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This research aims to identify and synthesize previous research related to optimizing Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in improving students' critical thinking skills in mathematics learning through a systematic literature review. Data was collected from relevant scientific articles published in the last 10 years using certain keywords through databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The results of the literature review show that the application of PBL consistently plays a role in improving students' critical thinking abilities, especially when supported by strategies such as the use of relevant contextual problems, structured feedback, and directed teacher guidance. These findings confirm the constructivist theory which states that meaningful learning occurs when students are actively involved in authentic problem solving. However, there are variations in results across educational levels and countries, indicating the importance of contextual adaptation in the implementation of PBL. In addition, the lack of comprehensive practical guidance and long-term evaluation instruments is a major obstacle. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need to develop clearer PBL implementation guidelines and more accurate evaluation instruments to measure its impact on students' critical thinking abilities, as well as the potential of PBL in improving the quality of mathematics learning that encourages critical thinking skills as an important competency in 21st century education.

Stroke is a term used to describe neurological changes caused by a disruption in the blood supply to part of the brain. Stroke can cause a decrease or even loss of function controlled by these tissues, one of the symptoms that arises is muscle weakness in the affected body parts such as the fingers. Stroke is a clinical sign that develops rapidly due to focal or global brain function disorders, it can cause death for no other cause than vascular. One way to increase muscle strength and help recovery of extremities is by holding a serrated rubber ball therapy. This article uses a case study design and the subjects used in this case are patients with non-hemorrhagic stroke disorders who are treated at RSI Malahayati Medan with nursing problems of impaired physical mobility due to muscle weakness in the extremities. The results of implementing the intervention showed that after the serrated rubber ball grasping therapy was carried out for 4 days, it was carried out 2 times in 1 day with a duration of 7-10 minutes. After 4 days of intervention, muscle strength of 5-4 was obtained. Conclusion: The application of the serrated rubber ball grasping therapy technique in non-hemorrhagic stroke patients can be used to help increase muscle strength. Suggestion: It is hoped that patients can carry out independent therapeutic actions by holding a serrated rubber ball when they experience weakness in the muscles of the extremities.

By writing scientific papers, he talked about how the virtue of the Christian Church in the midst of the majority and living became an example in encountering problems and introducing interfaith tolerance in Indonesia. As a country with strong religious traditions, Indonesia has challenges in creating harmonious relationships between all communities. In this writing, I am also trying to write that with the education of teaching love, the Christian church has the potential to become an agent of reconciliation in a pluralistic society. Christian teachings on selfless love, forgiveness, and acceptance of discrimination provide opportunities for people to actively participate in interfaith dialogue. However, the Church also addresses theological and social issues as absolute.

Health problems related to nutrition due to lack of intake of vitamin A obtained from food in the body due to metabolic disorders in the body, especially in toddlers in Aek Parombunan Posyandu Sibolga city, therefore the aim of this research is to analyze the factors related to giving Vitamin A to Toddlers at posyandu in Aek Parombunan, Sibolga City, North Sumatera Province in 2024. This type of research is quantitative with a cross sectional study design. The research was conducted in February-June 2024 with a sample of 32 toddlers using Random Sampling Technique. The population in this study were all mothers with toddlers (6-59 months) who visited the Kelambir Village posyandu February – June 2024. Data collection technique was questionnaire. The data analysis used was univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi Square test. The research results showed that variables related to giving vitamin A to toddlers were the mother's knowledge variable value (p=0.006) and the toddler's activeness variable in visiting the posyandu value (p=0.018). Meanwhile, the variable that is not related is the role of value cadres (p=0.201). The conclusion is that there is a relationship between maternal knowledge and toddlers' activeness in visiting the posyandu with the provision of Vitamin A to toddlers at the posyandu in Aek Parombunan, Sibolga City, North Sumatera Province in 2024.

Indonesia is a country known for its richness in natural, diverse and beautiful marine resources. Coral Reefs are one of the ecosystems that must be protected and preserved as best as possible, so that they can become a place to live for marine animals such as fish and others. Australia's also a country known for its diverse and beautiful marine ecosystem. However, both countries are experiencing problems, namely that coral reefs are not maintained, so Humans overexploit coral reefs and cause fatal damage to coral reefs and other marine animals. ICRI, as one of the organizations that can maintain and preserve the sustainability of coral reefs, can be a bright spot for both of the countries to work together to maintain and protect marine ecosystems very well.

