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This study aims to analyze the impact of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on the learning outcomes of intellectually disabled 11th-grade students at SLB Negeri Sukapura, Kiaracondong District, Bandung City, in science subjects. The study involved two students with IQ ranges between 40-67. A collaborative approach was used, involving researchers and teachers to observe students' activities during problem-based learning sessions. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and learning outcome tests. The results indicated that implementing PBL positively influenced students' engagement and understanding, particularly among students with higher IQs. However, challenges persisted for students with lower IQs, requiring adjusted teaching methods for greater effectiveness. The application of PBL demonstrated an average improvement in learning outcomes, although some students did not meet the minimum mastery criteria. This study suggests further enhancements in the implementation of PBL to optimize learning experiences for intellectually disabled students.

Attractive teaching methods and materials in the 21st century are very necessary to increase students' active role and interest in learning. One approach that has been integrated is the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) learning model. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of implementing a STEM learning model based on Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in increasing students' understanding of the human respiratory system. The research method used was experimental, with practicum related to the dangers of smoking as part of the learning implementation. The research subjects involved 23 grade 8 students at SMP Muhammadiyah 10 Bandung. The experimental class was given PjBL-based STEM learning with an interactive practicum approach. The research results showed a significant increase in understanding in the experimental class based on pretest and posttest analysis using statistical tests. This research reveals that this approach is effective in increasing student engagement, facilitating holistic understanding of concepts, and motivating students to think critically about the negative impacts of smoking on the respiratory system. Hands-on experimental activities also strengthen the connection between theory and practice. Thus, the application of the PjBL-based STEM learning model through practicum on the dangers of smoking has proven to be effective in increasing students' understanding of the respiratory system. This research recommends using a similar model in the curriculum to optimize student learning outcomes, especially in the field of science.

In learning mathematics, one of the abilities that must be possessed by students is the ability of students to communicate mathematically so that students can play an active role in the learning process. The purpose of this study was to explore effective strategies in improving students' mathematical communication skills. This research is a qualitative descriptive study which was conducted on April 16, 2022. The subjects of this study consisted of 13 teachers who taught mathematics in the West Bogor area. The subject-taking technique in this study used a Purposive Sampling Technique. Based on the results of this study, effective strategies in improving students' mathematical communication skills can be carried out in various ways, namely by using student-centered learning models, diverse learning methods, comfortable and pleasant classroom atmosphere, providing positive feedback, ways of asking questions by asking questions. using lighter questions, language that is easy to understand and relates to applications in everyday life.

Learning the concepts of Greatest Common Factor (GCF) and Least Common Multiple (LCM) at the elementary school level faces significant challenges due to their abstract and complex nature. This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of innovative learning strategies using the congklak game in enhancing students' understanding of GCF and LCM concepts. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) methodology with the ADDIE model, involving 14 fifth-grade students from SDS Nahdlatul Ulama Medan as research subjects. The congklak game was developed as an interactive learning tool that integrates traditional game elements with mathematical concepts. Implementation was conducted through structured phases including needs analysis, media design, prototype development, learning implementation, and outcome evaluation. Research findings demonstrate significant improvements in students' conceptual understanding and learning outcomes. The use of congklak media successfully created contextual learning experiences that enabled students to visualize abstract GCF and LCM concepts through manipulation of congklak seeds. This strategy also increased active student engagement, promoted collaborative learning, and created an enjoyable learning atmosphere. Data analysis showed improved average student scores and higher learning mastery rates compared to conventional teaching methods. This study provides practical contributions to the development of mathematics teaching strategies at the elementary school level, particularly in teaching GCF and LCM concepts. The research findings recommend the use of congklak media as an effective alternative for enhancing the quality of meaningful mathematics learning oriented toward conceptual understanding.

This research aims to see the effect of the project based learning model on the ability to understand concepts in fraction material in fourth grade elementary school. This type of research is a quantitative approach and uses a quasi-experiment method. The design in this study was a nonequivalent control group design, namely using two classes, namely class IVB as the experimental class and IVA as the control class which was obtained randomly. The experimental class will be given PjBL learning model treatment and the control class will receive conventional treatment. This study gave a pre-test to both classes before giving treatment to both classes and gave a post-test to the class after receiving treatment. Based on the results of the hypothesis test data analysis that the researchers carried out, significant independent t-test results obtained for the initial and final values ​​of the experimental class and control class were 0.027. Based on these results, a significant value of 0.027 <0.05 was obtained, so Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that there is an influence of the project based learning model on the ability to understand concepts in fraction material in class IV elementary school.

