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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the duration of soaking garlic extract and the provision of shell fertilizer on the growth of rose plant cuttings (Rosa hybrida L). This study used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) method consisting of 2 factors with 48 plots, namely: The first factor is the duration of soaking garlic extract given the symbol "A" which consists of 4 levels of treatment A0: without soaking, A1: 40 minutes, A2: 80 minutes, A3: 120 minutes The second factor is the provision of shell fertilizer given the symbol "B" which consists of 4 levels of treatment B0: 0 g / polybag, B1: 50 g / polybag, B2: 100 g / polybag, B3: 150 g / polybag. So there are 16 combinations consisting of 3 replications. The parameters observed in this study are the age of shoot emergence, number of leaves, shoot length, number of leaves, leaf length, and percentage of survival. The results of the study showed that the duration of soaking garlic extract and the application of shellfish fertilizer on the growth of rose cuttings (Rosa hybrida L). The results of this study showed that the duration of soaking garlic extract and the application of shellfish fertilizer had no significant effect on all observed parameters.

Image classification is a key field in digital image processing with broad applications, such as object recognition and disease detection. The use of artificial neural network architectures, such as MobileNetV2, has significantly advanced pattern recognition in large datasets. However, in small datasets, challenges related to accuracy and generalization are often encountered. This study explores an RGB-based approach utilizing MobileNetV2 for image feature extraction and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the classifier. MobileNetV2 is applied to extract features from RGB images, which are then further processed by SVM to determine image classes. The results indicate that this model achieves an accuracy of 91.67%, precision of 0.9163, recall of 0.9167, and F1-score of 0.9161. Based on the confusion matrix analysis, the model effectively distinguishes between classes, despite slight overlaps. This research contributes to the development of intelligent image classification systems that can be applied in various fields, including the food industry. With these achievements, the RGB approach integrating MobileNetV2 and SVM has proven effective in enhancing image classification accuracy, even with relatively small datasets. These findings open opportunities for applying similar methods in other image processing tasks that require high accuracy in object or disease detection and classification.

Propagation of rose plants through stem cuttings is a widely used method; however, its success is often influenced by the availability of adequate plant growth regulators and nutrients. The use of natural materials such as shallot extract as a source of plant growth regulators and cow manure as an organic fertilizer is expected to enhance the growth of cuttings in an environmentally friendly manner. This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking duration in shallot extract, the application of cow manure, and the interaction between both treatments on the growth of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cuttings. The research was conducted in November 2025 in Sampe Cita Glugur Rimbun Village, Kutalimbaru District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra, at an altitude of approximately 500 meters above sea level. The study employed a factorial Randomized Block Design with two treatment factors and three replications, resulting in 48 experimental units. The first factor was the soaking duration in shallot extract (0, 4, 8, and 12 hours), while the second factor was the dosage of cow manure (0, 50, 100, and 150 g per polybag). Observed parameters included survival percentage, time of shoot emergence, number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves, and leaf length. The results showed that all treatments, both individually and in interaction, had no significant effect on all growth parameters. Nevertheless, plant growth increased with plant age, with a relatively high and uniform survival rate of approximately ±90%. These findings indicate that, at the treatment levels applied, shallot extract and cow manure were not effective in significantly improving the growth of rose cuttings, suggesting that further research with different concentrations or treatment combinations is needed.

Fungal infection is an infectious disease that has a fairly high prevalence in tropical countries. Fungi that cause infections include Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. Sungkai plants (Peronema canescens) can be used as antifungals because they contain secondary metabolite compunds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The pupose of this study was to determine the antifungal activities of 96% ethanol extract of sungkai leaves against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. The antifungal activity test of the extract used the disc diffusion method with test solution concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% with ketoconazole as positive control and sterile aquadest as a negative control. The best inhibition results were obtained at a concentration of 50% with an average inhibition zone of 9.8mm (moderate category) against Candida albicans and an average inhibition zone of 6.88mm (moderate category) against Malassezia furfur. This shows that ethanol extract of sungkai leaves has antifungal activities.