This study aims to determine the implementation of the karawitan extracurricular program at MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten. To determine the instillation of Islamic religious education values through the karawitan extracurricular program at MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten. To determine the results achieved in the instillation of Islamic Religious Education values through the karawitan extracurricular program at MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten. This type of research is qualitative research, which is a study aimed at describing and analyzing phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, thoughts of people individually or in groups. This study has two objectives, namely, the first to describe and reveal and the second to describe and explain. The type of research used in this thesis is field research, which is a type of research that seeks to collect information data regarding problems in the field. Data collection techniques with observation, interviews and documentation. The location of this research is at MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten. The subjects of this study were the Principal of MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten, the instructor of the karawitan extracurricular program of MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten, the Islamic Religious Education Teacher of MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten and the students of MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten. The results of this study are that the karawitan extracurricular program at MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten aims to preserve Javanese culture, especially karawitan. The implementation of the karawitan extracurricular program at MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten is attended by students of grades X and XI which is carried out routinely once a week every Monday. Learning is carried out both in theory and practice. Supporting factors for the implementation of the karawitan extracurricular program include teachers who are competent in their fields, student interest or enthusiasm, and the existence of a karawitan extracurricular program implementation schedule. The obstacles are the facilities and infrastructure that are not yet complete. instilling the values of Islamic Religious Education through the extracurricular gamelan program at MA Al-Muttaqien Pancasila Sakti Klaten has 3 aspects, namely faith, morals and worship.

In writing this journal, I as the writer want to describe and present topics regarding issues that are often hot and often become conflicts in our country, the Republic of Indonesia, regarding the border area at the tip of the northern region of Indonesia or what is widely known to the general public is called "Indonesia's outermost islands" or what many of us know as Natuna Island, which is directly adjacent to neighboring countries and directly borders the South China Sea, this is also what often triggers conflicts over state regulations over maritime territories. As an example, we most often know about the number of fishermen from neighboring countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines and Myanmar who smuggle into the seas of the Republic of Indonesia illegally and without official permission and then take the wealth and marine products that Indonesia itself owns. This also causes things such as smuggling of goods and prohibited items to pass through urgent areas such as Natuna Island. The purpose of writing this journal is to describe the steps and efforts taken by the Indonesian state to defend and protect its territorial sovereignty and rights as they should. Based on several articles and news circulating in the Indonesian mass media regarding conflicts and problems that often occur and the most hot news is regarding Indonesia's sea which is considered strategic and has several times wanted to be claimed by neighboring countries.

Pantai Amal Baru Village, East Tarakan District, Tarakan City, is a coastal area in Tarakan City that has abundant tourism potential and marine resources. The majority of the people of Tarakan City rely on resources in coastal areas as their livelihoods, especially as seaweed cultivators, fishermen, and coastal natural tourism drivers. Tarakan City has a fairly high potential for cultivating fishery commodities, one of which is seaweed resources, which are products of economic value as industrial raw materials that are urgently needed in the global market. However, seaweed cultivators face several problems, including capital, production costs, unstable market demand, unstable seaweed prices, and seaweed workers who do not have enough knowledge and skills regarding the improvement of seaweed processing in Tarakan City. This service activity was held in Pantai Amal Baru Village, East Tarakan District, Tarakan City, North Kalimantan Province on September 16, 2024 at 09.00-16.00 WITA. This activity was carried out at the seaweed cultivation site of Pantai Amal Baru with the participation of IRT, seaweed workers, and also small children. The methods carried out in this service activity are community education, improving the quality of seaweed cultivation, and documentation. This service activity describes the comprehensive objectives of the community service program which includes aspects of marine resource management and economy in the coastal community of Amal Baru Beach. This includes community education, improving the quality of seaweed cultivation, developing seaweed processing and increasing income.

An effective school payment system will trigger the performance of the agency to be better than before. Web-Based School Administration Payment System Application at SMPI Nurush Shodiqin, In the world of education, an efficient and integrated administration system is very important to maintain the smooth running of academic and management processes, including data management of students, teachers, and school management. Nurush Shodiqin Islamic Junior High School (SMPI), as one of the educational institutions in the region, experiences problems in administrative management. The administration system used is still manual, especially in terms of recording student data, recapitulating grades, and paying tuition fees. This causes various problems such as data input errors, loss of important records, and delays in delivering information to related parties. . Therefore, the implementation of a Web-based Administration System at SMPI Nurush Shodiqin is a relevant solution. This system is expected to be able to overcome existing problems and improve the quality of school administration services. With a web-based system, it is expected that the administration process can be carried out more quickly, accurately, and transparently.