This article discusses the urgency of crossword puzzle-based IPAS learning media that is effective in increasing student participation in the learning process in grade V elementary school. This method allows discussion in large and small groups, learners can participate in learning activities. Creating fun learning and making it easier for students to achieve learning goals both in cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. . This article uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to explore various studies related to the use of crossword puzzle-based IPAS learning media. Currently, there are many learning models introduced by each teacher in school. The development of education in Indonesia still does not educate students' creativity because schools only measure students' cognitive levels so that the level of creativity of students in Indonesia is low. Learning media using crossword puzzles is proposed as a solution to increase student creativity, especially in elementary school students. So this research has the aim of analyzing the benefits of crossword puzzles as a means of increasing student creativity. This analysis was carried out by collecting various sources of scientific literature related to the research variables. The results of the literature review research show that learning media using crossword puzzles can increase the creativity of elementary school students.

This study aims to improve students' mathematics learning outcomes through the implementation of Lesson Study with the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach. Lesson Study was conducted in two cycles following the Plan-Do-See stages, involving teacher collaboration in planning, implementing, and reflecting on the learning process. The CTL approach was utilized to connect mathematics material to real-life contexts, making learning more meaningful and relevant. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of Lesson Study with the CTL approach significantly enhances students' understanding of the material, strengthens their engagement in learning, and provides a more effective learning experience. These findings suggest that the combination of Lesson Study and CTL can be an effective strategy in mathematics instruction to improve students' learning outcomes.

This study aims to determine the effect of Polya's strategy in improving students' interpretation ability in solving problems contained in story problems on mixed number operations. The method used in this research is a pre-experimental design method with one-group pretest-posttest design type with quantitative research model. The population used in this study were grade V students of SDN X, Lubang Buaya Village, Cipayung District, East Jakarta as many as 13 students. The research data collection technique is using multiple choice questions and essay instruments given to students at the beginning and end of learning. The results showed that there was an influence on students' interpretation ability in solving math story problems on mixed number counting operation material.  This is evidenced by the results of the Paired Sample T-test data analysis with a significance value <0.05, which is 0.000 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. So it can be concluded that there is an influence on the ability to interpret math story problems on mixed number operations using Polya's learning strategy for fifth grade students at SD X.

This research is entitled "Development of Mini Book Media to Improve Reading Ability in Indonesian Language Subjects in Class V" which is based on initial observations that there are class V students at SDS Prguruan Kebangsaan Medan who experience difficulties in reading. This research aims to develop and evaluate learning media in the form of mini books to improve the reading skills of class V students. The method used is research and development with 4D model design through the stages of definition, design, development and distribution. The results of the research show that the mini book media is very valid, practical and effective in improving reading skills with good quality and is suitable for learning in class V. It is recommended that this mini book media can be used by teachers to improve reading skills in Indonesian language subjects in class V.

Difficulties in speaking include students being able to convey messages well but still using their mother tongue, being embarrassed and nervous about speaking in front of the class and even forgetting what they are going to convey. Role-playing is an effective learning model in improving students' speaking skills. This model can help students become more active, independent and happy during the learning stage. This research aims to determine the effect of the role-playing learning model on students' speaking skills. By applying a quantitative approach and quasi-experimental design, this research involved a population of 112 students. The research sample consisted of 59 students, where class IV A as the experimental class included 31 students and class IV B as the control class consisted of 28 students. The instrument used in this research is a non-test technique in the form of a performance test. Hypothesis testing is carried out using the t test after first carrying out a normality test. The results of the significance value (2-tailed) of 0.001 < 0.05 indicate that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted.

