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This study, entitled "Value Added Tax Fairness in Samarinda City," analyzes the fairness of the 11% VAT rate under Law No. 7 of 2021 using socio-legal methods. The results show that although the single 11% VAT rate meets the principles of legality and horizontal justice because it applies equally to all consumers, this policy is not entirely fair from a vertical justice perspective. The regressive nature of the consumption tax tends to place a greater burden on low-income households. Field findings reveal that MSMEs feel burdened because the rate does not take into account their economic capacity, coupled with a lack of understanding of the input and output tax credit mechanisms. Administrative complexity and minimal education from tax authorities contribute to low compliance rates. This study recommends the implementation of a more flexible tiered VAT rate, strengthening tax education, providing technical assistance, and simplifying reporting for MSMEs to improve compliance and create more equitable tax justice.  

Air quality in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta has shown a concerning decline in recent years, largely due to high emissions from motor vehicles as the main source of pollution in urban areas. The Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta issued Governor Regulation Number 66 of 2020 concerning Exhaust Emission Testing for Motor Vehicles as a public policy instrument aimed at controlling air pollution. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the regulation from a public policy perspective and to identify supporting and inhibiting factors in its execution. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by qualitative analysis of policy documents and reports on the implementation of emission testing. The results reveal that the implementation of the regulation has not been optimal due to limited emission testing infrastructure, low levels of public awareness and socialization, and inconsistent enforcement of administrative sanctions. Nevertheless, there are opportunities to improve policy effectiveness through strengthened inter-agency coordination, digitalization of monitoring systems, and increased environmental literacy among the public. Therefore, the success of emission control policy implementation is highly dependent on resource support, regulatory consistency, and community awareness, necessitating a comprehensive and continuous multi-stakeholder improvement strategy and stronger commitment.

This study examines the Hybrid Model of Restorative Justice from a comparative perspective between Civil Law and Common Law systems as a reflection of the transformation of criminal law policy. The Civil Law system, rooted in legal positivism, emphasizes formal legal certainty through codification, whereas the Common Law system allows broader judicial discretion and judge-made law. These differing paradigms significantly influence the development and implementation of restorative justice. Indonesia, as a Civil Law country, has demonstrated a shift toward a hybrid legal policy by incorporating Common Law values into its criminal justice reforms, particularly through the National Criminal Code. This research employs a normative juridical method using conceptual, statutory, and comparative law approaches. The findings indicate that the Hybrid Model of Restorative Justice represents a strategic legal policy choice aimed at harmonizing legal certainty and substantive justice in accordance with the Pancasila legal ideals.

This article examines the complex interactions between the military and civil society in regions affected by conflict, approached from a sociological-legal perspective. The study seeks to understand how military power influences civil society, the ways in which legal and social legitimacy are established, and how local communities respond to military presence and control. Employing a qualitative case-study methodology, the research utilized in-depth interviews with community members and military personnel, extensive field observations, and detailed analysis of relevant legal documents. The findings reveal that military power structures significantly impact civil rights, security, and social dynamics, with interactions ranging from cooperative engagement to open conflict. Furthermore, the legitimacy of military actions is closely linked to factors such as operational performance, transparency, accountability, and social acceptance by local populations. Based on these insights, the article argues for the importance of improving communication channels between military forces and communities, integrating formal legal frameworks with local norms and practices, and actively involving community members in security and governance programs. These measures are proposed as strategies to enhance the legitimacy of military operations, reduce conflict, and promote long-term social stability. The study contributes to the broader understanding of civil-military relations by highlighting the sociological and legal dimensions of military influence in conflict-affected areas.