Education is the main means for humans to develop and show their existence as humans. One of the factors that causes education in humans is the factor of parents. Children basically have habits (education) as well as the habits of their parents. As a child, of course, he will always follow the behavior of his parents, namely the habits of his parents. The purpose of education in the family is for children to develop well, covering all aspects of child development, namely intellectual, physical and spiritual. Another goal is to assist schools or other educational institutions in developing the personality of their students. Parents play an important role in shaping children's character. In this case, parents are an example for their children in behaving, behaving, and facing problems in their lives.  

The rapid advancement of technology has made artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative chatbots, an integral part of everyday life. These chatbots, powered by Natural Language Processing (NLP) and deep learning technologies, are widely used in various fields such as customer service, education, and entertainment. However, the increasing prevalence of such technologies brings forth important philosophical concerns, particularly in the realm of axiology—the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of values, including the practical and ethical implications of knowledge and technology. This study investigates the practical benefits and ethical responsibilities associated with generative chatbots, using ChatGPT as a case study. The research examines whether ChatGPT adheres to the axiological principles of science, specifically its usefulness in enhancing human life and its ethical responsibilities. Through a qualitative content analysis, this research evaluates the responses of ChatGPT to a series of questions based on the axiological framework outlined by Sumantri. The study focuses on two main aspects of science's axiological evaluation: the practical benefits of science and technology, and the ethical responsibilities tied to their application. The findings indicate that ChatGPT is capable of providing useful insights that contribute to human understanding, improve quality of life, simplify complex tasks, and offer solutions to various problems. However, the ethical considerations of AI technology, such as fairness, transparency, and accountability, remain a crucial area of concern. This research highlights the importance of balancing technological progress with ethical responsibility, emphasizing that AI systems like ChatGPT must be developed and applied in ways that align with human values to ensure their positive impact on society.

Community Service Activities were carried out at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 1 Mojokerto with the target of understanding legal socialization related to preventing deviant behavior from an Islamic legal perspective. Implementation of community service The main aim of this activity is to increase insight and knowledge regarding the prevention of deviant behavior from an Islamic Law perspective at MAN 1 Mojokerto. In order to increase knowledge and insight regarding deviant behavior carried out by teenagers and how it is regulated in Islamic law. Therefore, the socialization carried out at MAN 1 Mojokerto, Mojosari District, Mojokerto Regency is very important to carry out. Where adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood, where children are not yet fully able to be independent. At this time, teenagers are at the stage of searching for self-identity which is full of various problems. One of the problems experienced by teenagers in their lives is related to deviant behavior. Deviant behavior is chaotic behavior that causes a teenager to be nervous, nervous and act uncontrollably. This behavior is often a reflection of anti-social personality in teenagers, we can see this from behavior that does not heed religious and social norms. Trigger factors can come from the individual teenager himself (internal) or outside the teenager himself (external). As parents, educators (teachers) should naturally contribute to resolving deviant behavior in adolescents. Emotional development in adolescents has not yet reached stability, so to help solve the problem we must understand its characteristics.

Based on BPK regulation No. 6 of 2022 states that the Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Center (BP3MI) is a Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) under the Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency (BP2MI). BP3MI has the task of implementing Indonesian migrant placement services in accordance with statutory provisions as stated in Law No.18 of 2017. In Medan City itself, there is an office of BP3MI which aims to provide services to every community who becomes an Indonesian Migrant Worker (PMI) and provide insurance in the form of BPJS to PMI so that PMI will feel safe when becoming PMI abroad. In the process, of course, there are several obstacles experienced by PMI such as claiming social security insurance in the form of BPJS that does not meet the requirements. So that the need for strict supervision from BP3MI, so that it can be claimed safely without causing problems.

The social media-based Problem Based Learning (PBL) model is an innovative approach in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning that utilizes digital platforms to build more interesting and relevant learning interactions. This study aims to examine the extent of the effectiveness of this model in improving students' understanding of Islamic values, such as morals, ethics, and morals. By using social media, students are invited to discuss and solve problems related to current issues, making the learning process more contextual and experience-based. This research was conducted by literature study method, analyzing various literature related to the implementation of the PBL model, the use of social media in education, and its role in the formation of Islamic character. The results of the study show that this model is able to increase students' involvement in learning and deepen their appreciation of Islamic values through active interaction and critical reflection. However, the implementation of this model is inseparable from challenges such as disruption from irrelevant content, lack of digital literacy, and limited access to technology. To overcome this, good social media management, supervision of student activities, and improvement of digital infrastructure in schools are needed. With the right approach, the social media-based PBL model has the potential to be an effective strategy in building students' Islamic character in the digital era.