This Classroom Action Research aimed to enhance the mathematics learning outcomes of fourth-grade students at SDN Pakis 01 Surabaya in understanding the multiplication of whole numbers up to 100. The study involved 27 students. Data was collected through observation, tests, and documentation. The cooperative learning model, Teams Games Tournament (TGT), was implemented. Results indicated a significant improvement in students' mathematics achievement, particularly in multiplication, following the implementation of TGT. The percentage of students achieving mastery increased from 37.04% in the pre-cycle to 85.19% in Cycle II. This substantial improvement suggests that TGT effectively created an active, collaborative, and engaging learning environment, motivating students to participate more actively in the learning process. Furthermore, there was a notable increase in the class average across cycles. The implementation of TGT successfully achieved the research objective of enhancing students' understanding of the multiplication concept. Therefore, it is recommended that the TGT model be considered as an alternative to improve the quality of mathematics education in elementary schools.    

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of students in class IV-A in IPAS subjects, especially on the material of friction and muscle force, by using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) Learning Model at SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya. This research is a Classroom Action Research (PTK) conducted in two cycles, each of which consists of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of this study were 28 students of class IV-A. The instruments used include learning outcome tests to measure students' understanding of the material taught. The results showed a significant increase in student learning outcomes. At the pre-cycle stage, only 39% of students achieved mastery, while 61% of students were not yet complete. After the implementation of PBL, in cycle 1 student completeness increased to 71%, and in cycle 2 all students reached completeness with a percentage of 100%. PBL proved to be effective in improving students' understanding of the concepts of friction and muscle force through problem solving that is relevant to everyday life. Thus, the application of Problem Based Learning (PBL) can significantly improve student learning outcomes in IPAS subjects, especially in understanding abstract concepts such as force. This method is also effective in developing students' critical and collaborative thinking skills.  

One of the factors that causes low critical thinking skills of students is the use of inappropriate learning models in the learning process. The learning process has an important role in developing students' critical thinking skills. One of the learning models that is considered effective in improving students' critical thinking skills is the Inside Outside Circle model. So this study aims to determine the Effect of the Inside Outside Circle Cooperative Learning Model Assisted by Audio Visual Media on the Critical Thinking Skills of Junior High School Students in Mathematics Learning. The research method used is quantitative descriptive using the quasi-experimental method. The results of this study obtained the Independent sample t-test test showing that the significance of 0.024 at the significance level α = 0.05, the two-sided p significance level of 0.024, which means less than 0.05, then H_a is accepted and H_0 is rejected, which means there is a statistically significant effect of the Inside Outside Circle cooperative learning model assisted by audiovisual media on critical thinking skills.

This research aims to develop problem-solving-based teaching materials to improve students' critical thinking skills in class IV PPKn subjects based on the fact that the use of teaching materials in each PPKn subject is rarely used because educators only rely on textbooks as a guide. And in improving students' critical thinking skills, teachers only use multiple choice tests in the textbook without asking students to create their own ideas from the knowledge they have obtained. This research uses the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) but the focus of this research is limited to this stage Development just. Data collection techniques used were interviews, observation, questionnaires and documentation. The results obtained after the teaching materials were validated by 3 validator experts, namely material experts, obtained an average score of 89.3% with the "Very Eligible" criteria. The results of the media expert validation assessment obtained an average score of 94.3% with the criteria "Very Eligible". And the results of the linguist validation assessment obtained an average score of 82% with the criteria "Very Eligible". Meanwhile, the results of the teacher's assessment of problem-solving based teaching materials obtained an average score of 94.6% with the criteria "Very Appropriate". This shows that problem-solving based teaching materials are very suitable for use in the learning process to improve students' critical thinking abilities.

This study aims to determine the influence of the inquiry learning model on the ability to analyze short story texts by students of grade XI MIPA SMA YPK Medan for the 2023-2024 Academic Year. This study uses a quantitative research method approach. From the results of the research, the author's ability to analyze short story texts before using the inquiry learning model obtained an average score of 66.42 with the highest score of 82 and the lowest score of 50. Meanwhile, the ability to analyze short story texts after using the inquiry learning model obtained an average score of 78.34 with the highest score of 93 and the lowest score of 68. then the tcount value is compared with the ttable with a significant level of a=0.05 (5%) at the degree of magnitude N-1 (35-1=34) and the result is a ttable of 1.7.Thus, the tcount value is greater than the ttable value (29.07), which means that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. This study was declared accepted, which means that there is a significant influence on the use of the inquiry learning model by grade XI students of Mipa High School YPK Medan in the 2023/2024 academic year.