Flavonoid dalam ekstrak daun ketepeng cina (Cassia alata, L.) terbukti sebagai anti malaria. Ekstrak etanol daun ketepeng cina (EEDKC) dikembangkan menjadi Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) karena kelarutannya yang rendah dalam air dan kurang stabil dalam kondisi penyimpanan. Penggunaan ekstrak dalam sediaan juga memiliki kekurangan dalam hal absorbsi dan bioavailabilitasnya yang rendah. Namun hal tersebut dapat diatasi dengan memformulasikan EEDKC menjadi sediaan SEDDS. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh dari fase minyak, surfaktan, dan kosurfaktan terhadap formulasi SEDDS EEDKC dan mengkarakterisasinya pada respon parameter waktu emulsifikasi dan % transmitan sehingga memperoleh komposisi yang optimum pada formula SEDDS EEDKC. Pembuatan SEDDS EEDKC dimulai dari uji kelarutan berupa uji pendahuluan kelarutan EEDKC pada minyak, surfaktan, dan kosurfaktan dengan pseudoternary diagram untuk mengidentifikasi area terbentuknya SEDDS yang isotropik. Optimasi formula SEDDS EEDKC menggunakan perangkat lunak Design Expert versi 12 dengan model desain D-Optimal Mixture Design. Dan parameter karakteristik yang diuji adalah waktu emulsifikasi, % transmitan, extract loading, dan stabilitasnya secara termodinamika. Hasil formulasi yang optimal untuk SEDDS EEDKC yaitu 10,00% minyak jagung sebagai fasa minyak; 59,82% Cremophor RH 80 sebagai surfaktan dan 30,18% Transcutol CG sebagai ko-surfaktan. Karakterisasi formula optimum SEDDS EEDKC memiliki waktu emulsifikasi 30,18 detik, nilai transmitan 66,00%.

Inflammation is a response to tissue damage due to various adverse stimuli, both chemical and mechanical stimuli and infections. One of the chemical compounds found in henna leaves is flavonoids that are efficacious as anti-inflammatory. The aim of the study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of water henna leaf extract reviewed from a decrease in udem volume in the soles of the feet of male white rats induced by carrageenan 1%. The research method used was experimental on simplicia and ethanol extract of henna leaf (EEDPA) as well as testing the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of EEDPA. Testing of the anti-inflammatory effect was carried out on 30 male white mice induced with 1% carrageenan subplantarly. The test animal group was divided into five groups consisting of a positive group given Na-diclofenac, a negative control group given CMC, and a test group of water henna leaf ethanol extract at doses of 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB and 800 mg/kgBB. The parameters observed in this study were the volume of the leg udem of the test animal which was measured with a Plethysmometer every 6 hours. The data obtained was then calculated as the percent of inflammation and the percent of inflammation inhibition. Analyzed with One Way ANOVA with a 95% confidence rate. The results of the effectiveness test showed that EEDPA had an anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced male white rats. Optimal effectiveness indicated by the dose showed that EEDPA at a dose of 800 mg/kgBB

This community service program aims to develop nutraceutical-based health products from temu mangga (Curcuma mangga Val.van Zip) and probiotics, called "TEMAPRO". Research and socialization were conducted in Pulau Semambu Village, South Sumatra, targeting village mothers who have limited knowledge about the benefits of herbs and probiotics. Temu mangga, which is traditionally consumed as a salad and herbal medicine, contains various active compounds that have the potential as antioxidants and anti-cancer. Combined with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus, this product is expected to support digestive health and increase body immunity. Implementation methods include education, training in making temu mangga extract, mixing with probiotics, and product packaging techniques. The results of the activities showed an increase in community understanding and skills in processing local materials into health products with economic value. It is hoped that "TEMAPRO" will not only improve the quality of public health, but also open up business opportunities in the village through local nutraceutical products.

Halitosis, or bad breath, is a multifactorial condition that is often caused by anaerobic bacterial activity in the oral cavity, especially on the dorsum surface of the tongue. The use of natural ingredients as an alternative halitosis treatment is a concern, one of which is the nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans), which has various active compounds such as essential oils, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. This study aims to assess the potential of nutmeg plants in inhibiting the growth of bacteria that cause halitosis through a literature review of 30 national and international journals within the last five years. The results showed that nutmeg extracts, both from seeds, pulp, and leaves, have antibacterial activity against various types of halitosis-causing bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. This activity is obtained through the mechanism of cell membrane damage and inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by bioactive compounds in nutmeg plants. Therefore, nutmeg has potential as a natural antibacterial agent in the management of halitosis.  

