object, and complement. In contrast, modern linguistic approaches view i‘rab as one component in a more complex sentence structure, focusing on overall syntactic and semantic analysis. The research methodology employed is qualitative-descriptive with a content analysis approach, where data is collected from library studies covering primary literature in the fields of classical nahwu and modern linguistics. This study analyzes and compares the application of classical nahwu theory with modern linguistic approaches to i‘rab and its impact on understanding sentence structure in Arabic. The results show that although classical nahwu theory and modern linguistic approaches differ in their application of i‘rab, they complement each other in providing a more comprehensive understanding of Arabic sentence syntax. A proper understanding of i‘rab is essential not only in teaching Arabic but also in translating and interpreting Arabic texts, both in academic and practical contexts. This study is expected to contribute to the development of Arabic language teaching and serve as a reference for Arabic scholars interested in syntactic studies and its applications in Arabic sentence analysis.

This research aims to examine how elementary school teachers enhance students’ reading skills using Indonesian folklore as a learning medium. The study employed a qualitative descriptive approach, with data gathered through classroom observations, teacher interviews, and analysis of instructional materials. The results indicate that teachers apply various contextual teaching strategies, including guided reading, storytelling, group discussions, and vocabulary development using folklore texts. These methods help foster student engagement and improve reading comprehension. The study highlights the importance of integrating local cultural content into literacy instruction at the primary education level.

This study examines the poem Sajak Sebatang Lisong by W.S. Rendra through a postcolonial lens, focusing on the underlying social criticism embedded within the text. The poem reflects the persistent social inequalities that continue to affect Indonesian society in the post-independence era, particularly in the realms of education and the marginalization of impoverished children. Through symbols such as the cigarette (lisong), wealthy elites (cukong), and the imagery of an endless road, the poem highlights the lingering presence of colonial structures within contemporary social and educational systems. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the study utilizes textual analysis and socio-cultural context as primary analytical tools. The findings reveal that political independence has not been fully accompanied by social justice. Structural oppression and limited opportunities continue to hinder the younger generation in their pursuit of a better future. As such, the poem serves as a powerful literary critique of neocolonial practices and ongoing social alienation. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how literature can reflect colonial legacies and the socio-political dynamics of post-independence Indonesia, while also enriching the discourse in postcolonial literary studies.  

This study describes the morpho-stylistic and the semantic-stylistic features used in the top four songs of Arctic Monkeys’ AM album, namely, “I Wanna Be Yours,” “Do I Wanna Know?”, “Why’d You Only Call Me When You’re High?” and “No. 1 Party Anthem.” This research conducted using a qualitative descriptive method derived from the linguistic deviation theory by Leech analyses of the lyrical texts for their morphological and semantic deviations like informal contractions, neologism, objectification, metaphors and irony. Taking language out of the box, the findings show that Arctic Monkeys have consistently broken linguistic norms in order to produce emotionality, stylistic nuance and lyrical uniqueness. These deviations greatly enhance the band’s lyrical identity of poetic and aesthetic qualities.

In this article, we discuss the nature of human beings as learning creatures and creatures who are always dependent on Allah SWT as contained in QS. Al-'Alaq verses 1-5. What is a special fact in this article is the urgency of understanding Islamic education in answering modern challenges through strengthening the values of monotheism and spirituality. The purpose of this study is to analyze in depth the meaning of education and human existence in the perspective of tarbawi interpretation of the early verses of surah al-'alaq. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of library research. The data collection technique uses literature review by studying verses of the Qur'an. Data analysis was carried out in a descriptive-qualitative manner with an interpretative approach to the text and the thoughts of experts. The results of the study show that qs. al-'alaq 1-5 affirms that man was created as a learning creature who obtains knowledge from Allah and in the process of learning always needs His guidance. This article emphasizes that the theory of Islamic education must be based on the theory of education should be based on the principle of monotheism which combines intellectual intelligence and spiritual awareness.

