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This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Discovery Learning model in enhancing the motivation and learning outcomes of fourth-grade elementary school students through a literature review. The method used is a literature study, collecting data from various sources, including books, academic journals, and previous relevant research. Data analysis was conducted by examining theories and past research findings regarding the impact of Discovery Learning on student motivation and learning outcomes. The study results indicate that implementing Discovery Learning can increase students' learning motivation by providing a more active and meaningful learning experience. Furthermore, previous research also highlights that this model positively contributes to improving students' academic performance. Thus, Discovery Learning can be considered an effective instructional strategy for enhancing motivation and academic achievement in elementary school students.

This study aims to analyze the teaching and learning process of Natural Sciences (IPA) on the topic of the universe in Class VI at SD Negeri 101866 Batang Kuis, Pekan. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the learning process adheres to the applicable curriculum, yet some abstract concepts in the universe material remain challenging for students to grasp. The teacher plays an active role in facilitating student understanding by employing a variety of teaching methods, including lectures, discussions, and demonstrations. However, the study reveals that these methods, while effective, may not fully engage students in the learning process. It is suggested that more innovative and student-centered strategies are necessary to foster greater student involvement and understanding. Additionally, the research indicates that the use of technology-based learning media could significantly enhance the students' learning experience by making abstract concepts more tangible. Furthermore, adopting a contextual learning approach, where students can connect the material to real-life situations, is recommended to increase student comprehension and retention. This study emphasizes the importance of adapting teaching methods to the evolving needs of students and integrating modern educational tools to make learning more interactive and meaningful. Ultimately, the study suggests that incorporating these strategies will improve the overall effectiveness of teaching Natural Sciences in elementary school classrooms.

In the midst of the digital era filled with various information, the ability to sort and understand accurate information is very necessary so that students can better understand Islamic teachings. The service of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning assistance by improving students' critical thinking skills aims to explore effective learning methods in PAI subjects in order to improve the critical thinking skills of grade XI students at SMK Hayatul Islam. This study applies the assistance method, which includes the stages of observation and coordination, implementation, and evaluation and reflection. Based on the results of the service, it shows that the use of discussion-based methods, problem solving, and analysis of religious texts helps hone students' critical thinking skills. They become more active in conveying ideas and are able to connect religious concepts with everyday life. However, there are several obstacles found, such as students' difficulty in constructing logical arguments and time constraints in the learning process. Therefore, more intensive assistance from teachers and the application of more varied methods are needed so that PAI learning is more effective in developing students' critical thinking patterns.

This study aims to analyze the pedagogical competence of Christian Religious Education teachers in implementing the demonstration method to students at SD Negeri 173182 Lobutolong, North Tapanuli Regency. The pedagogical competence in question includes the teacher's ability to design, implement, and evaluate effective learning, focusing on the demonstration method used to improve students' understanding and skills. This study is a descriptive qualitative approach. The subjects of this study were Christian Religious Education teachers at SD Negeri 173182 Lobutolong, as well as several students who were directly involved in the learning process. The study results indicate that Christian Religious Education teachers at SD Negeri 173182 Lobutolong have good pedagogical competence in implementing the demonstration method. Teachers can use the demonstration method effectively to teach Christian religious concepts, such as compassion, forgiveness, and other moral values, by actively involving students in the learning process. Applying the demonstration method positively impacts the learning process and the formation of student character. Therefore, schools need to continue to increase support for the development of teacher competence and the provision of facilities that support the optimal implementation of this method.

This study aims to explore the optimization of pedagogical competence of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in the application of problem-based learning (PBM) methods at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran, North Tapanuli Regency. Teachers' pedagogical competence has a crucial role in designing and implementing effective learning processes, especially in the context of implementing PBM methods that aim to improve students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This study uses a qualitative research method with a library approach from book and journal theories to explore information on how PAK teachers implement their pedagogical competence in PBM. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran have optimized their pedagogical competence in adapting the PBM method by focusing on the characteristics of student development which is carried out with a more personal approach. This study concludes that increasing training and development of pedagogical competence for PAK teachers through the application of PBM methods is very effective in improving the quality of learning at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran.