Fever is a condition characterized by an increase in body temperature as a response to infection or inflammation, and it is one of the most common clinical symptoms in various diseases. The excessive use of synthetic antipyretics such as paracetamol can lead to side effects; therefore, safer and natural-based alternatives are needed. This study aims to determine the antipyretic activity of betel leaf and to compare its effectiveness with that of paracetamol.This research was conducted using an experimental laboratory method with a completely randomized design. The test subjects were male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain, induced with fever using a 20% yeast suspension. The rats were divided into five groups: negative control, positive control (paracetamol), and three treatment groups with low, medium, and high doses of the extract. Body temperature was measured every 30 minutes for 180 minutes after treatment. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.The results showed that the [plant extract] exhibited significant antipyretic activity (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control, especially at medium and high doses. The effectiveness of the highest dose was comparable to that of paracetamol. This antipyretic effect is presumed to be associated with the presence of flavonoids and tannins that may inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key mediator in the fever response.In conclusion,betel leaf has potential as an effective natural antipyretic agent and may be developed as a safer herbal-based alternative for fever treatment.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Currently available pharmacological treatments often cause unwanted side effects, so alternative therapies that are safer and more effective are needed. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of telang flower extract in reducing blood glucose levels and preventing complications. The potential of Clitoria ternatea as an antidiabetic agent was explored through a systematic literature review, using scientific databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Mendeley with the keywords “Clitoria ternatea AND diabetes AND blood glucose.” Inclusion criteria applied included experimental studies conducted on diabetes-induced mice samples, interventions with telang flower extract administration, and publications within the last 5 years (2021-2025). From a total of 1,858 articles identified, by applying the PRISMA-ScR method, 8 articles were obtained that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis showed that telang flower extract was effective in reducing blood glucose levels. This antidiabetic effect is thought to be due to the presence of flavonoids and other bioactive compounds in telang flowers that act as α-amylase enzyme inhibitors, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatories. These findings indicate the potential of Clitoria ternatea as a promising therapeutic alternative in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Indonesia, considered the country with the second-highest level of biodiversity in the world after Brazil, possesses extraordinary biological wealth that remains underutilized. The field of traditional medicine utilizes natural resources to prevent and treat physical and mental disorders. Periwinkle, or Catharanthus roseus, is one of the most widely used plants due to its abundance of bioactive phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The ethanol extract from Periwinkle leaves has the potential to act as a natural antipyretic agent that can reduce body temperature during fever. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze previous research findings on the antipyretic effects of ethanol extract from Periwinkle leaves on mice (Mus musculus). According to a literature review from various sources, the ethanol extract of Periwinkle leaves demonstrates a comparable level of effectiveness to synthetic antipyretic drugs in lowering the body temperature of fever-induced mice. Furthermore, the content of active compounds and the antipyretic performance of this plant are influenced by its variety and environmental factors. Body temperature begins to decrease one hour after extract administration and reaches its peak reduction at the third hour. Therefore, Periwinkle may serve as an alternative natural antipyretic remedy. However, further research is necessary to standardize its usage and conduct clinical trials on humans.

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, commonly found in the shells of crustacean animals. The production of chitosan involves several stages: deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation, which require the use of acidic and alkaline solutions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various types of organic acids and a natural acid source, Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi fruit) extract, in the chitosan extraction process from Vannamei shrimp shells. The study employed a completely randomized design with a single factor consisting of four acid treatments: acetic acid (AA), citric acid (CA), lactic acid (LA), and bilimbi fruit extract (BE), each replicated three times. The chitosan obtained from each treatment was analyzed for its chemical characteristics and mineral content, and the results were further analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The best results were obtained from the citric acid treatment, which produced chitosan with a moisture content of 6.59%, a degree of deacetylation of 91.72%, ash content of 2.68%, and magnesium and calcium contents of 2.56 mg/100g and 0.15 mg/100g (dry basis), respectively. In contrast, the bilimbi extract treatment resulted in an ash content of 41.64%, with magnesium and calcium contents of 1456.52 mg/100g and 4.17 mg/100g (dry basis), indicating that the bilimbi fruit extract still has low demineralization effectiveness.