Land conversion associated with renewable energy expansion generates profound socio-cultural transformations in agrarian communities. This study aims to analyze how wind power development reshapes agrarian identity, social capital configuration, and the meaning of land within rural society from an anthropology of development perspective. This research applies qualitative literature-based analysis supported by recent peer-reviewed scholarship on land use change, rural transformation, social capital, and political ecology. Conceptual synthesis integrates sustainable livelihood framework, identity negotiation theory, and energy landscape analysis to construct an interpretive analytical model. Findings indicate that agricultural land conversion produces deagrarianization, occupational shifts, and reconfiguration of social stratification. Land is redefined from a genealogical and productive space into infrastructure and investment asset. Social capital grounded in kinship networks, customary institutions, and local organizations functions as a resilience mechanism through risk redistribution, collective solidarity, and participatory negotiation. Energy landscapes restructure symbolic and material relations between community and territory, generating both hybrid identities and conflict dynamics. Inclusive governance determines whether renewable energy fosters adaptive transformation or deepens commodification and exclusion. Renewable energy transition in rural areas requires socio-cultural recognition beyond technical implementation. Integrating local identity, participatory governance, and community ownership strengthens just and sustainable transformation pathways.

Population administration services are essential public services that fulfill the civil rights of the community. However, the process of changing Family Card (KK) data at the village level often faces problems, such as complicated procedures and limited access to services. With the development of information technology, village governments are required to implement digital-based service innovations through a digital governance approach. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of digital governance implementation in population administration services through the LAPAK SARAH application for Family Card data changes in Dayu Village, Nglegok District, Blitar Regency. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Research informants included village officials and community members as service users. The results showed that the use of the LAPAK SARAH application could improve the performance of population administration services, as indicated by faster service times, easier access, and increased service transparency and accountability. From a digital governance perspective, the role of village officials, cooperation with the Population and Civil Registration Office, and community participation improved service quality. However, this study also found obstacles such as limited digital literacy among the community, differences in village device capacity, and technical infrastructure constraints. The success of digital population administration services at the village level is not only determined by the use of technology, but also by the quality of governance and the readiness of the parties involved.

Criminal acts of assault against children constitute a serious violation of human rights that requires optimal legal protection by the state. As legal subjects, children are entitled to security, protection from violence, and guarantees for proper growth and development, as mandated by Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and relevant child protection legislation. This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of the legal considerations applied by judges in Decision Number 83/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Kot concerning the criminal offense of assault committed against a child, as well as to assess their conformity with criminal law principles, child protection law, and the objectives of sentencing. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings reveal that although the legal basis applied refers to Law Number 35 of 2014 on Child Protection, the judicial considerations have not been comprehensively formulated, as they insufficiently incorporate sociological, criminological, and child-centered protection perspectives. Consequently, the sentence imposed is relatively lenient and fails to fully reflect the objectives of punishment, particularly deterrence and sustainable protection for child victims. Therefore, strengthening the quality of judicial reasoning and ensuring the optimal application of relevant legal provisions are essential to achieve legal certainty, justice, and effective protection for children as victims of violent crimes.

This study aims to explore the trends in the development of scientific publications on beauty privilege, focusing on the growth in the number of articles, citation trends, as well as keyword mapping and the dominant themes emerging in the literature. The method used is a literature review with a descriptive bibliometric approach, referring to the PRISMA model which includes four stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. Data were collected from Google Scholar using the Publish or Perish (PoP) software, with the keyword “beauty privilege.” The analysis results show that the number of publications has increased significantly since 2021, peaking in 2023 and 2024. In terms of citations, 2023 is the most influential year, having the highest number of citations. Keyword analysis using VOSviewer generated seven topic clusters, with dominant keywords such as beauty privilege, body shaming, and social media. The conclusion of this study indicates that the topic of beauty privilege is becoming increasingly relevant and evolving, opening opportunities for further research from various social, cultural, and psychological perspectives.

This article examines three major streams of Islamic political thought in Indonesia through a comparative analysis of the ideas of Mohammad Natsir, Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, and Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur). Mohammad Natsir embodies the constitutional–integralist perspective, which seeks to formalize Islam as the foundation of the state by utilizing democratic mechanisms and constitutional political processes. In contrast, Abu Bakar Ba’asyir reflects a radical–ideological orientation that firmly rejects democracy and advocates the full implementation of Islamic Sharia through extra-constitutional and non-parliamentary movements. Meanwhile, Abdurrahman Wahid represents a substantive–cultural approach, opposing the formal institutionalization of Islam within the state while promoting Islamic values as ethical guidance for building a tolerant and pluralistic nation. The contrasting viewpoints of these three figures highlight the diversity of Islamic political discourse in Indonesia and illustrate the evolving interaction between religion and state. Overall, this study demonstrates how Islamic thought continues to adapt and remain relevant within Indonesia’s multicultural and democratic context.