This study aims to explain the cultural values ​​contained in the Kinanti – Dhat song, which is the original soundtrack (OST) of the film KKN di Desa Penari. This song was chosen because it contains strong Javanese cultural elements and has a symbolic meaning that is closely related to the film's story. This study uses an anthropolinguistic approach with a qualitative descriptive method. Data were analyzed through text studies and cultural contexts to reveal the hidden meanings in the song lyrics. The results of the study indicate the existence of cultural values ​​that reflect beliefs in supernatural powers and ancestral spirits, the importance of maintaining balance in life, and awareness of ethics, morals, and social norms. In addition, this song also conveys teachings to always be vigilant, protect oneself from bad influences, and uphold local traditions. These findings indicate that the Kinanti – Dhat song not only has aesthetic value, but is also full of cultural values ​​that are important to understand and preserve.  

This study aims to analyze the syntactic structure in Rony Parulian's song lyrics on the album "Rahasia Pertama", focusing on seven types of phrases, namely nominal phrases, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, prepositions, and conjunctions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with text analysis techniques to identify and classify phrases based on their syntactic forms and functions. The results of the study show that all types of phrases are found in song lyrics and have functions as subjects, predicates, objects, complements, and adverbs. The use of phrases not only builds grammatical sentence structures, but also strengthens the emotional, aesthetic, and expressive meanings in the lyrics. These findings confirm that the power of language in songs lies in the syntactic structure that is able to convey messages deeply and poetically.

This study aims to analyze the pragmatic functions of deixis in six selected songs from Ariana Grande’s Eternal Sunshine album. Using Levinson’s (1983) theory of deixis, the study identifies and classifies five types of deictic expressions: person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method and uses documentation as its main data collection technique. A total of 306  deixis  were found: 228 person  deixis, 33 time deixis, 16  place deixis, 19 discourse deixis, and 11  social deixis. The dominant use of person  deixis demonstrates the strong self-expression and emotional engagement of the singer.  Time and discourse deixis help shape the emotional timeline of the narrative, while  place  and social deixis reflect interpersonal distance and roles. The findings reveal that deixis functions not only to maintain textual cohesion but also as a pragmatic tool to construct intimacy, express identity, and evoke emotional resonance in the lyrics.

This study aims to analyze the discourse framing of Kompas.com news texts related to the hashtag “Kabur Aja Dulu”, which was published in the period 17 February - 17 March 2025. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with Teun A. Van Dijk analysis model. The research data was obtained through digital documentation of Kompas.com articles using the hashtag “Kabur Aja Dulu”, then analyzed through three main stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The analysis was conducted systematically using Van Dijk's structural framework which includes three levels of analysis: macro structure, superstructure, and microstructure. The analysis shows that Kompas.com tends to use language and interview techniques that reflect the government's perspective, with complex discourse framing patterns that reflect power dynamics in news production. Through the analysis of Van Dijk's model, it can be seen that the media uses various linguistic and structural strategies to build a narrative that is in line with the government's perspective, including the use of formal language, structured interview techniques, and the construction of a strong narrative about the urgency of handling the phenomenon. Overall, this study reveals how the mass media play an important role in the social construction of reality through the way they frame and convey information to the public.

This study aims to examine in depth the use of slang in digital communication by TikTok Gen Z content creator, Nathalie Tresya. Slang as a form of language variation reflects social dynamics, generational identity, and popular culture trends that develop in the digital space. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a non-participatory observation method. Data were collected from a number of TikTok videos uploaded by Nathalie Tresya, focusing on verbal and textual speech containing slang elements. Analysis was conducted to identify the form, function, and context of slang use in the content studied. The results of the study show that Nathalie Tresya uses various forms of slang such as abbreviations, puns, foreign loanwords, and code mixing between Indonesian and English. This language is used as a communication strategy to build closeness with the audience, display identity as part of Gen Z, and increase the appeal of content on the TikTok platform. These findings confirm that social media, especially TikTok, is a medium that actively encourages the birth of new language forms that are worthy of being studied in the context of digital sociolinguistics.