Character education is an important aspect in forming a generation with integrity and morals. This research aims to analyze the comparison of character education in Japan and Indonesia, including understanding, character education systems, problems and implementation. A qualitative approach using literature study methods was used to explore policies, curricula and character education practices in both countries. The research results show that Japan emphasizes the values ​​of togetherness, discipline and responsibility through integration in daily life at school, while Indonesia focuses more on strengthening religious values, nationalism and morality through special subjects. Differences in cultural context and education systems are the main factors influencing each country's approach. This research is expected to contribute to the development of a more effective character education model in Indonesia by adopting best practices from Japan.

This research analyzes the role of the General Election Commission in realizing substantive democracy in the 2024 elections, focusing on the case of data manipulation in the Vote Recapitulation Information System. The use of Sirekap, which aims to increase efficiency and transparency, has faced challenges in the form of data anomalies and vote inflation that weaken public confidence in election results. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis through interviews and literature studies, to evaluate the effectiveness of the General Election Commission in dealing with these problems. The results of this study show that vote inflation is caused by technical errors, lack of offering training, and potential disruptions in systems security at Sirekap. The General Election Commission has conducted an evaluation through manual checks, increased training for those involved in the vote counting process, and improvements to the Sirekap system to prevent similar incidents in the future. This study recommends system improvements, strengthened security, and increased public participation to maintain the integrity of substantive democracy in Indonesia.

With increasingly sophisticated technological developments, all sales and purchase transactions can be carried out online through various platforms including websites, social media, e-commerce and other platforms. However, online transactions can cause legal problems. One of the legal problems that often involves the sale and purchase agreement between the seller and the buyer is a breach of contract. Court Decision Number 629/Pdt.G/2020/PN Jkt.Sel is one of the cases of online sale and purchase breach involving Celvin as the buyer as the Plaintiff with Satrya as the owner of the brand "Namastudios" as the Defendant. This article raises the formulation of the problem regarding the legal remedies available to the injured party in the case of an obligation in the decision Number 629/Pdt.G/2020/PN Jkt.Sel involving default in online buying and selling transactions and the implications of the decision Number 629/Pdt.G/2020/PN Jkt.Sel on consumer protection in online buying and selling transactions in Indonesia.  

The purpose of this study is to investigate how urgent it is for higher education institutions to adopt conflict management practices. Conflicts in the workplace are often caused by different perceptions, so it is very important to manage them effectively. In this study, participants from higher education organizations at a private university in Yogyakarta participated in interviews using descriptive qualitative methodology. The findings of the study indicate that conflict management can be beneficial for business in addition to being important for preventing losses. Effective problem solving is a sign of successful conflict management, where the ability of individuals to communicate effectively under the direction of a capable leader is essential to achieving common goals. Awareness of problems and conflict resolution skills can improve outcomes and strengthen companies in the face of adversity. This study confirms that the implementation of effective conflict management is essential for the development of higher education organizations.

Collaborative innovation has become crucial for organizations that wish to stay relevant and competitive in the quickly evolving digital age. There are plenty of opportunities, but there are also several obstacles to overcome. Information and data security in a digital world vulnerable to cyberattacks is one of the biggest problems. Sophisticated security measures must be implemented by organizations to safeguard confidential data that is shared among team members. Resistance to change is also an obstacle that needs to be overcome. When organizations adopt new technology, employees often face difficulties adapting. Organisations can create more efficient and effective solutions with the latest technologies, such as artificial intelligence and data analysis. Collaboration across industries and disciplines enables a holistic approach to solving complex problems. By understanding and overcoming existing challenges, organizations can harness the potential of collaborative innovation in the digital era to create added value, increase efficiency, and ensure business continuity in an ever-changing world.

Abstract. Winrista Minahali, 2024. Description of Children's Independence Reviewed from Parenting Patterns at Dewi Sartika Kindergarten, Sipatana District, Gorontalo City, Faculty of Education, Gorontalo State University. Supervisor 1: Icam Sutisna, S.Pd., M.Pd and Supervisor II: Sri Rawanti, S.Pd., M.Pd. The formulation of the problem in this study is "How is the Description of Children's Independence Reviewed from Parenting Patterns at Dewi Sartika Kindergarten, Sipatana District, Gorontalo City". This study aims to determine how the description of children's independence is reviewed from parenting patterns at Dewi Sartika Kindergarten, Sipatana District, Gorontalo City. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection was carried out by observation, documentation and interviews. The data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data display and verification. Based on the results of the research and the discussion described, it can be concluded that democratic parenting supports children's independence, characterized by the child's ability to take the initiative, be confident, not depend on others, and be able to solve problems independently. In contrast, permissive and authoritarian parenting tend to inhibit these aspects. This study emphasizes the importance of the role of parents in providing the right space for children to learn independently according to their developmental stage.