This research aims to develop a student digital worksheet product with a valid, practical, and effective model of Logan Avenue Problem Solving (LAPS)-Heuristic . Using the ADDIE model, results show the worksheet enhances critical thinking skills. The validity obtained from the material expert is 92% and based on the media expert is 85.4%. Also, the percentage of practicality is 92.9% and is included in the practical category. Implementation of learning with the application of student digital worksheets Effectiveness was demonstrated with 86.67% of students meeting learning completeness, and a medium improvement in critical thinking skills (gain score: 0.639). From the collected data, it is concluded that the Logan Avenue Problem Solving (LAPS)-Heuristic learning model developed meets the qualifications of valid, practical, and effective.

This research is based on the development of 21st century learning, where PowerPoint is one of the applications that support learning with attractive designs. This research is a type of R&D development research with the ADDIE model as the development model. The research population was class II students, with a sample of 10 students from SDN Gempolkerep. The data analysis technique used is the Likert Scale. Flat shape material is introduced at the low grade level, and in this product, the material is associated with local culture, especially the culture in Mojokerto, East Java, which is adjacent to this research area. The results showed that the interactive Flat Math media had been tested for its feasibility and declared fit for use. The validation results of media experts get a percentage of 75% which indicates eligibility, while the results of the validation of material experts get a percentage of 86% which indicates very feasible qualifications. Linguist validation also shows decent results with a percentage of 76%. The average questionnaire results from student respondents show a percentage of 80.4% which indicates that this media is very feasible to use. In addition, the teacher's assessment also gave a percentage of 82%. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that Flat Math interactive media is appropriate for use in supporting learning in flat shape material.

This research aims to improve the narration writing skills through a picture and picture learning model for the students of Class IV in SDN Dukuh Kupang II Surabaya. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR). The subject of this research is the students of Class IV in SDN Dukuh Kupang Surabaya, a total of 28 students. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The techniques used to collect data in this research are tests and observation. The data analysis techniques used are test data and observation data analysis. The result is success portrayed by the improvement of pre-cycle I and II results. On the pre-cycle, the students obtain an average score of 65.89 with a percentage of 42%. Meanwhile, on cycle I, the average score resulted in 77.76 with a percentage of 78%. Then, there is another escalation on cycle II with the average score result being 86.60 with a percentage of 92%. In conclusion, this research shows that there is an improvement in the narration writing skills through the picture and picture learning model in the students of Class IV in SDN Dukuh Kupang Surabaya.

The research that has been carried out is entitled "The Influence of the P2RE Learning Model in Improving the Ability to Write News Texts for class This research aims to improve the ability to write news texts through the P2RE (Preparation, Organizing, Reflective and Evaluation) learning model for class XI students at SMA Rahmat Islamiyah Medan. This research methodology is quantitative by producing a pretest and posttest. Research procedures include planning, implementing actions, observing and reflecting. Data collection techniques through non-tests (tests on student learning outcomes, observation, documentation and questionnaires). Data analysis includes data analysis of validity tests, reliability tests, normality tests, homogeneity tests, hypothesis tests. The results of the research revealed that the results of student learning observations at the pretest stage were 9.9%. At the stage of working on pretest questions individually the average score for students at XI SMA Rahmat Islamiyah Medan was only 76.2, while at the posttest stage student learning outcomes were 14.6% and at the posttest question stage as a group the students' average score was 89.33. So the conclusion is that the average student score increased after being given the P2RE learning model by 13,11.    

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of the example non example learning model can significantly improve the mathematics learning outcomes of third grade students of Kertosari State Elementary School. This type of research uses experimental methods, with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The place and time of the research was conducted at SD Negeri Kertosari, Musi Rawas Regency with the research time in the even semester. The population of this study amounted to 13 third grade students of SD Negeri S Kertosari, the research sample used saturated sampling technique. Data collection techniques Pre-Test and Post-Test with multiple choice questions as many as 15 items. From the results of data analysis using the Z-test with a significant level of ɑ = 0.05, it was found that Zcount ˃ Ztabel (4.71 ˃ 1.64), so it can be concluded that there are learning outcomes in mathematics of third grade students of Kertosari State Elementary School by applying the example non example learning model.