Emergency medical care constitutes a fundamental patient right and an institutional obligation of hospitals that must be provided without temporal discrimination. However, in practice and public discourse, the meaning of “physician presence” is often narrowly reduced to physical presence alone, giving rise to allegations of medical negligence, particularly during weekends or outside regular working hours. This distorted understanding risks generating legal injustice, undermining the dignity of the medical profession, and encouraging defensive medical practice. This article aims to analyze the meaning of physician presence from a health law perspective through theoretical, normative, and systemic approaches, by distinguishing models of physician presence as on-site, on-call, and home-call/teleconsultation in emergency care services. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approaches. The analysis examines Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024, as well as health law literature and emergency care practices. The analysis demonstrates that, in legal terms, physician presence is not synonymous with physical presence, but rather should be understood as process-based professional responsibility, provided that care is delivered in accordance with professional standards, service standards, and an adequate triage system. Physician presence must be reconstructed as the presence of professional responsibility within an integrated emergency care system. Legal assessment in health law should be grounded in process and system integrity, rather than solely on clinical outcomes or public perception.

This study examines the urgency of regulating the nominal limit of restitution in criminal case resolution through a restorative justice approach from the perspective of legal certainty. Restorative justice in Indonesia is governed by PERKAP No. 8 of 2021, PERJA No. 15 of 2020, and PERMA No. 1 of 2024. However, none of these regulations explicitly stipulate the nominal limit of compensation payable to victims. The absence of such a provision potentially leads to legal uncertainty and unfair practices, particularly in cases where resolution depends on the offender's ability to pay restitution. This research adopts a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The study aims to analyze the necessity of regulating nominal limits and how such limits should be determined under the prevailing legal framework. The findings reveal that the lack of clear restitution limits hampers the effective implementation of restorative justice, undermines fairness, and fails to adequately protect victims' rights. Legal regulation of compensation limits is necessary to ensure legal certainty, prevent abuse of power, and uphold justice in the victim recovery process. The study recommends that the state promptly establish clear restitution limits through revision of existing regulations or formulation of new ones, taking into account the principles of justice, the offender’s financial capacity, and the proportionality of the victim's losses.

The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed financial transaction systems, including the use of securities. Conventional securities, which traditionally function as instruments of payment, evidence, and transfer of rights, face various challenges such as document forgery, loss, and administrative inefficiency. These conditions have encouraged the digitalization of securities, requiring adjustments within the Indonesian legal framework. This study aims to analyze the transformation of securities from conventional forms to digital formats within the perspective of Indonesian law and to assess the adequacy of existing regulations in addressing such developments. The research employs a normative juridical approach by examining primary legal materials in the form of statutory regulations and secondary legal materials consisting of legal literature and previous studies. The findings indicate that although electronic documents have been legally recognized as valid evidence, there is no specific and comprehensive regulation governing digital securities. Consequently, legal uncertainty remains regarding the transfer of rights, evidentiary strength, and legal protection for holders of digital securities. This study is expected to contribute conceptually to the development of adaptive legal regulations that ensure legal certainty and protection in the context of modern digital transactions.