This article examines the synergy between Islamic theological values and local wisdom as a basis for resistance to environmental exploitation in Mandailing Natal. The focus of the study lies on the application of faith principles, such as the concepts of khalifah, justice, and ihsan, and their implementation through the traditional practice of lubuk larangan. The literature study method was used to collect and analyze secondary data from scientific articles, journals, and national and local news sources. The results of the study show that these Islamic theological values have been deeply rooted in the culture of the Mandailing Natal community, encouraging a critical attitude towards illegal gold mining practices that damage the ecosystem. The lubuk larangan tradition also acts as a mechanism for social control and environmental conservation, by implementing periodic restrictions on extractive activities to provide space for natural regeneration. The findings indicate that the integration of Islamic theology and local wisdom results in a more integrated and ethical natural resource management paradigm. This research recommends strengthening the synergy of faith values and local traditions in the formulation of public policies and increasing community participation in environmental monitoring. This integrative approach can be used as a strategic model to overcome the challenges of environmental exploitation amid increasingly complex global dynamics.

Sunlight is the main source of energy for life, but ultraviolet radiation can have negative impacts on the skin, such as sunburn, pigmentation, wrinkles, premature aging, and the risk of skin damage due to excessive exposure. One way to protect the skin from these effects is to use sunscreen. Carrots contain antioxidant compounds that can bind free radicals and prevent cell damage due to oxidation, so they have the potential to be used as a natural ingredient in making sunscreen. This research aims to formulate and test the physical properties of carrot extract lotion as a sunscreen and determine the extract concentration that has the optimal Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. The method used is experimental by making lotion formulations, testing their physical properties, and measuring the SPF value of each formulation. The research results showed that the KN, F1, F2, and F3 lotion formulations had a semi-solid form which met the formulation requirements. However, KN's SPF value is only 1.23 which does not meet sunscreen standards. Meanwhile, F1 has SPF 8.3 (extra effect category), F2 with SPF 15.06 and F3 with SPF 24.1 (ultra category). F3 shows the best results because with SPF 24.1, this formulation is close to SPF 25 which can protect the skin for up to 4 hours with twice daily use. The higher the concentration of carrot extract, the better its effectiveness in lotion formulation as a sunscreen.

Geopolitical tensions have evolved from peripheral risks to central drivers of global capital flows, disproportionately affecting Emerging Markets (EMs). This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric mapping of the academic landscape linking geopolitical dynamics, international finance, and investment in EMs. This study uses a dataset of 1,039 documents extracted from high-impact databases to analyze performance and conduct science mapping with R-Bibliometrix. The analysis covers publication trends, citation structures, and conceptual evolution over the last century, with a focus on the surge in literature post-2018. Results indicate an exponential growth in scientific production, peaking in 2024. The thematic structure reveals a shift from traditional debt crisis narratives (1990s) to contemporary concerns regarding sanctions, protectionism, and trade policy (2020s). Network analysis identifies three distinct clusters: (1) International finance and market mechanisms, (2) Political economy and development in the Global South, and (3) Institutional governance (IMF/World Bank). This paper bridges the gap between political science and financial economics by visualizing how international finance serves as the dominant anchor connecting developed economies (the USA and the UK) with key emerging markets (China and Indonesia) amid rising global fragmentation.

Hypertension is a significant health issue as it serves as a major risk factor for various diseases, including heart disease, kidney failure, diabetes mellitus, and stroke. One pharmacological method that can help lower blood pressure is consuming boiled moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) extract. This study aims to analyze the effects of consuming boiled moringa leaf extract on reducing blood pressure in individuals with hypertension in Sebauk Village, within the working area of Meskom Public Health Center, Bengkalis District. This study employed a case study method with a descriptive design. The research findings indicate that before consuming boiled moringa leaf extract, the systolic blood pressure of the respondents ranged from 145 mmHg to 165 mmHg, with an average of 152.81 mmHg. Meanwhile, the diastolic blood pressure ranged from 90 mmHg to 120 mmHg, with an average of 96.19 mmHg. After the administration of boiled moringa leaf extract, the systolic blood pressure of the respondents decreased, ranging from 130 mmHg to 160 mmHg, with an average of 138.44 mmHg. Additionally, the diastolic blood pressure dropped to a range of 80 mmHg to 100 mmHg, with an average of 85.31 mmHg. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Meskom Public Health Center educate the community about the risks of hypertension and its prevention and management, including consuming boiled moringa leaf extract as a natural alternative to help lower blood pressure.