Digital transformation has brought significant changes to education, revolutionizing the way knowledge is accessed, shared, and disseminated. It has provided a wealth of opportunities for innovation, convenience, and accessibility in learning. However, the rapid shift to digital platforms presents several challenges that may hinder the development of students’ critical thinking and exacerbate educational inequalities. Among these challenges are the digital divide, filter bubbles, and echo chambers, which can negatively impact students’ perspectives and deepen the educational gap between urban and rural areas. This research aims to analyze the effects of digital transformation on education, with a particular focus on Islamic education. It also explores the role of filter bubbles and echo chambers in shaping students' insights and understanding of various issues. The research method used is library research, involving the collection and analysis of literature from various scholarly sources such as Sinta, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. The findings of the study highlight that digital transformation has facilitated the learning process through platforms like Google Classroom and Zoom, making education more accessible. However, it also introduces challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and hoaxes, which are amplified by filter bubbles and echo chambers. From an Islamic educational perspective, digital transformation aligns with the principles of seeking knowledge and justice. However, the digital divide contradicts the Islamic value of equal access to education for all. In conclusion, it is necessary to improve digital literacy, provide equitable infrastructure, and promote cross-perspective collaboration to create a more inclusive and equitable learning environment. The findings aim to guide policymakers and educators in shaping better educational strategies.

This study aims to examine the role of teachers in improving students' potential, with a focus on aspects of learning and character development. The role of teachers is very important in supporting the development of various student potentials, both in terms of academics and character, both of which contribute to students' readiness to face future challenges. This study uses a qualitative literature method. Data were collected through document analysis related to learning programs and extracurricular activities. The results of the study indicate that teachers play a role in identifying and exploring students' potential through creative and adaptive learning methods. The conclusion in this study shows that developing students' character by instilling moral values, discipline, and responsibility has an impact through direct role models, effective communication, and positive interactions between teachers and students. This study suggests the need for ongoing training for teachers so that they can be more optimal in developing students' academic and character potential.

The purpose of this study explores Christian religious education learning that develops students' potential at SMA Negeri 1 Siempat Nempu Hulu, Dairi Regency. Theories related to the contribution of Christian Religious Education teachers in developing students' character and potential are important references for analyzing the steps of activities carried out in learning. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis method, which involves data collection through interviews, observations, and document studies. The results of the study indicate that Christian religious education does not only focus on cognitive aspects, but also on developing students' moral and spiritual values. Through learning that is integrated with Christian values, students are taught to apply Christian values ​​in good character and independence. Thus, students are equipped with various skills from their potential so that they have an impact on their lives and the surrounding environment. The conclusion in this study emphasizes that teachers in teaching Christian education are useful in shaping character and developing students' potential, as well as providing recommendations for improving teaching methods to be more effective in achieving educational goals.

This study explores the development of integrated language skills assessment instruments for Korean as a foreign language (KFL) learners in higher education, addressing the need for tools that reflect real-world communicative demands. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Bachman and Palmer's Communicative Language Ability model[1] and Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory[2], the research employed a mixed-methods approach, including needs analysis[6], corpus studies, and pilot testing. The research process involved three primary phases: First, a comprehensive needs analysis was conducted among KFL instructors and students to identify assessment gaps and priorities. Second, authentic Korean language materials were collected to create a corpus that informed the development of contextualized assessment tasks. Finally, the instruments underwent rigorous pilot testing with 127 KFL students across three Indonesian universities.The developed assessment instruments integrate reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills through task-based scenarios that mirror authentic Korean language use contexts. These include collaborative problem-solving activities, multimedia-based comprehension tasks, and culturally situated role-plays. Statistical analysis demonstrated high inter-rater reliability (r=0.87) and construct validity when compared with established Korean proficiency measures.Results demonstrated the instruments' reliability, validity, and cultural relevance, fostering holistic skill development and promoting positive washback on teaching and learning practices. Implementation of these instruments led to significant improvements in students' integrated language performance and motivation. The study contributes to the field of Korean language assessment by providing empirically validated tools that bridge classroom learning with real-world language application in higher education contexts.