Family conflict is an inherent aspect of marital and domestic life and entails complex legal, psychological, and social implications. In the practice of Islamic family law in Indonesia, the resolution of family disputes remains predominantly litigation-oriented, often resulting in the termination of legal relationships, particularly divorce, without adequate attention to the psychological restoration of the parties involved. This article aims to examine family counseling as an instrument for conflict resolution within Islamic family law through a normative legal research approach grounded in legal psychology. The study employs conceptual and legal-psychological approaches, utilizing primary legal sources such as the Qur’an and classical and contemporary Islamic jurisprudence, as well as secondary sources including scholarly books and academic journal articles on family law and legal psychology. The findings indicate that family counseling possesses strong normative legitimacy within Islamic family law through the principles of iṣlāḥ, the mechanism of ḥakam, and the orientation toward public welfare (maṣlaḥah). From a legal-psychological perspective, conflict resolution that accounts for emotional dimensions and procedural justice proves more effective in enhancing legal acceptance and compliance. The integration of family counseling as a restorative instrument does not replace judicial authority but complements it by strengthening the effectiveness of Islamic family law in addressing contemporary family conflicts in a just, humane, and sustainable manner.

Bali, as an international tourism destination, serves as a space for cross-cultural interactions that require effective communication skills, particularly in the hospitality sector. Hotel Masa Inn serves predominantly international guests, requiring front office staff to adapt to cross-cultural communication. This study aims to analyze the process of cross-cultural communication adaptation between Hotel Masainn employees and international guests through the perspective of Willingness to Communicate (WTC). A descriptive qualitative approach was employed using observation, structured interviews, and document analysis. Informants were selected purposively from front office staff. The findings indicate that communication adaptation is carried out through basic English proficiency, the use of nonverbal communication, active interaction, and intrinsic motivation to improve language skills. However, this process also faces challenges in the form of communication anxiety and situational pressure, particularly when dealing with repeater guests. Within the WTC framework, employees’ willingness to communicate is influenced by self-confidence, motivation, anxiety, and interactional context, which collectively contribute to service quality and international guest satisfaction.  

Abstract. The right to health is an integral part of human rights guaranteed by the Constitution and further reinforced by Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, which places the state as the party responsible for ensuring the provision of safe, high-quality, and non-discriminatory health services for all citizens. However, in practice, the fulfillment of the right to health continues to face various challenges, particularly in the delivery of health services for participants of BPJS Kesehatan. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of the right to health in Indonesia and to examine the refusal of medical services to BPJS patients that resulted in death in Papua from a human rights perspective. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that although the national legal framework has clearly regulated the obligations of the state and health care facilities in providing emergency services, its implementation remains weak due to administrative barriers, unequal access to health services, and inconsistent law enforcement. The refusal of medical services to BPJS patients in Papua reflects a tension between hospitals’ administrative compliance and the professional obligation of medical personnel to save human lives. The implications of this study emphasize the need to strengthen supervision, ensure consistent law enforcement, and improve health service governance so that the right to health is truly protected as part of human dignity within the Indonesian rule of law. 

In social practice, land sale and purchase transactions are still frequently conducted through private agreements, mainly driven by mutual trust between the parties, cost considerations, and the perception that such procedures are simpler and faster. From the perspective of civil law, such sale and purchase agreements remain valid and legally binding as long as they fulfill the legal requirements of a valid contract as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. However, within the national land law system, land sale and purchase agreements executed under private deeds cannot serve as a legal basis for the transfer of land rights because they are not made before a Land Deed Official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah/PPAT) as required by statutory regulations. This divergence in legal regulation gives rise to legal uncertainty, particularly for buyers acting in good faith. On the one hand, the agreement creates rights and obligations under civil law; on the other hand, it fails to provide legal certainty over land rights due to its inability to be registered. This condition reflects a tension between the civil law regime and the land law regime, while also indicating the weak legal protection afforded to good-faith buyers. These issues constitute the basis and urgency of this research.