Essential oils of Marjoram (Marjorana hortensis) has been evaluated for possible antioxidant activity. Essential oils were hydrodistilled and the chemical composition of volatile fraction was determined by GC. γ-Terpinene, sabinene, β-phellandrene, terpinen-4-ol and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the major constituents of Marjoram.  The reducing power of essential oils of Marjoram was measured by the ferricyanide method. Different concentrations of Marjoram oil (MO) 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 ppm were investigated. Higher absorbance at 700 nm of the reaction mixture indicated greater reducing power. The reducing power of an antioxidant is an important parameter reflecting one aspect of its antioxidant properties. The obtained results revealed that increasing the antioxidant capacity is MO in all tested concentrations.   The antioxidant capacity of fat-soluble antioxidant was expressed as equivalents of α-tocopherol (nmol/g oil) using a molar absorption coefficient of α-tocopherol (є= 4.0 × 103 M-1 Cm-1. The percent of H2O2 scavenging activity of the tested EOs increased in the MO at all tested concentrations. There was a significant difference among all EOs samples in the percent of H2O2 scavenging activity. a positive correlation has been observed between concentrations and antioxidant activity for 3 days' test period. There were significant differences among the tested EOs in their antioxidant activities. For 3 days, the antioxidant activity of the tested EOs decreased statistically in MO. BHT on the peroxide value of sunflower oil as mmol eq O2/kgoil in the seventh day

This research focuses on assessing the efficacy of a method that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Decision Trees for the detection of phishing URLs. Phishing represents a major cyber threat, where cybercriminals attempt to deceive individuals into disclosing sensitive information via fraudulent websites. As the frequency of phishing attacks continues to rise, there is a pressing need for effective detection and prevention strategies. In this investigation, a dataset comprising both phishing and legitimate URLs was utilized to train a CNN-Decision Tree model. The training phase includes feature extraction from URLs using CNN, which excels at identifying intricate patterns within the data, followed by classification through Decision Trees, recognized for their capacity to deliver straightforward and comprehensible interpretations of classification outcomes. The model's performance was evaluated across nine distinct scenarios to assess its effectiveness under varying conditions. The results indicated that the hybrid CNN-Decision Tree model achieved a precision rate of 94%, a recall of 90%, and an F1-Score of 92%, with an overall accuracy of 93%. These findings suggest that the model is not only proficient in identifying phishing URLs but also maintains a commendable balance between precision and recall. This research highlights that the synergy of CNN and Decision Trees can serve as a potent solution for phishing URL detection, significantly contributing to the advancement of enhanced cybersecurity systems.

Nigeria's economy has been severely stagnant since the 1980s. Afrocentric literature charts the nation's history, whereas Eurocentric literature identifies the Nigerian civil war and the corrupt practices of its leaders as the primary cause economic hardships to her historical colonial dominance and economic exploitation activities. However, none of the aforementioned reasons provide stronger support for being the cause of the nation's economic dysfunction, particularly when contrasted with IMF measures implemented there. The IMF's policies on Nigeria's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) and its Loan Conditionality are partially shown in this article to be "the crux impediment facing the country." As a result, the paper makes the case that, among other mismanagement policies, General Ibrahim Babangida's acceptance of IMF loans contributed to the nation's economic problems and backwardness. Using primary and secondary sources, the study makes the argument that its riches would be restored by a more inclusive economic system free of the current extractive economic practices.

Dengue fever is a disease caused by the dengue virus and is transmitted through the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector. One of the prevention of dengue disease that can be done is the use of repellent. Herbal insecticides are insecticides whose basic ingredients are derived from plants. One of the plants that can be used is tubal root plants. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of repellent from tuba root extract on the perchability of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study is an experimental research using the Complete Random Design (RAL) method which consists of 4 treatment levels: 5 ml tuba root extract, 10 ml tuba root extract, 15 ml tuba root extract and 20 ml tuba root extract. The results of this study obtained the total perching power of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes against repellent of tubal root extract which was carried out in 6 repetitions, namely in the composition of A1 (5 ml) as much as 4%, the composition of A2 (10 ml) as much as 1.6%, the composition of A3 (15 ml) as much as 0.83%, the composition of A4 (20 ml) as much as 0.3%. The results of the one-way anova test obtained a significant result of 0.005 (p<0.05) showing the repellent effect of tuba root extract on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study proves that the repellent of tuba root extract that is the most effective against the perching power of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, namely repellent of tuba root extract with a composition of A4 (20 ml).