The Community service is a community-based education that aims to hone students' thinking skills in socializing in the general public based on religious, social, cultural, aspirational, and potential characteristics. The Amborgang Elementary School Literacy and Numeracy Improvement Program through Learning Assistance that the author conducted was intended as part of the process of educating the nation's life as mandated by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This activity was carried out for 10 days along with the implementation of the HKBP Nommensen University Medan Community Service Practice Lecture program which lasted 14 days. This activity is targeted for grade I to grade VI elementary school. The implementation methods used include pre-assignment, assignment, observation and direct assistance in the field. The location of community service activities at Amborgang Elementary School, Amborgang Village, Porsea District, Toba Regency, North Sumatra Province. The form of assistance provided focuses on literacy and numeracy activities. The results of the learning assistance carried out were well received by all students of Amborgang Elementary School, this can be seen from the participation of elementary school students who participated during the companion teacher's learning and many students were able to read and count.

The application of Islamic values ​​in learning aqidah and akhlak at MTs Darunnajah aims to shape students' characters in accordance with Islamic teachings. This activity is carried out to improve the understanding and practice of Islamic values ​​in students' daily lives. The method used is a participatory approach, involving teachers and students in designing and implementing learning programs. The activity begins with a survey and observation to determine the conditions and needs of teaching in schools. Furthermore, training materials are prepared and delivered to students to introduce Islamic values ​​that can be applied in their lives. The results of this service show that most students begin to understand the importance of implementing Islamic values. Madrasahs need to continue this program in order to form better student characters and lead to the practice of Islamic teachings in everyday life.

This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of daily journal assignments in improving elementary school students' writing skills. By using qualitative research methods through a library research approach, various literature and previous research results were studied comprehensively. The research results show that daily journal assignments have a significant positive impact on improving students' writing skills, which include linguistic aspects, idea development, writing coherence, and self-expression. This research also identified several supporting factors for the successful implementation of daily journals, such as consistency of assignments, clear guidelines, quality feedback, and support from the learning environment. The findings of this research provide practical implications for educators in developing effective writing learning strategies at the elementary school level.

This study aims to analyze the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers' work ethic in character building of students at SMP Negeri 4 Tuhemberua, North Nias Regency. The work ethic possessed by a teacher not only affects the quality of learning, but also has a significant impact on the formation of students' character, in terms of discipline, responsibility, and integrity. PAK teachers have a strategic role in instilling moral and spiritual values ​​through role models and teachings applied in everyday life. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method to describe the work ethic of PAK teachers that contributes to the formation of students' character. The results of the study indicate that the work ethic of PAK teachers, which includes exemplary behavior, discipline, and commitment to the profession, has an impact on the formation of students' character at SMP Negeri 4 Tuhemberua. Students who are equipped with the basic work ethic of teachers show an increase in attitudes of discipline, responsibility, and honesty. The conclusion in this study is that strengthening the capacity of PAK teachers in integrating work ethic in all aspects of learning is useful for supporting the formation of students' character.

Understanding fraction concepts remains one of the biggest challenges in elementary mathematics education. Many students struggle with grasping fundamental fraction concepts, performing calculations, and applying them in problem-solving contexts. This study aims to analyze various factors contributing to students' difficulties in understanding fractions using a systematic approach Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Data were collected from relevant scholarly articles published between 2020 and 2025. The findings indicate that the primary difficulties students face in understanding fractions stem from a lack of conceptual comprehension, weak operational skills, and challenges in converting word problems into mathematical models. Additionally, low learning motivation and limited teaching method variations also contribute to students' struggles with fraction concepts.

Challenges faced by Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in dealing with the diversity of student backgrounds that affect the acceptance of the values ​​taught This study examines the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in providing examples through noble morals to students at SMP Negeri 1 Lahomi, West Nias Regency. The noble morals possessed by a PAK teacher play an important role in shaping students' character, especially in the context of religious education that emphasizes moral and spiritual values. This study uses a qualitative literature method. Data were collected through document analysis related to learning activities and teacher interactions with students. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers at SMP Negeri 1 Lahomi provide strong examples through noble morals in various aspects, such as patience, honesty, discipline, and compassion. PAK teachers also use an approach based on religious values ​​to guide students in developing good character. This study concludes that strengthening PAK teachers to provide examples in developing noble morals has an impact on students in creating themselves as role models for others.