Nowadays, logos have become a form of choice for conveying communication. The logo has become a center of information for the community, but based on the author's interviews with several people related to the community, they have not optimally understood the meaning of the visual Sampoerna Retail Community logo, therefore the author is interested in researching it. The objectives of the research are 1. Know and describe the visuals of the Sampoerna Retail Community logo. 2. Analyze and describe the visual meaning contained in the Sampoerna Retail Community logo. The research method uses descriptive qualitative. With Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic analysis approach. Through analytical steps, we explore the meaning behind the Sampoerna Retail Community logo: icon, index, symbol and meaning. The results of this research provide an illustration that Sampoerna Retail Community is trying to display its logo by prioritizing the spirit of providing the best service to the community by using icons, indexes, symbols and meanings that are appropriate to display to the public and consumers. The results of the researchers found that there are six visual parts contained in the Sampoerna Retail Community logo. There are six meanings, namely: 1. A place and location for shopping. 2. A woven logogram with the nature of mutual cooperation. 3. The color red symbolizes enthusiasm. 4. The color white symbolizes purity and comfort. 5. SRC text fosters a modern feel. 6. Close means being everywhere, thrifty means affordable prices, friendly means friendly and welcoming. This is what the public needs to know.

Various studies show that learning evaluation instruments in the field still dominantly emphasize memorization aspects and do not fully measure students' higher-level thinking skills. The mismatch between learning objectives and evaluation instruments has an impact on the low validity of learning outcomes. This research aims to identify fundamental principles in the development of test-based evaluation instruments and assess their effectiveness in representing learning outcomes. This research adopts qualitative method with descriptive-analytical research type and uses literature review technique. Data were collected through documentation study of national journal articles, textbooks, and relevant digital documents. The technique applied to analyze the data was content analysis. The findings of this study indicate that an effective evaluation instrument must fulfill the principles of validity, reliability, objectivity, and practicality, and be supported by the principles of integration, pedagogical value, accountability, and continuity. Instruments built based on these principles not only act as instruments for measuring cognitive achievement, but also as reflection tools that encourage the spirit of learning and continuous improvement of teaching.  

This study aims to analyze and compare the advertorial writing styles of two major Indonesian online media outlets: Detik.com and Kompas.com. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study examines the text structure, use of journalistic language, and application of the 5W+1H elements in each media’s advertorials. The analysis reveals that Detik.com tends to employ longer, information-dense, and technical sentences, while Kompas.com uses a more formal, informative, and concise writing style. These differences reflect the editorial strategies and target audience segmentation of each media outlet. This research contributes to the field of mass communication by providing insights into the dynamics of advertorial content as a hybrid form between journalism and marketing.

This study aims to compare three main aspects of the experience of enjoying traditional Surabi snacks in a number of places along Jalan Setiabudi, Bandung, namely taste, price, and comfort. The method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with observation, interview, and survey techniques to consumers. The results of the study show that there is a significant variation in the taste of Surabi offered by culinary business actors, both in terms of texture, sweetness level, and the peculiarity of toppings. In terms of price, it was found that differences do not always reflect the quality of taste, but are also influenced by location and market segmentation. The comfort of the dining place, including cleanliness, atmosphere, and supporting facilities, is an important factor in determining consumer preferences, especially young people and tourists. These findings can be a reference for culinary MSME actors in improving competitiveness and service quality, as well as providing practical information for consumers in choosing a place to enjoy Surabi that suits their needs and tastes.

Reading interest among elementary school children is a fundamental foundation for literacy development and long-term academic success. However, the reading interest of elementary students in Indonesia remains low due to limited engaging reading materials and an unsupportive literacy environment. This study aims to analyze the role of various types of reading materials, such as fairy tales, children’s storybooks, and literate textbooks, in enhancing the reading interest of elementary students. A qualitative descriptive approach was used, collecting data through literature review, observation, and document analysis to depict effective practices in literacy learning. The results show that fairy tales serve as an initial gateway to literacy by building a positive emotional connection to reading, while children’s storybooks strengthen independent reading habits through appealing illustrations and engaging plots. Literate and contextual textbooks broaden literacy scope by integrating everyday experiences. The findings emphasize the importance of selecting reading materials suited to children’s psychological characteristics and the active role of teachers and parents in creating a joyful reading environment. This study provides strategic input for educators and policymakers to improve literacy at the elementary school level.