The development of technology in the era of globalization has brought significant changes in society, particularly through the emergence of the internet and social media such as WhatsApp, X (Twitter), Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, and TikTok, which facilitate rapid information dissemination. This development has also given rise to a new profession, namely content creators, who produce and share content in the form of images, videos, or text for branding, professional purposes, or self-expression, often resorting to sensationalism to attract audience attention. On the other hand, the ease of access to social media has also triggered the spread of negative content, including pornography, as evidenced by Komdigi/Kominfo data showing millions of blocked negative content, with X being one of the dominant platforms. In Islamic perspective, anything that leads to adultery is prohibited as stated in QS. Al-Isra verse 32. A prominent case is Dea OnlyFans (Gusti Ayu Dewanti) who was arrested for distributing pornographic content through OnlyFans and Google Drive, charged under the Pornography Law and ITE Law, and found guilty in the Supreme Court Decision Number 2086 K/Pid.Sus/2023. This study discusses 1) How are the differences in judges' considerations at the District Court, High Court, and Cassation? 2) Can the Supreme Court judges' considerations provide a deterrent effect? This research uses a descriptive method with normative legal research based on literature study, using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials.

This study examines the distortion between civil and criminal perspectives in the legal considerations (ratio decidendi) of Judex Juris in Supreme Court Decision Number 121K/Pid.Sus/2020. The decision lacks substantial criminal law considerations regarding the alleged corruption offense. Instead, the legal reasoning focuses on the fault or negligence of company directors, particularly the exception under Article 97 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, which embodies the Business Judgment Rule doctrine. Furthermore, these considerations are distorted by tort (onrechtmatige daad) as regulated in Article 1365 of the Civil Code juncto Article 138 paragraph (1) letter b of the Company Law. This research employs a legislative approach by analyzing various legal instruments, including the 1945 Constitution, the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Limited Liability Company Law, State-Owned Enterprises Law, Judicial Power Law, Supreme Court Law, and the Corruption Eradication Laws. A conceptual approach is also utilized to examine theoretical concepts concerning corporate crime, directors' liabilities, state losses, tort, negligence from criminal and civil perspectives, business judgment rules, collective collegiality principles, and formal-material classification of legislation. The data comprises primary legal materials (legislation and court decisions) and secondary legal materials (legal literature and scientific journals). Analysis is conducted qualitatively by interpreting legal principles and their relevance to the court's considerations in the decision.

The enforcement of election criminal law plays a crucial role in safeguarding democratic integrity and upholding the principle of popular sovereignty. Law Number 7 of 2017 establishes the Integrated Law Enforcement Center (Sentra Gakkumdu) as a coordinated mechanism involving the Election Supervisory Body, the Police, and the Prosecution Service in addressing election crimes. However, in practice, the Gakkumdu system has not fully ensured a balanced realization of legal certainty, substantive justice, and legal utility. This study aims to analyze the problems of election criminal law enforcement within the Gakkumdu system, examine the relevance of the Restorative Justice approach in election law, and formulate a reconstruction of election criminal law enforcement based on this approach. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, legal philosophy, and legal policy approaches. The findings indicate that the weaknesses in election criminal law enforcement arise from institutional fragmentation, normative ambiguity, and a legal culture dominated by legalistic and sectoral perspectives. The Restorative Justice approach is considered relevant as it prioritizes substantive justice and the restoration of democratic values. Therefore, reconstructing election criminal law enforcement based on Restorative Justice is essential to strengthening democratic legitimacy and public trust in elections in Indonesia.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of theft committed by 15-year-old adolescents in market environments, which creates tension between criminal law enforcement and the principle of child protection in the Indonesian legal system. The study aims to analyze the legal regulations of theft under the old Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 1946), the new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023), and the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law; to examine the criminal liability of adolescents from the perspective of criminal law theory; and to review the implementation of restorative justice and diversion. The research method used is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, particularly reviewing the provisions of Article 591 of the new Criminal Code, the theory of fault, and the principle of proportionality. The results indicate that the criminal liability of children must take into account psychological limitations, maturity levels, and criminogenic factors, including the influence of the social environment. Furthermore, the mens rea element in the phrase "known or reasonably suspected" is difficult to apply in practice to transactions involving small losses, as price reasonableness can obscure indications of malicious intent. This finding affirms that imposing criminal penalties on children in cases of petty theft potentially contradicts the principles of ultimum remedium and proportionality. Therefore, law enforcement should prioritize diversion, mediation, and restorative justice approaches by involving families and communities to achieve substantive justice and prevent excessive criminalization of children.