In the context of education, Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers not only function as teachers, but also as moral role models who teach Christian values ​​and social norms that are important for the development of students' character. This study aims to examine the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers based on social norms in building student character at SDN 064959 Medan Area. This study uses a qualitative literature method by collecting data from observations, interviews, and relevant literature studies. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers play a role in instilling Christian values ​​that teach social norms to maintain tolerance in living together with others. PAK teachers also function as facilitators in creating a learning environment that supports the development of empathy and social concern among students. This study emphasizes that Christian religious education has a significant impact on forming individuals who are not only knowledgeable, but also have strong moral and ethical integrity. The conclusion in this study provides insight into the development of a Christian religious education curriculum that is more effective and relevant to the needs of today's society.

Learning is a form of development or transformation of a person that is manifested in a new form through experience and practice. Basically, learning is all mental or psychological activities carried out by a person that result in completely different behavioral changes before and after the learning process. This study aims to determine the effect of learning motivation on the level of saturation of second semester students towards the learning process in the Siti Fatimah Mamuju Midwifery Study Program in 2023. This study uses the Cross Sectional method in data analysis. The sample was selected using total sampling, namely students who were in the second semester of the first academic year and participated in the study when the study was taking place. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant influence between motivation and the level of student learning saturation, p = 0.016 (α˂0.05). In overcoming the level of learning boredom, steps are needed to eliminate boredom and increase learning motivation by overcoming the causes of boredom. Students can discuss with academic guidance lecturers to get input, especially how to eliminate factors that cause boredom.

This study analyzes the implementation of a holistic approach in Arabic language learning at MA Raudlatus Syabab Sukowono, Jember. The holistic approach emphasizes the integration of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects to enhance students' overall Arabic language proficiency. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques including observations, interviews, and documentation. The research subjects consist of Arabic language teachers, students, and educational staff involved in the learning process. Data analysis is conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the holistic approach is implemented through project-based learning, group discussions, and the use of audiovisual media. Key supporting factors include the active role of teachers in guiding and motivating students, a conducive learning environment, and the availability of diverse learning media. However, challenges identified include limited instructional time and variations in student comprehension of the material taught. Despite these challenges, the holistic approach has proven effective in improving students' Arabic language proficiency when supported by appropriate teaching strategies that align with students' needs. This study recommends enhancing the role of teachers in the learning process, optimizing the use of learning resources, and developing adaptive strategies to maximize the effectiveness of Arabic language learning in the future.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ChatGPT as a tool to help students complete academic assignments. Using a quantitative descriptive method, this study involved 150 6th semester students of the Mathematics Education Study Program selected through a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through an online questionnaire that measured the intensity of ChatGPT use, ease of understanding the material, and its impact on learning outcomes. The results showed that the majority of students felt helped by the use of ChatGPT, especially in compiling essay assignments, understanding complex academic concepts, and increasing self-confidence in solving math problems. However, it was found that excessive use has the potential to reduce learning motivation if students rely too much on instant answers. Therefore, wise use of ChatGPT and integration with conventional learning methods is highly recommended so that students continue to develop critical thinking skills and independence in learning.

Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings between individuals or groups through the use of words, signs, or actions. This process can take place verbally or non-verbally and involves various media and channels, such as face-to-face conversations, writing, gestures, facial expressions, and digital technology. This research was conducted at STMIK Kaputama Binjai, namely the WhatsApp group between lecturers and students. This study uses the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method. SVM is a type of supervised learning machine learning that requires sample data. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is an algorithm developed by Boser, Guyon, and Vapnik in 1992. Support Vector Machine (SVM) has a concept that is combined with previous computational theories. This method can transform training data into higher dimensions using non-linear patterns. The results of the Support Vector Machine method classification with a total of 16 positive sentiments, 40 neutral sentiments and 71 negative sentiments. Accuracy value 67%, margin error 39%. Positive prediction precision 75%, neutral prediction precision 83% and negative prediction precision 88%..