This study aims to analyze the difficulties faced by phase B learners in primary schools in the skill of writing description essays. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach, which involves observation and in-depth interviews with 20 learners. The results of the analysis showed that the difficulties in writing description essays resulted from several factors, including a lack of understanding of text structure, a lack of vocabulary, and a lack of motivation to learn. In addition, environmental factors such as support from parents and teachers also affect students' writing ability. This research is expected to provide insights for teachers and related parties in improving description essay writing skills so that students can develop optimally.

This study aims to examine the strategy of meaning in Arabic language learning at SMA Terpadu Darut Tauhid with a focus on understanding narrative texts. Through a qualitative-descriptive approach, data were obtained from observations of learning activities, documentation, and in-depth interviews with teachers, students, and language program managers. The results of the study indicate that strategies such as Jigsaw, Index Card Match, and direct methods (al-thariqah al-mubasyarah) are effective in improving students' linguistic understanding and contextual values. The implementation of these strategies is carried out in an integrated manner in a daily language-based program, supported by a conducive religious environment. The use of narrative texts, especially the stories of the prophets and companions, not only enriches the mastery of mufradat and tarkib, but also becomes a means of internalizing the values ​​of akhlakul karimah. The challenge of time constraints is overcome through creative approaches such as role-play and short dialogues. This study recommends the importance of integration between linguistic strategies and spiritual values ​​in Arabic language learning in a religious-based educational environment.  

This study uses a feminist literary criticism approach to analyze Ferena Debivena's short story “The Woman Who Bears the Shadow.”  To investigate the type of gender inequality experienced by Lara, the main character, this research focuses on three schools of feminism: marxist, social, and liberal.  The research used a descriptive qualitative approach, which involved text analysis of the symbolism and narrative structure of the story. The results show that Lara is portrayed as a woman who faces social and emotional challenges due to economic pressure and patriarchal domination.  In addition, the short story criticizes forced marriage and educational injustice for women.  Despite the strength of its theme, this short story can still be improved by the elements of deepening supporting characters, a clear plot, and strengthening the climax.  Therefore, it shows the social reality and serves as a medium to criticize the system that oppresses women.

This study aims to analyze the product quality of tofu at Tahu Tansa, a tofu business located in Bogor City, by utilizing quality control tools such as check sheets, Pareto diagrams, and fishbone diagrams. Tofu is a nutritious food product with high consumer demand, but its production process often encounters defects that affect product quality. This research uses primary data obtained through direct observation and interviews and is analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods. The results show that the most dominant defect is non-standard tofu cutting size (50%), followed by overly soft texture (37.87%), and residual cloth stuck on the product (12.13%). Based on fishbone analysis, these defects are caused by suboptimal factors including manpower, machines, methods, raw materials, and measurement. The findings imply that improvements in operational standards, workforce training, and strict monitoring of raw materials and equipment are necessary to maintain quality and improve production efficiency at Tahu Tansa.

Abstract, Learning media is very useful, especially in improving students' understanding of concepts,  strengthening their retention, and fostering their interest in learning. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to understand the problem of limited social studies learning media in grade 3 of SDN Sungai Miai 4 and find relevant solutions. Nusantara Kartu is an innovation in learning media designed to introduce and foster students' appreciation of the diversity of Indonesian culture. Nusantara Kartu media has a physical form like a medium-sized card, printed in color, and equipped with pictures and brief information about cultural elements in Indonesia. Nusantara Kartu media is able to overcome the problem of limited textbooks and student boredom in social studies learning. This media not only creates a fun and meaningful learning atmosphere, but also increases students' active participation and understanding of the diversity of Indonesian culture. Teachers can start trying to create similar media that suits the needs of each class.